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About Google Book Search Google's mission is to organize the world's information and to make it universally accessible and useful. Google Book Search helps readers discover the world's books while helping authors and publishers reach new audiences. You can search through the full text of this book on the web at|http : //books . google . com/| \ 1^ Library Ko.JriDXJ^i>rjL State Board of Agriculture. VOLUME XXVI, 1884. Ineludixig tha Frooeedinfft of the Annual Meeting, 1886 ; Meeting! of the OatUe Breeders, Swine Breeders, Wool Growers, Cane Orowers, and Bee Keepers, 1886. INDIANAPOLIS : WM. B. BURPOBD, OONTBAOTOB FOB 8TATB PBIBTIKO AKB BnTOHrO. 1885. ^^>;^ mm^M':'-- ■*■■*. I T.V" / i J Indianapolis, February 3, 1886. 2b His Excelleneyf Isaac P. Gray, Qovemor of Indiana : Sib — In compliance with the Act of the General AsBembly, approved February 17, 1852, we have the honor to submit herewith the annual report of the Indiana State Board of Agriculture for the year ending December 31, 1884, together with Boch matter as is deemed interesting and useful. Very respectfully, ROBERT MITCHELL, President. Albz. Heron, Secretary. STATE OF INDIANA, > Governor's Office, j February 3, 1885, received and examined by the Governor. February 14, 1885, transmitted to the Secretary of State to be filed and pre- served in his office and published according to law, by order of the Commissioners of Public Printing and Binding. Pierre Gray, Private Secretary. Filed in this office February 14, 1885. W. R. Myers, Secretary of State. 165545 CON TEH TS. % Page. Recerd table 6 State Industrial Associations (directory, 1885) 7 Weather record 8-12 Introductory 13 Organization of Board 17 Proceedings March, Executive and State Fair meetings 18 Proceedings annual meeting of delegates, 1885 ... * * 43 Awards of State Fair premiums 99 Reports of committees on special merits 135 Report of State Chemist on commercial fertilizers 200 Lectures—" The Farmer and Higher Education," by Prof. C. H. Hall, of Franklin College 206 " Farmers' Recreations and Amusements,'' by Miss Lulu A. Davidson, of Montgomery county 210 " French Agriculture and Breeding of Norman Horses," by Col. J. A. Bridgeland, of Wayne county 215 " The Adulteration of Foods and Medicines," by Dr. John N. Hurty, of Indianapolis 219 . ** The Fish Interests of Indiana," by Enos B. Reed, Fish Com- missioner 224 '* Fisli Culture, Profits of," by I. N. Cotton, of Marion county. . 229 " The Proper Application of Fertilizers," by F. G. Wiselogel, of Indianapolis 235 " Destruction of Crops by Insects," by J. G. Kingsbury, of Indi- ana Farmer 239 " The Value of Birds asj^nsect Destroyers," by F. M. Noe, of Marion county 243 " Road Paving Material," by 'Prof. John T. Campbell, of Craw- fordsville, Ind -245 Reports from County and District Agricultural Societies 249 Tables of officers, premiums, entries, receipts, etc., of Agricultural Societies . 326 Proceedings Indiana Shorthorn Breeders' Association 339 Proceedings Indiana Jersey Cattle Breeders' Association . . . 358 Proceedings Indiana Wool Growers' Association 379 Proceedings Indiana Swine Breeders' Association 403 Proceedings Indiana Bee Keepers' Association 423 Proceedings Indiana Cane Growers' Association 458 Memoirs of ex- President Dr. A. C. Stevenson 484 INDIANA STATE BOARD OF AGRICULTURE, 1884. (Bleotad hj ih» Delegates from Agrioultiiral Booletiet.) l8t District— BoBEBT MrrcHBLL, Princeton, Gibson county. 2d District — Samuel Hargrove, Union, Pike county. ^ District — J. Q. A. Sieo, Corydon, Harrison county. 4th District — ^W. B. Seward, Bloomington, Monroe county. 6th District— T. W. W. Sukman, Spades, Bipley county. 6th District — Dick Jones, Ck)lumbus, Bartholomew county. 7th District — W. W. Cottbral, New Castle, Henry county. 8th District— 8. W. Dunoak, Franklin, Johnson county. 9th District — H. LaTourbtte, Covington, Fountain county. 10th District — Jaspjol N. Davidson, Whitesville, Montgomery county. 11th District — John M. Graham, Muncie, Delaware county. 12th District — Chas. B. Stuart, Lafayette, Tippecanoe county. 13th District — John Batliff, Marion, Grant county. 14th District — L. B. Custee, Logansport, Cass county. 16th District — W. A. Banks, Door Village, Laporte county. 16th District— R M. Lockhart, Waterloo, Dekalb county. OFFICERS FOR, 1884. (IBleoted by the Board of Agrioultore.) Robert Mitchbll President. Jabpeb N. Davidson Vice President. Alex. Hebon Secretary. Svlvebter Johnson Treasurer. FiELDiNO Beeleb General Superintendent. EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE. Robert Mitchell, President. Dick Jones, W. B. Seward, John M. Graham, W. W. Cottbral. BOAKD OF AQRIOULTDBB. &fitzti^ e^SSS ' SSf^SiSS SSEiSS^S SS^SISS sssss '%mm ilil ■ BI^^P m^%M ^-fM^s |£sSS. !«■-"£=: =i:~"= ■ -■"s'sSs aassaa ss^ssa ssass SS S SSSSSi^ SSI>£SS SSSSS aS'fiia 5,a^a.* '^S-'^dc' ; S.Zm '. 2£5|£=3 ?^£auo . SS iiBB' ■<<.■<<« edoiojS^* ■^' ■S:* -jiri^^ss 22-|; III- "1^ *-^n-~-5S It acaopo aaaaaa ; l-llil ililii llliil jjllll ggsis gssss liiilB lligil iillli illiii STATE INDUSTRIAL ASSOCIATIONS. OFFIGEBS FOR THE YEAR 1886. HEADQUARTERS IN THE AGRICULTURAL ROOMS, CORNER OF TENNESSEE AND MARKET STREETS. Indiana SlaU Board of AgricuUva-e, — President, Hon. R. M. Lockhart, Dekalb county ; Secretary, Alex. Heron, Indianapolle, Marion county. Organized May, 1851. Indiana HartieuUural iSocieiy.— President, Sylvester Johnson, Irvington, Marion county; Secretary, C. M. Hobba, Bridgeport, Marion county. Organized 1842. Suae Association of Shorthorn Breeder*.— President, Hon. Robert MitcheU, Prince- ton ; Secretary, Walter J. Quick, Columbus, Ind. Organized May, 1872. Indiana Jersey Cattle Breeders Association. — President, W. J. Hasselman, In- dianapolis, Marion county; Secretary, T. A. Lloyd, Indianapolis. Organized January, 1883. Indiana Swine Breeders Association, — President, D. L. Thomas, Rushville ; Sec- retary, W. £. Jackson, Knightstown. Organized January, 1877. Indiana Wool Growers i4««ocui • a a o a § a 9 » ni ^1 «-g S& So S S 0*i ng 0*2 is s 2 aQ 0 si • e ^^ IS ao a« a o A >«- 2o u Q 06 »4 O O o • ■*• SS«s o " o I a . o o a'^ o© H O0i '*' © • January. . Febraary . March. April . May. . June . July. . Auffiut September October . . November Deeember. Annual Meana Annual Totals S0.178 30J)60 SOjOSO 29.988 29.946 29.908 30.024 90.042 30.143 30.m 90146 30j044 21.6 34.7 41.1 50.2 62.1 73.2 73.7 T2.3 71.6 58.3 41.5 29.9 67.2 73.1 63.4 59.1 62.0 64 j6 64 j5 60.2 62.3 71J 77.9 85.2 56.8 66.2 695 80.5 84 jO 92.8 90i) 89.0 90.3 87.0 663 60.7 -25i) -1j6 5.0 31.4 40.6 54.7 55.2 50.2 443 31.2 123 -123 SW NW NW BE NW S W s NW s s s w SB 6 4 3 5 10 8 8 17 7 13 13 5 99 16 9 14 8 13 12 14 12 16 14 10 6 144 9 16 14 17 8 10 9 2 7 4 7 20 123 5.4 7.4 6^ 6J9 5j0 53 5.4 33 4.9 33 4.2 7.4 "iJ 12 18 16 17 15 9 15 7 U 9 8 22 159 1.05 4.73 3.01 2.89 430 4.11 6.03 0.46 3.09 231 1A6 635 38J99 28 18 13 2 1 8 21 91 METBOROLOGIOAL TABLES. 9 DAILY AND MONTHLY MEAN BAROMETER. Table Skowing Daily and Monthly Mean Barometer at Indianapolis, /nd., for Eaah Da^ and Month qf the Year 1884, cu Recorded at the United Staiee Signed Office, BaBOXBTEB GOBBSOTSO POB ElRVATION, TbMPBBATUBS and IlfSTBUXRNTAL Bbbob. Datb. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. Jane. July. AuflT. Sept. Oct. Nov. Deo. 1. . . 29.842 30.068 29.619 29.517 29.736 30.101 29.879 29J75 29.978 30.176 wjm 30.181 2. . . 29J59 30J78 30.118 29.754 29.713 30.144 30.048 29.901 80.002 29.967 30.131 30.285 30.161 S. . . 30.122 80.181 300)50 30.122 30.015 29.843 29.911 30.086 30.146 30.205 800)01 4. . . ^.884 29.912 30.277 29.964 29.865 20JX» 29.752 29.966 30.142 300)92 300)68 29.965 5 . . 30.521 29.797 29.954 29.963 29.833 30.009 29.836 29.973 30.135 29.988 30.280 29.911 6. . . 30J506 29.919 30.128 29J970 29.684 29.966 29.998 29.963 30.028 30.042 30.445 29.615 7. . . 30.418 30.179 30il69 29.788 29.959 2OJO06 30X04 29.975 29J909 30.277 30.029 8. . . 29.975 30.146 29.972 29.880 29.976 29.866 29Jm 30.214 29.991 30.021 30.255 30-337 9. . . 29.877 30.293 30.283 29.990 29.942 29.641 29.807 30.221 30.015 30.171 30.143 30318 10. . . 29.906 30.358 30.109 30i)63 29.861 29.786 29.851 30.122 30.021 30.122 30.167 30.180 U. . . 30.204 30.192 29.720 30.149 29.887 29.863 29.918 30.053 30.077 30.022 30.305 300)88 12. . . 30.042 29.901 30.211 30.011 29.895 29.919 29.869 30.067 30.226 30.072 30.245 30.143 13. . . 29.814 29.831 30.256 29.965 29 831 30.052 29.908 30.124 30.298 .%.221 30.183 80.368 14. . . 30.039 30.299 30.190 29iS29 30.088 30.135 29.963 30.137 30J254 30.415 80.229 29.875 15. . . 80.320 30.466 30.254 29.460 29.912 30.173 29.920 30.100 30.088 30.355 30.189 30.123 16. . . 30.489 30.214 30.240 29.870 30.017 30.190 29.977 30.066 29.946 30.109 29.961 30.154 17. . . 30.288 29.845 30.178 30.098 29.966 30.157 29.973 30.028 29.916 80.088 30.100 30.227 18. . . 29.926 29.862 30.032 30.035 29.751 30ift4 29.931 30.048 30.154 30.144 30.169 30.472 19. . . 30.015 29j661 29.849 30.128 29.908 29.714 29.982 30.001 30.071 30.148 30.187 30.162 30.526 20. . . 30.428 30.244 30.050 80.002 30.003 30.096 30.020 30.199 30.258 30.145 300)73 21. . . 30.401 30.165 30J256 30.108 30i)82 f^sm 30.096 30.008 30 095 30.021 30.188 29.737 22. . . 29.996 29.988 30.063 29.995 29.936 30.U23 29.982 30.033 29.914 30.114 29.946 30.054 23. . . 30.015 30.151 29.856 30.010 29.967 29.948 29.910 30.059 29.885 30.309 29.851 S0.2U9 24. . . 30,H20 29.985 29.887 29.967 30.049 29.801 29.918 30.112 29.844 30.253 30.204 30.338 25. . . 30.497 29.906 29.581 29.947 29.973 29.810 29.886 29J980 30.178 30.350 29.849 30.508 28. . . 30.631 29.992 29.823 29.909 ^.844 30.082 29.802 30.106 30.105 30.108 29J»7 30.448 27. . . 30.415 29.865 29.911 29.877 29.845 30.139 29 863 dojm 29.922 30.108 29.798 30.187 28. . . 30.281 30.027 29.586 30.133 30.139 80.169 29.796 29.798 29.802 30.275 29.817 30.183 29. . . 30.251 29.960 30.131 30.104 30.264 30.074 29.833 29.736 29.955 30.120 30.045 30.188 80. . . 29.834 • • • 30.343 29.938 30.178 29.966 29.71W 29.843 30.037 30J10 30.186 30.019 31. . . 29iS7 • • • 30.099 • • « 30.141 • • ■ 29.812 29.966 • • • 30.012 • • • 30.063 MONTHLY MEAN BAROMETER. 1884 30.178 30.060 300)80 29.938 29.946 29.999 29.908 30.024 30.042 .'^.143 30.121 30.146 10 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. DAILY AND MONTHLY MEAN TEMPERATURE. TobU Shouing Daily and Monthly 3Iean Temperature at Indianapolis^ IruLyfor each Day ■ and Month of the Year 1884, as Recorded at the United Stales Signal Office. (Fahrenheit.) Datk. JaD. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. Jane. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. 1. 2. 3. 4. 6. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 31.2 14.7 7.7 -5.1 -15.4 -6.6 7.9 13.3 18^ 28.8 17.8 25.9 41.2 32.6 24.3 19.8 28.8 33.7 23.5 115 12.5 33.5 30.5 9J> 12.4 22.7 32.1 39.4 41.7 49.0 34.0 30.5 41.1 43.5 43.9 46.0 38.0 36.6 45.2 33.7 33.7 40.3 52.5 34.5 15-5 25J 37.1 44.8 44.8 44.0 26.9 30.2 31.0 24.6 35.7 38.6 33.8 30.2 11.4 13.8 24.6 20.0 14.0 18.2 26.8 28.8 28-5 28.5 25.1 31.1 46.7 37.2 43.1 38.3 39j0 48.0 50.1 52.7 48.1 43.4 48.3 66.7 57.6 56 J3 58.7 60.4 55.2 56.0 46.0 43.0 52.4 60.6 .37.1 43.7 50.9 44.2 44.7 43.8 36.1 39.3 41.4 44.4 43.8 51.1 62.0 53.9 44.2 52.3 52J3 57.5 46.9 43 jO 40-3 41-5 51-8 55-5 58.6 65.8 616 65.4 72.1 67.2 72.1 77.7 76.1 68.7 53.8 71.2 79.1 78.5 73.3 55.8 70.8 78.0 73.1 78.9 61.8 71.3 790 65.0 802 65.9 70.5 75.2 66.0 79.7 80.6 69.6 68.0 70.7 80.7 59.8 71.5 70.8 69.4 785 59.8 68.0 70.9 62.9 81.7 62.0 69.4 72.7 61.6 79.4 58.3 57.8 72.7 63.9 79.7 58.2 66.0 75.9 673 72.0 63.9 69-3 77.8 n.6 66.8 58.8 69.9 693 74.2 65.8 57.1 66.7 71.0 75.8 66.6 62.4 69.8 70.0 76.4 74.3 55.5 76.8 70.0 78.9 713 61.7 76.4 66-5 75.7 67.0 66.3 79.7 71.7 80.0 63.0 60.2 775 71.8 80.9 64.9 65.2 81.1 70.2 81.7 62.1 71.0 82.6 71.0 79.8 62.6 75.7 82.7 76.4 71.7 69.9 73.5 83 J2 79.1 71.2 70.6 66.8 82.3 76.7 67.6 68.3 63.6 72.1 77.8 74.2 64.7 62.3 67.7 74.1 74.0 68.9 62.6 70.8 74.9 72.0 70.9 54.3 73.4 73.7 75.1 72-3 543 79.1 liX) 72.2 71.2 60.0 79.6 74.5 67.0 76.0 66.7 • • ■ 73.9 66.0 ...j 76.0 78.9 76.9 77.2 79.1 69.9 69.7 61.0 515 56.7 63.0 66.7 62.3 53.4 61.7 541 57.9 55.2 59 9 633 67.9 48.1 34.0 42.5 46.1 60.3 51.4 43.4 44.7 46.7 61.0 52.4 4Q2 43.7 44.7 36.0 37.2 43.9 46.2 62.6 53.0 42.7 42.1 46.9 47.9 46.2 51.7 44.2 35.1 33.1 42.1 443 .52.7 34.9 21.2 353 31.9 45.9 82.0 303 27.9 26.9 305 39 J2 47.9 65.2 62.0 435 38.4 35.2 40.1 343 30.6 28.9 350) 253 25Ji 6.2 -33 13 20.4 29.8 16.2 14.2 12.2 9.4 13.8 3a9 45.1 543 67.0 303 MONTHLY MEAN TEMPERATURE. 1884 213 34.7 41.1 50.2 62.1 73.2 73.7 723 713 683 415 29.9 METGOROLOaiCAL TABLBS. 11 ■^ ^ 00 So *)80ii0q •^BeqaiH •^SdMCJ •^sanSiH -;il9M0^ •^89qSiH *^89M0rj •v»q»!H •^B9i401 •»80q»iH *)80iftOrX ••^aaqSiH '^80M*r[ -jaaqajH ■789iiOq •^soqJTiH '^BOMOrj •^TOqaiH *}BOMOq 18»qaiH •^SOMOrj laoqjliH ')89M0q •^eaqJiH '^SOMOrj •^saqaig n H iz; o GO Of •/) iq (=2 oq c> o. CO o 00 fc« So $ s '^ Q 00 Q "* :::^sg^gfSS§ o «i «i 83 S ^ pCJ^C^OQCJOCJOOpO 1- JS cS ^ So 9 s ^ ^ «5 8 g^ S 8 s lO 8 as 8 8 8 e e 2o T cH • oo a 3 5 5 IS 5 8 o S 5J s € g 8 S ^ 3S SS 8 8 S ;2: S^ «:; S S lg g 1^ SS "P CO S s g S3 S S ^ 8 2S 8 8 ^ i-< ;s s:^ ^ ^ s S 8 i 00 lO So s s ss So ^ s sg 8 8 ^ 3 «? s ^ ^ 3 s s s ^ S3 8 C4 1 s ^ n s SS s s $ 8 SS 8 9 3 1 a a S3 v-4 00 ^ s &; ^ 8 o» 8 s s n 8 s 8 8 8 8 8 6 & A CO 1 a S S3 :3 S 2? ^ 8 S ^ s $ e {= S S s 8 3 ^ 12 55 § 1 a» s ^ @ 8 8 ;s T ^ s i: e s s s lo 8 ^ s 8 1^ 55 S §^ ^ g ss s ^ 8 «? 04 Q S e s s ^ 8 8 ?2 p: s 00 7 r^ e* ^ 5? s 8 3 e« 8 eo s S s S S8 8 as S 8 So IS 8 8 1 t 3 5? s £ 5 8 V 7 5; s $ S8 S s 3 8 S 8 8 5? • ■ ^ , , • • • , • • • a "A (£; s < s 0 ^ s 1 5 a o OD s o i a o « 12 BOARD OF AGRICULTURB. s ^ :§ fl- it 00 00 So I r §• •o06 9Aoq« B«i& ojn^iModinox ^Rl qoii)M no slvp jo joqinii^ -vjodmoj^ mnaiiaiw oq^ qoiqM ao BiC«p /o ioqmnx qotqM ao 8iC«p )o ioqmn jj *8oqoaj — «jiioq OAi)noo8aoo 'aoi^v) -idtoaj j JO ^anomv r'Hox *aoi:)V)tdio •oj j JO 9J0in JO qbai XO'O qoiqM oo s^iip jo joqain^ *0l— 0 •ot«os— 88oai -pnoiQ JO ^anomv oMjoa y •BXfTQ /CpnoiQ JO ioqmn^ •BitBd Ji« J JO j»qninfi *B^«(X jvaio JO joqainf{ „ 'PaiM JO uon -aojiQ 8aiiiRA9i(i ivnaay *899ja -Qd—XBoS. 9q) )}aunp ajn^njddaiox mniaiaip^ '89918 '9(i—iv9& 9q; Snunp oin^iModinox mDodiz'Bj^ '}U9o J9 j— iC^iptuinH 0Ai)«[9){ aiio|^ {vnaay *899jJa(j->ojn; -Vi9din9x iiv9|( ivnaay 'saqoaj— j9)9inoj«g[ a«0K[ [vnoay (A < M 99i:ZSSti^»ns»9 ioiAua«ob>toa6(S*aOAOOOO><^ ■ Vi • • * QQ 00 OQ 1 • • QQ QQ O • O • <=>. •^ «. CJ <=t O «^ o <=>. «5 O a C. <=>, <=> <=i c> «5 o o <=l <=? <=J ^ s 8 s s s as s s « ci <^ •1 ^. «i «. ^. ^. ^. '-J ci «cj CO as • • ^^^^S^S^SSmSSS ggggggg§§S88 a 1 ■3 4 QQ a J3 O 8 1 SI 8 s ANNUAL REPORT, 1884. We confess to a spirit of pride and enthusiasm in the compi- lation of this report, as it demonstrates the steady improve- ment and development of our State, and we are more than ever convinced that Indiana is the most favored locality for human existence, all things considered, on " God's green earth." We have all the requisites for prosperity, with the aid of knowledge and industry, and in former reports we have shown that it is a healthy locality. No other section of country has ever had a gathering of fifteen hundred pioneers whose ages ranged from 70 to 100 years, none having resided in the State less than 40 years. What better evidence of a healthful climate could be presented, or what other State can equal such a showing? The geographical position is remarkably favorable, lying as it does, in the track of the great thoroughfares from the east to the great west, bounded by the great lakes on the north, and the Ohio river on the south, it must continue to be on the main highway between the seas. It is in the heart of the wheat growing region, with the highest record for production, and in the center of the corn belt of the United States, and also the geographical center of population. The timber of the State is remarkable for the quantity and quality, the heavy growth of which has somewhat retarded the development of its productions compared with prairie land. The coal is of superior quality and practically inexhaustible in quantity. The stone of fifty square miles in extent is pro- nounced unequaled for building purposes, and is now used for public buildings in the principal cities of the United States. We have given a thorough description of the State as to the various resources in the Agricultural Report for 1882, and a general description by counties in the annual report for 1883, hence will avoid a repetition at this time. It will be observed that this report for 1884, extends into the following year, as usual, for the reason that all the oflicial reports of the Board are presented at the annual meeting of 14 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. the Delegate Board, which is set by statute law to convene the first Tuesday after the first Monday in January of each year; hence the business of the Board is contained in such reports, and could not consistently be compiled for publication until they have been properly and officially accepted, which in a manner, accounts for the delay in the published reports. The time for the Annual Agricultural Convention should be changed to November of each year. It was fixed thirty-three years ago, before the days of railroads, when horseback was the principal mode of reaching the capital in the winter, and it was then arranged for one trip to answer the Agricultural Convention and attend the meeting of the Legislature. We call attention to the weather tables in this report, which we have kept up for twelve years in succession. They are useful for reference, as nowhere else can such tables be found in a condensed published form. Perhaps the most remarkable feature in this connection at this date of writing (February, '85) is the unusual and impressive fact of three severe arctic winters in succession. The present one will be remembered as the most severe on record; sixteen times below zero. Such a succession of cold winters has puzzled scientists to account for. The winter of 1881 and 1882, which preceded the cold winters re- ferred to, was one of the mildest ever known, as the grass and wheat continued to grow all winter, and the following season produced the extraordinary wheat crop of 47,000,000 bushels in Indiana. The proceedings of the annual meeting of the Delegate Con- vention, with the valuable essay matter, will be found of unu- sual interest. The reports from the agricultural societies of the State are of special l6cal interest, and show marked improve- ment. The proceedings of the State Industrial Associations contin- ues to be one of the important features of this report. Thoy are growing in favor, and more appreciated as the real objects become known. These associations have been fostered and encouraged as branches of the Board of Agriculture, until the meetings have outgrown the accommodations of the Board, and ANNUAL REPORT. 15 in one case a larger hall had to be secured for the meeting. This will be obviated in the new State Houae, where commodi- ous and comfortable quarters are provided, and are expected to be ready for occupancy in two years. The last meeting of these associations was held in joiat convention, so as to not conflict and follow immediately after each other, thus getting the full benefits of the agricultural rooms and accommodations, and securing railroad lavors that could not be done otherwise; also, giving members interested an opportunity to attend more than one meeting without additional expense. For instance, the Short- horn Cattle Breeders met on Tuesday forenoon, held sessions afternoon, evening and next day forenoon ; then the Jersey Cattle men took possession, held sessions afternoon, evening and next day forenoon, and then the Wool Growers took pos- session.* These arrangements continued the following week with other State associations, and proved to be so very satisfac- tory that it is agreed on for the next annual meetings. The wisdom of holding separate sessions for each stock interest has been demonstrated by the thorough investigations of important questions that arise, and the dissemination thereby of useful knowledge through the printed Agricultural Reports, which could not be so thoroughly accomplished in a meeting of varied interests, or in too limited a time to bring out discussion. We take pleasure in producing for a frontispiece of this book a portrait steel engraving of Dr. Stevenson, the pioneer in importing improved cattle in the State, one of the original incorporation of the Board of Agriculture ; President of the Board for three years, at an early day; always foremost in agri- cultural matters; a liberal contributor as essayist; and a repre- sentative ''Hoosier'' at home and abroad. His biography will be found at the close of this report, and good reading for young people as well as the elderly. The Board of Agriculture are much encouraged with the re- sult of the last State Fair. It was a success in every particular, and professional exhibitors pronounced it second to none any- where as an Agricultural exhibition; the full details of which are given in the officers reports beginning on page 47. 1« BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. THE BUREAU OF STATISTICS. In the sixth annual report from that department (a volume of 513 pages) the system of collating Statistics in an elaborate — but condensed form, have been so perfected, that we deem a repetition of the figures in this volume as unnecessary, except in a general way to show the estimated gross value of the Agricultural products of Indiana for 1884, based upon the statements therein, being a synopsis of the principal cereal crops, and the leading products of the soil, as may be properly represented under the name of "Agricultural Industries." Products. Wheat Corn Oats Barley Rye Buckwheat Clover hay Clover seed Timothy hay Timothy seed Irish Potatoes Sweet Potatoes.... Flax seed Flax straw Tobacco Acres, 2,990,811 3,137,840 791,343 11,907 32,373 5,382 908,238 1,247,099 87,448 2,509 28,166 20,592 Bushels. 40,531,200 89,159,7!i9 23,581,108 259,106 434,266 62,251 1,501,860 tons. 246,042 bush. 1,946,342 tons. 85,452 bush. 5,969,461 bush. 142,429 bush. 185,277bush. I 22,575 tons, j 15,592,400 lbs. Estimated Value. $32,424,960 35,663,919 6,601,312 142,508 233,346 37,350 9,995,828 16,616,788 1,904,781 34.^,:)65 1,559,240 4,775,350 8,500,000 Garden products Orchard products (including cider, wine, vinegar) Dairy products 11,050,890 Poultry, eggs and feathers 5,224,943 Honey and sorghum and maple sugar and molasses 859,081 Wool, pounds, 4,773,708 995,039 FARM ANIMALS. Horses (increase over 1883) $2,017,440 Mules (increase over 1883).. ..". 200.460 Cattle (increase over 1883) 2,203,080 Sheep and lambs (increase over 1883) 34,053 Hogs. 19,679,110 Total agricultural products $155,085,668 Products of coal mines and quarries 2,500,000 Manufactured products 163,851,872 Total value of Indiana products $321,437,535 Secretary. STATE BOARD MEETINGS, 1884. ORGANIZATION OF NEW BOARD. •Agricultural Rooms, ) January 10, 1884./ On motion of Mr. Jones, the Board was called to order, and Mr. Seward appointed chairman. On call of the roll all the members answered as follows: Messrs. Mitchell, Hargrove, Sieg, Seward, Sunman, Jones, Cotteral, Dungan, La Tourette, Davidson, Graham, Stuart, Ratlitf, Custer, Banks and Lockhart. On motion of Mr. Jones, the Boai*d took a five minutes re- cess. Being called to order by Chairman Seward, on motion of Mr. Sunman, the Board then proceeded to the election of offi- cers for the ensuing year, which resulted as follows : President Robert Mitchell, of Qibson county. Vice President Jasper N. Davidson, of Montgomery county. Secretary Alex. Heron, of Marion county. Treasurer Sylvester Johnson, of Marion county. General Superintendent . . . Fielding Beeler, of Marion county. EXECUTIVE OOMMITTEB. Dick Jones, of Bartholomew county. W. R Seward, of Monroe county. John M. Graham, of Delaware county. W. W. Cotteral, of Henry county. KoTB— The condensed proceedings of the Board of Agrioaltnre, as herewith presented, Inolades only saoh matter as may be nsefnl for reference or of general interest. 2 — AQBICT7LTUKE. 18 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. On motion of Mr. Jones, a vote of thanks was tendered to the ladies for their attendance on the meetings of the Board. On motion of Mr. Hargrove, the time of holding the next fair was fixed at September 29 to October 4, 1884. Mr. Graham moved that the next meeting of the Board be held on the 12th of February next, and that all unfinished bu- siness of this meeting be referred to that meeting. Carried. On motion of Mr. Stuart, President Mitchell was constituted a committee of- one to canvass the business houses and hotels of the city to ascertain how much they will contribute to the contemplated fat cattle show next fall, and report at the Feb- ruary meeting. On motion of Mr. Custer, it was determined that this Board will remain in the Michigan, Ohio and Indiana Agricultural and Mechanical Fair Circuit. Mr. Seward moved that the proposed contract with the Water Works Company be taken up. ' Mr. Lockhart moved to amend by postponing consideration of the matter until the February meeting, which was agreed to. On motion of Mr. Lockhart, the salaries of menabers and of- ficers were fixed the same as for the preceding year, 1888. The Board then adjourned until February 12th. MARCH MEETING OF THE BOARD. FIRST DAY. MORNING SESSION. Tuesday, March 4, 1884, 10 a. m. Board met, with President Mitchell in the chair. The follow- ing members responded to roll call : Messrs. Mitchell, Hargrove, Sieg, Sunman, Jones, Cotteral, LaTourette, Davidson, Graham, Ratlifi', Custer, Banks and Lockhart. PROCBEDINGS. 19 The minutes ot the last meeting were read, corrected and approved. The President announced the Superintendents of Depart- partmeuts as iollows : DEPABTMENT SUPERINTENDENTS. Horse Department-— Jaaper N. Davidson. Speed Bing Department — Dick Jones. Cattle Department — C. B. Stuart. Hog Department — W. A. Banks. Sheep Department— T. W. W. Sunman. Poultry Department — ^J. M. Graham. Farm and Garden Products Department — H. LaTourette Horticultural Department — L. B. Cus- ter. Mechanical Department — Hargrove and Cotteral. G^logj and Natural History — Professor John CoUett. Exhibits on Lower Floor — John Rati iff. Exhibits on Upper Floor — 8. W. Dun- gan. Ladies' Department, Upper Floor — Womans State Fair Association. Steam Engines — W. B. Seward. Amphitheater — ^J. Q. A. Sieg. Space in Exposition Building — S. W. Dungan. Gates — B. M. Lockhart. COMMITTEES: Committee on Reception — Messrs. Mitchell, Lockhart, Dungan and Stuart. Committee on Pedigrees — Messrs. Banks, Sunman, Stuart and Jones. On motion of Mr. Ratlift*, the change of the time of this meet- ing, as ordered by the President for certain reasons, from Feb- ruary 12th to March 4th, is hereby approved. President. Mitchell, as Committee on Fat Stock Show, an- nounced that he had been soliciting subscriptions for a fat stock show, which it is proposed to hold next November. He stated that his efforts in this work had been attended with decided success. On motion, the matter was referred to a committee, Messrs. Mitchell, Stuart, Sunman and Lockhart, to report to- tiiorrow morning. A number of letters were then read from various individuals throughout the State, endorsing such a move, and offering to give it their hearty support. The subject of the contract with the Indianapolis Water Works Company, referred at the January meeting, then came up, and considerable discussion ensued. On motion of Mr. Beward, the Secretary was instructed to contract with the com- pany to extend their mains to the Exposition Building. 20 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. On motion, the President was instructed to appoint a Com- mittee on Resolutions, in regard to the death of D. P. Hollo- way, an ex-President of the Board, and frarner of the law cre- ating the Board. Messrs. Seward, Lockhart and Nelson were so appointed, and requested to report to-morrow morning. On motion of Mr. Lockhart, the President was instructed to appoint a member of the Board as Water Superintendent, to •be in control of the water during the week of the State Fair, The President named Mr. Lockhart to serve in this capacity, the General Superintendent to take charge at all other times. On motion of Mr. Sunman, Mr. Heron was appointed to rep- resent the Board at the Fair Circuit meeting at Toledo, O., March 12. This was followed by a general discussion when, on motion of Mr. Sunman, the Board adjourned until 2 o'clock p. M. AFTERNOON SESSION. A communication was received from T. W. W. Sunman, rel- ative to premiums on Red Polled cattle, which, on motion, wae referred to the Committee on Premium List. On motion of Mr. Dungan, the General Superintendent was authorized to renew the lease on the building owned by the Moline Plow Company, and accept propositions for other build- ings for exhibition purposes. On motion of Mr. Lockhart, it was resolved that the General Superintendent provide an oflBice for the Superintendent of the Mechanical Department in the immediate vicinity of the ma- chinery. On motion of Mr. Lockhart, various communications, relative to specialties for the next State Fair, were referred to the Executive Committee and Secretary. Mr. Seward introduced the following, which was adopted : WhbbeaSi Various propositions have been made, from time to time, for the purchase or exchange of our Fair Grounds for other locations ; and, Whebbas, After due consideration of the propositions that have been made, we are of the unamimous opinion that we have nothing to gain, and much to lose, by moving to any other grounds ; therefore, r PR0GBEDING8. 21 Resolved, That we belie?e it to be to the best intereet of thie Board to continue to hold oor fair at its present location, and that we, at this timej have no intention to seek a new location. On motion of Mr. Suuman,,tbe President named the follow- ing to serve on the committee appointed to consider the prob- able cost and advisability of holding a fat stock show dur- ing the coming fall : Messrs. Sunman, Stuart and Lockhart, and, by general request, Mr. Mitchell was added to the com- mittee. The Secretary was instructed to insure the stalls at the Fair Grounds at not more than one and a half percent, premium. On motion of Mr. Lockhart, the General Superintendent was instructed to remove the old Power Hall Building from the Fair Grounds. On motion of Mr. Ratliff, all further repairs in the stalls and buildings will be made under the direction of the Executive Committee and General Superintendent. On motion of Mr. Lockhart, the matter of renting the Fair Ground for trotting purposes, was referred to a committee con- sisting of the President, Secretary and General Superintend- ent. On motion of Mr. Lockhart, the Board resolved itself into Committee of the Whole on revision of the Premium List, with Mr. Davidson in the chair. At 6 o'clock p. M., the Committee rose. President Mitchell took the chair. The Committee, by Mr. Davidson, reported progress, and asked leave to set again. On motion, adjourned to meet at 9 o'clock to-morrow morn- ing. 22 BOARD OF AGRICULTURK. SECOND DAT. morninq session. Wednesday, March 5, 1884. Board met at 9 o'clock pursuant to adjournment, President Mitcbell in the chair and all the members present. Minutes of yesterday's proceedings read, corrected and approved. Mr. Lockhart, of the Committee on Water Supply, made verbal report, and moved to reconsider the action of the Board on yesterday, which was agreed to. He then moved that a committee of three be appointed by the President to ascertain the conditions and probable cost of water supply by the Water Works Company, which was carried, and Messrs. Dungan, Seward and Beeler appointed the committee. Mr. Stuart, from the committee appointed to consider the probable receipts and expenditures of the contemplated fat Btock show, reported as follows: Your committee to consider the probable receipts and expenditures connected with the holding of a fat Rtock show in this city next winter, respectfully report that upon investigation they find the probable expenses will amount to $4,000. This will include all expenses for premiums and incidental expenses of running the «how five days. We also find that the subscriptions amount to $1,500. We estimate the receipts atiHoOO to SGOO, or a total of $2,000 in sight. If now the members of the Board will each raise $100 in their respective districts, that will add to the receipts $1,600. It will then be necessary to raise an additional sum of $500 by subscriptions. Your committee, therefor, would reccommend the holding of the fat stock show 4it the Union Stock Yards, Indianapolis, provided the members of this Board will agree to raise the sum of $100 each in their respective districts; and provided farther, that Indianapolis shall increase its subscriptions to $2,000. If this can not be done, then we would report against the advisability of holding the show thia jear. C. B. STUART, For the CommiUee. And asked to be discharged from turther consideration of the matter. PROCEEDINQS. 2S On motion of Mr. Davidson, the report was received, and the committee discharged. On motion of Mr. Sunman, members expressed their views as to the probability of raising the sum recommended by the committee, in their respective districts. A free interchange of opinions followed, after which Mr. Sanman moved that members canvass their districts with a m view to the probability of securing the necessary funds and report at some future day, and that if successful the fat stock show should be held, and if unsuccessful that it should be abandoned. The motion was not carried. On motion of Mr. Lockhart, a committee of three was ap- pointed to make final report on the matter of fat stock show and the advisability of offeripg premiums on fat stock to be shown at the fair. The committee appointed is Messrs. Lockhart, Stuart and Sunman. Mr. Sunman moved that there be an expert judge in each of the classes of cattle, sheep and hogs. Mr. Stuart moved to amend by making the several experts judges in the sweepstakes class of each department, pending which considerable discussion was had, and Mr. Stuart's motion was withdrawn and the motion of Mr. Sunman was not carried^ Mr. Stuart then moved that one expert judge for each of the classes of live stock (except horses) be appointed, who shall act as judges in all the classes including sweepstakes. Mr. Jones moved to amend by appointing the Committees on awards and making their duties the same as last year, which,, after some discussion, was withdrawn. Mr. Stuart, in support of his motion, then read a letter from Mr. Burleigh on the appointment of judges, and also extracts- from the Breeders' Gazette. A lengthy discussion followed, which was participated in by nearly all of the members, and the motion was carried. Mr. Stuart moved that no animal that has not taken first prize in its class will be allowed to compete for the sweepstakes prize, which, after much discussion, was not carried. 24 BOARD OF AGRICULTURB. On motion of Mr. Sanman, the Board adjourned (o meet at 2 o'clock p. M. AFTERNOON SESSION. Board met pursuant to adjournment. All the members present. Mr. Sunman moved a reconsideration of the vote in the matter of the appointment and duties of judges on awards, which was ruled out of order. Mr. Dungan offered the following : The sweepstakes ring in the Cattle Department on beef breeds shall be judged by a practical buyer, a feeder, and a butcher ; two of these to act, and in case they can not agree, the deciding vote to be cast by the third judge. These judges shall be selected by the Superintendent, who shall arrange to have them present. These judges shall not be breeders or owners of thoroughbreds of either of the competing breeds in which they are called to judge. The matter was discussed by Messrs. Jones, Dungan, Stuart, and others. Mr. Lockhart moved the previous question, and the resolu- tion was adopted. Mr. Lockhart offered the following, whicTi was adopted : Resolvedj That the General Superintendent shall, in all cases when the State Fair Grounds are rented to any person or persons, for any purpose whatever, in- corporate in sucli lease the provision that no liquors of any kind shall be 8(»ld by them on said grounds while in their possession, and a violation of said provision shall be a forfeiture of any and all rights (hey may have had for the use of said grounds. Mr. Hargrove offered the following, which was adopted: Resolved, That this State Board extend to the Executive Co9imittee of the Ohio, Michigan and Indiana Agricultural and MechanicaJl Fair Circuit, an invitation to hold the next annual meeting of said committee in the city of Indianapolis, in the months of December on January next On motion of Mr. Ratliff, the Board resolved itself into com- mittee of the whole, to consider revision of the premium list. The President called Mr. Ratliff to. the chair. PROCBBDINGS. 25 The President and Secretary of the Woman's Fair Associa- tion being present, and desiring to present certain matters of interest in their department, on motion of Mr. Lockhart, the committee rose, reported progress and asked leave to sit again, which was granted. Mrs. Noe, President, and Mrs. Adkinson, Secretary of the Woman's Pair Association, then presented the following: Qentlemen of the State Board of Agriculture : The Executive Board of the Woman's State Fair Association beg leave to 8nb- mit the following : At the fair of 1883, a number of articles were exhibited for which no pre- miums were ofiered in the list, and of these articles we would recommend the fol- lowing as speciallj deserving the award of the sums mentioned : Painted plaque.— First, Mrs. Rowland $2 00 Second, Miss Alice Ross 1 00 Doll body— Miss Belle Worland SI 00 In view of the increased interest taken in Art, we suggest that a larger amount of premiums for fine and decorative art would bring out an exhibit that would greatly add to the attractions of the fair, and reopectifnlly request the appropri- ation of an additional $100.00 in the Woman's Department for that purpose, in- creasing the whole amount of premium money ofiered in that department ,from $800.00 to $900.00. MRa A. M. NOE, Prtndeni, Flobkncb M. Adkinson, Secretary. Both of which, on motion of Mr. Lockhart, were approved and the appropriations made. On motion of Mr. Lockhart, the Board again resolved itself into committee of the whole, to consider revision of the pre- mium list — Mr. Lockhart in the chair. At 6:30 o'clock the committee again rose, reported progress and asked leave to sit again. President Mitchell resumed the chair. Mr. Lockhart, at his request, was excused from further attendance on this meeting. Mr. Seward, from the Committee on Water Supply, submitted 26 BOABD OF AGRICULTURE. the following report, and moved that the secretary be author- ized to make contract with the Water Works Company ia ac- cordance therewith. Carried. Your committee appointed to inquire into the matter of water supply for the Fair GroundH, have made inquiry of the Indianapolis Water Works Company as to quantity and cost of same, and find that 1,000,000 gallons will be furnished at a oost of $200 per annum. All that is used in excess of this amount will be charged for at the rate of 10 cents per 1,000 gallons — less than half a cent per barrel. The flupply would be equal to 3,000 gallons per day. W. B. Seward, for Committee. On motion of Mr. Stuart, the superintendents of gate and amphitheater were authorized to select and employ gate keepers. On motion of Mr. Banks, the superintendent of speed was ti,uthorized to employ Mr. David Webb, of Covington, as an expert judge on speed. On motion of Mr. Hargrove, adjourned to 9 o'clock to-mor- row morning. THIBD DAY. morning session. Thursday, March 6, 1884. Board met pursuant to adjournment. President Mitchell in the chair. All the members present. Proceedings of yester- day's meeting read, corrected and approved. President Mitchell made assignment of committeemen, to be furnished by members of the Board, as follows: On Horses. — Messrs. Mitchell, Hargrove, Jones, Dungan, LaTourette and Davidson, one each. On CaUle, — Messrs. Mitchell, Dungan and Stuart, one each. On Sheep. — Messrs. Sunman, Cotterall, LaTourette, Qraham, Batliff and Banks, one each. PROCEEDDfGS. 27 On Hogs. — Messrs. Hargrove, Sunman, Jones, Davidson, Graham and Custer, one each. On Agricultural Products, — Messrs. Graham, Cbtteral, Diingan, Ratliff and Cot- ter, one each. On Machinery and Implements. — Messrs. Seward, Jones and Banks, one each. Amphitheater. — Jno. Q. A. Sieg, three men. Gate Keepers. — R. M. Lo^hart, eight men. Mr. Stuart, from the committee appointed to make final re- port concerning the proposed fat stock show, and to arrange list for premiums on fat stock to be exhibited at the fair of 1884, made the following report, which was accepted and con- curred in : Gentlemen — Upon a second and more careful review of the proposition to hold a fat stock show this year, your committee finds that there exists throughout the State a very strong feeling that such a show should be held. But, owing to the depressed condition of the business interests of the State, caused in part by the failure of crops last year, and by the recent floods; and, al-'o, because of this being^ the year for holding a presidential election, we do not think the Board would be justified in attempting to hold the fat stock hIiow. We recognize and appreciate the very cordial and substantial support given this Board by the citizens of In- dianapolis in their efforts to raise the fund and provide buildings for the holding of the show, and it enables us to say that we can see no possible obstacle in the way of holding a fat stock show in 1885. R. M. Lock HART, T. W. W. Sun MAN, C. B. Stuart, Committee, The list of fat stock premiums submitted was, after some discussion, rejected. Mr. Stuart moved that judges on awards be paid $5 per day^ and expenses allowed, for their services. Mr. Custer moved to amend by making the pay $5 per day and railroad fare, which was not adopted. Mr. Sunman moved to amend by adding hotel fare, to which there was no second. Mr. Dungan moved to amend by fixing the pay at $3; not carried. Mr. Stuart moved to amend by fixing the pay at $5, which was carried. 28 BOABD OF AaRIOULTURB. On motion of Mr. Banks, the Secretary was directed to fur- nish the Department Superintendent with the names of mem- bers who are to furnish judges in their respective departments. On motion of Mr. Stuart, the Board resolved itself into com- mittee of the whole to consider the premium list" At 12 o'clock M. the committee rose, and President Mitchell resumed the chair. Mr. Stuart, of the committee, reported progress, and asked leave to sit again, which was granted, aad the Board adjourned until 2 o'clock p. m. AFTERNOON SESSION. Board met pursuant to adjournment, President Mitchell, in the chair. All the members present except Mr. Lockhart. Mr. Davidson offered the following : Resolved, That the Superintendent's of the Horse, Sheep and Hog Departments shall have the power to appoint judges of Sweeptakes and herds in the same manner as in the Cattle Department, the President to approve the appointment so made. Adopted. On motion of Mr. Davidson, Mr. Mitchell was allowed the usual per diem for eight days services in canvassing and solicit- ing subscriptions for thje proposed Fat Stock Exhibition. On motion of Mr. Seward, the Board again resolved itself into Committee of the Whole on revision of the premium list, and Mr. Seward was called to the chair. The committee rose, President Mitchell resumed the chair, and called the Board to order. Mr. Seward, chairman of the committee of the whole, re- ported that the committee had finished its work, and moved the adoption of the premium list as revised, which was carried, and ordered published. President Mitchell introduced Dr. G. B. Northrop, of Clin- ton, Conn., who made a short address, showing the importance and value of " Arbor Day,'* and requested that the Board take some action in relation to the same. Mr. Stuart offered the following, which was adopted : PROCEEDINQS. 29 EesUved, That this Board approve and commend the plan of Arbor Day, ba ap- pointed by the State Horticultural Society and the State Teachers' Association, and adyise the farmers of the State to devote the 11th day of April, next to both orna- mental and economic tree planting. On motion of Mr. Stuart, the thanks of the Board were ten- dered to Mr. Northrop for his interesting address. By their request leave of absence was granted to Messrs. Hargrove and Banks. On motion of Mr. Jones, all unfinished business was referred to the Executive Committee. Mr. Sunman moved, that in case any member can not provide committeemen as assigned, the superintendent of department in whicb said committeeman was selected to serve, be author- ized to appoint such committeeman. Carried. The President appointed the following Standing Committees : Finance. — The Executive Committee. Rules and Regulations, — Dungan and Lockhart. Fair Grounds. — Hargrove and Davidson. Unfinished Business.— ^ieg and Ratliff. Premium List. — Banks, Stuart and Sunman. Credentials. — LaTourtte and Custer. On motion of Mr. Jones, Assistant Superintendents of the Horse and Cattle ^Departments are to furnish their own horses, and be paid five dollars per day for their services, and Assistant Superintendents in other all departments to be paid three dollars per day for their services. On motion of Mr. Ratliff, the pay to outside gate keepers was fixed at three dollars per day, and the pay of gate keepers at the amphitheater at two dollars per day. On motion of Mr. Cotteral, the General Superintendent was instructed to provide and furnish a suitable office room for the use of the President during the fair. On motion of Mr. Dunglan, the Board adjourned to meet at the Pair Grounds at 10 o'clock a. m., Monday, September 29, 1884. 80 . BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE MEETINGS. APRIL SESSION. Agricultural Rooms, April 16, 1884. Agreeably to call of the President, the Executive Committee of the Board of Agriculture met at 10 o'clock a. m. present, Messrs. Mitchell, Jones, Seward, Graham, and Cotteral. On motion of Mr. Jones, the owners of Ilolderness cattle were invited to attend the State Fair; and that quarters be provided for them free of charge, in the absence of any premium on that class. On motion of Mr. Graham, Rule 3, regulating supply wagons of lessees was adopted. Mr. Jones presented the following list of premiums on speed, which, on motion of Mr. Graham, was adopted, the aggregate being the sum appropriated by the Board, and referred to the Executive Committee for distribution: Tuesday, Sept. 30, 3 years' old trot, 3 premiums $150 Tuesday, Sept. 30, 2:87 pace, 3 premiums ^. 160 Wednesday, Oct. 1, 2:37 trot, 3 premiums 200 Wednesday, Oct. 1, 3 minute trot, 3 premiums 200 Thuriiday, Oct. 2, running race, 3 premiums . . . . 150 Thursday, Oct. 2, free-for-all pace, 3 premiums 300 Thurnday, Oct. 2, 2:30 trot, 3 premiums 250 Friday, Oct. 3, stallion trot, 3 premiums 150 Friday, Oct. 3, free-for-all trot, 3 premiums 400 Friday, Oct. 3, consolation purse for runners 50 On motion of Mr. Seward, it was ordered that the school children of the State be admitted to the State Fair tree, on Thursday of fair week, on tickets issued for that purpose. PROCEEDINGS. 31 A copraittee of citizens representing mechanical and ma- chinery interests was present by special invitation, and presented matters in connection therewith, which were freely discussed by Mr. Haywood, of the McCorraick Uarvester Company, and others. The result of the conference was a determination on the part of exhibiters in this department to co-operate with the Board in making the fair a success. The committee adjourned to the Fair Ground to investigate as to needed improvements, and ordered that the General Super- intendent be authorized to make all necessary repairs of the floor in main building, and prepare headquarters for the Super- intendents of the Mechanical Department. AUGUST SESSION. Agricultural Rooms, August 12, 1884. Tne Executive Committee met, agreeably with the call of the President, at 10 o'clock a. m. Present, Messrs. Mitchell, Seward, and Cotteral; also. Gen- eral Superintendent Beeler and S. W. Dungan, of the Board, by invitation. Minutes ol the April meeting ot the Executive Committee were read and approved. Ordered, That the General Superintendent endeavor to ar- range with the Wabash Railway to locate a station east of the Fair Grounds for the loading and unloading of exhibition stock and machinery. On motion of Mr. Seward, two additional sections of cattle stalls were ordered to be erected. Ordered^ That 200 feet of IJ inch hose be purchased by the General Superintendent and Mr. Seward for use in the Exposi- tion Building. 82 BOARD OF AGBIOULTURB. Ordered, That Mr. Seward and Superintendent Beeler be au- thorized to make inventory and estimate values of the boilers^ pumps, shafting and pulleys not needed, and dispose of the same to best advantage. Ordered, That Superintendent Beeler be authorized to erect a suitable building for use of the express companies and Super- intendents of the Mechanical Department, east of the main Ex- position Hall. Ordered, That the General Superintendent have the horse and cattle stalls, and sheep and hog buildings, coated with hydraulic lime wash. APTBRNOON SESSION. On motion of Mr. Seward, it was ordered that Prof. S. A. King be engaged to make balloon ascensions at the State Fair. Ordered^ That contracts be entered into with the When Cloth- ing Store to advertise the State Fair in manner and extent same as in 1883. The General Superintendent was authorized to contract with the firemen for use of the Fair Grounds on July 4, 1885. Ordered, That the Secretary advertise for bids to furnish music, and for the sale of privileges at the fair. Ordered, That only such shows as have immoral and other olyectional features be excluded from the Fair Grounds. SEPTEMBER SESSION. September 22, 1884. The Executive Committee met on call of President Mitchell at 10 o'clock A. M. Present, Messrs. Mitchell, Graham, Jones, Cotteral and Sew- ard ; also Messrs. Dungan and Superintendent Beeler. Minutes of the meeting of August 12th read and approved. PROOBBDINOS. 83 A oommittee of citizeDs requested that the Board extend an invitation to Hon. B. P. Butler to be present at the State Fair. After some interchange of thought on the subject, Mr. Sew- ard moved that the President appoint two of the committee to act with himself as a committee of invitation, and to endeavor to secure the attendance of all the present presidential candi- dates at the State Fair. Which was adopted, and Messrs. Sew- ard and Graham appointed. At the solicitation of Mr. W. B. Holton, of the David Brad- ley Manufacturing Company, who wished to send out a large number of fair tickets to the friends and customers of the firm, a commutation rate was made as follows : 100 and under 200, 10 per cent.; 200 and under 300, 15 per cent. ; 300 and under 400, 20 per cent. ; 400 and under 500, 25 per cent. ; 500 and over, 50 per cent. oflT regular rates. Ordered^ That all musical bands in uniform be admitted to the fair free of charge. On motion, a premium was authorized on match teams in light harness horses, Book 5, as follows : Best pair matched horses $20 00 Second " " 10 00 The same having been omitted by inadvertence from the printed list. The Indianapolis Light Infantry Company offered proposal to have an exhibition drill one day of the fair, provided the Board of Agriculture will contribute $150 as premium for the same. The Board declined the proposal, but on motion of Mr. Gra- ham, offered a premium of J75 for the best drilled and uni- formed military company for Wednesday of the fair. On itiotion of Mr. Lockhart, the Superintendent of Gates was authorized to pass all pioneers over 75 years of age on Wednesday. Mr. Graham presented the following : Whbreas, The Illinois and St. Louis Boards of Agriculture 8 — Agricultitbb. '34 BOARD OF AGRIOULTURB. have, on account of the disease known as pleuro-pneumonia prevailing among cattle, and especially the Jersey breed, pro- hibited the exhibition of this breed at their fairs; and, Whereas, Believing it to be our duty to exercise all prac- ticable precaution to prevent the spread of said disease, but at the same time to encourage the exhibition of all breeds of cat- tle; therefore, Resolved^ That all cattle will be allowed to compete at the Indiana State Fair as usual, but that before entering the grounds, they must be subjected to inspection by two veterinary surgeons, who shall judge that they are free from disease, and safe in this respect to be admitted among other cattle ; and that a veterinary surgeon will be provided by the Board for this pur- pose, who shall have his office at or near the cattle entrance gate for this purpose. Which was adopted. EXPOSITION GROUNDS. FIRST DAY. September 29, 1884. Board met at 10 o'clock a. m.. President Mitchell in the chair. Members present were : Messrs. Hargrove, Secretary Seward, Sunman, Graham, Custer, Banks and Lockhart. Mr. Banks called attention to the contradiction in herd pre- miums on hogs, in books 30 and 31, and the rule at the head specifying of what they shall consist. Mr. Sunman moved that the premiums as offered be adhered to. Mr. Sieg moved to amend by offering a premium for herd of hogs, as specified in the rule, of J30 for first and $20 for second premium. PROCEEDINGS. 85- Mr. Hargrove moved to amend by making the premiums $20 and $10, which was adopted for both books. On motion of Mr. Seward, it was ordered that all who claim to be exhibitors be passed through the gates this a. m., and that ticket offices be opened at 12 m. The Board then took a recess until 2 o'clock p. m. September 29, 2 p. m. Board met pursuant to adjournment, President Mitchell in the chair. All the members present. On mofion of Mr. Jones, it was decided to supply passes to the Department Superintendents, who shall use their discretion in issuing them to exhibitors. On motion of Mr. Stuart, the Broom Brigade of Capt. Rich- ardson will be admitted to the grounds for the purpose of making an exhibition, free of charge. On motion of Mr. Lockhart, the vote to offer additional pre- miums in books 80 and 31 was reconsidered, and it was, after some discussion, decided t6 let the premiums remain as pub- lished. The Board then adjourned until 9 o'clock to-morrow morn- ing. SECOND DAY. September 30, 1884. The Board met, President Mitchell in the chair, and all the members present. There being no business before the Board, recess was taken until 9 o'clock to-morrow morning. * 86 BOABP OF AGRICULTURH. THIRD DAY. OOTOBBR 1, 1884. Board met, President Mitchell in the chair, and all the mem-' hers present. A protest was presented by Cyrus Matler against the exhibit by of stallion 4 years old and over, in class-book 2, which being informal, was referred back to him for affidavits in accordance with the rules regulating protests. On motion of Mr. Stuart, Superintendent of Gates Lockhart was authorized to exercise his discretion concerning certain ad- mission tickets issuQd in the Mechanical Department, it appear- ing that the privilege was being abused. The Board then took recess until 2:30 p. m. Meeting at this hour, and there being no business to transact, recess was con- tinued until 9 o'clock to-morrow morning. FOURTH DAY. OCTOBKR 2, 1884. Board met. President Mitchell in the chair and all the mem- bers present. A communication was received from the Newark Machine Company, of Newark, Ohio, presenting a challenge to other manufacturers of clover hulling machines, and proposing a contest to determine the relative merits of their respective machines, to take place during the present State Fair, at such time and under such regulations ^s the State Board of Agri- culture may determine, and inclosing a check for $100 to defray their portion of the^expense thereof. Consideration was given the communication. PROCEBDINGS. 8T On motion of Mr. Davidson the proposition was declined, for reasons that space on the grounds being limited, it could not well be spared without too much inconvenience to other ex- hibitors, and also the danger to life attending such contests^ and the check be ordered to be returned to the Newark Ma- chine Company. Mr, Davidson called attention to the matter of an erroneous «ntry of heavy draft team in Book 3, heavy draft grade horses, and the award of the premium on same as being contrary to the provisions of Rule 6 of the rules governing exhibits, as one or both of the horses constituting the team had been entered for other premiums, and asking the sense of the Board thereon. Mr. Banks moved that the premium be withheld, for the reason that the entry had been made in^ violation of the rules, which was carried. The Board then took recess until 2:30 p. m. Afternoon Session, 2:30 p. ic. Board met, President Mitchell in the chair. There being no business requiring special attention, recess was taken until 9 o'clock to-morrow morning. FIFTH DAY. October 3, 1884. Board met. President Mitchell in the chair, and all the mem- bers present. On motion of Mr. Sunman it was ordered that, at the discre- tion of Department Superintendents, such exhibitors as were intending to make exhibits at other distant fairs, or for other 88 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. good reason, would be greatly accommodated by an early re- moval of their animals or articles from the Fair Grounds, would be permitted to do so after 4 o'clock p. m. to-day. Mr. Sunman also moved that the Secretary be authorized to issue premium orders and the Treasurer authorized to pay the same after 1 o'clock p. m. to-day, which was carried. Mr. Jones presented the matter of the races of yesterday, and stated that some of the drivers of the horses manifested a dis- position to jockey, and render the race uninteresting and un- fair to the Board and spectators; and that in view of this he, as supervising member of the speed ring, removed the drivers of such horses and substituted other drivers, who won the race;, that in accordance with the rules of the National Trotting As- sociation in such cases, the driver is entitled to a fee for hi& services, which may be retained from the award due the win- ning horse for this purpose, and that he had so ruled, and asking- an expression as to the sense of the Board in the matter. He was sustained in his action by prompt consent of the Board. • On motion of Mr. Stuart, President Mitchell w^as appointed delegate to represent the Board at the meeting of the National Stockmen's Association, at Chicago, on the third day of De- cember, 1884. Mr. Davidson, as Superintendent of the Horse Department,, stated that there was reason to think that the entry to which award to teams for general purpose, in book four, was made^ was in violation of the rule that "all double teams must be owned by the exhibitor," and moved that the matter be referred to the Executive Committee for investigation. Carried. On motion of Mr. LaTourette a special award of $25 was- made to Wm. Sigerson & So'i for the very extensive and taste- ful display of grain in stalk and ear, and grasses, made by them,, as grown in Pulaski county, Indiana. PROCEEDINGS. 89 SIXTH DAY. October 4, 1884. Board met. President Mitchell in the chair, and all the members present. Proceedings of all the previous meetings at the Fair Grounds read and approved. An appeal from the decision of the judges in awarding only first premium in the 2:37 pacing race of yesterday, was made by E. D. Morse, for the reason that as his horse had distanced the field he was therefore entitled to the purse ($150), as this was in accordance with the rules of the N"ational Trotting As- sociation. On motion of Mr. Davidson, it was decided that the horse distancing the field be allowed first money only. A protest was presented by Mart L. Hare against the award made in Book 6 to stallion showing three best colts, alleging that after a committee, who had acted under instructions from the Superintendent of the Horse Department, had made the award to the horse and colts of Mr. Sam'l Granger, he, the Su- perintendent, had appointed another committee that placed the award to another horse and colts. Superintendent Davidson made general denial of the allega- tions. On motion ot Mr. Jones, the action of the Superintendent and awarding committee were sustained. A communication was received from the International Asso- ciation of Fairs and Expositions, soliciting this Board to be- come a member thereof, the terms being $10 initiation fee and $10 annual dues. On motion of Mr. Sunman, that this Board become a mem- ber of said Association, the vote was a tie, and the motion was laid on the table. A communication was received from the Model Clothing Company, representing that they had made an extensive and fine exhibit of clothing; that no premium was offered for such \ 40 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. exhibit, and asking that some suitable recognition of the same- be made by the Board. The communication was considered^ and in view of the fact that other similar and meritorious ex- hibits had been made by other parties, it was, on motion, laid upon the table. On motion ot Mr. Seward, a diploma was awarded to the United States Encaustic Tile Company for the very beautiful display and great variety of tiles made, this being a new in- dustry in this State, and highly deserving of encouragement. On motion of Mr. Dungan, it was ordered that Mr. Seward and Secretary Heron be authorized to settle with the Treasurer as soon as practicably convenient to hjm. Mr. H. C. Green, one of the judges on poultry, presented the matter of exhibit of Wyandotte chickens by A. T. Layton and Isaac N. Lane, for which no premium is offered, and repre- sented that they were as worthy of a premium as other poultry specified in the list. Mr. Dungan moved that a premium be allowed same as to Plymouth Rocks. Carried. On motion of Mr. Cotteral, the varieties of poultry entered for exhibit at the fair of 1884, not included in the list, be re- ferred for future action of the Board. On motion of Mr. Seward, it was ordered that hereafter na person be allowed to wear any insignia as members of the Board of Agriculture but the members. Mr. Davidson called attention to the fact that the mare en- tered for premium by Sylvester Johnson, in Book 4, one year and under two, by reason of oversight by the committee itt calling the number of entry, was not exhibited, and recom- mended that the stall rent ($2.00) for same be remitted, which was consented to. By request, Mr. Banks was excused from further attendance on the meetings of the Board. The minutes were read, and, on motion of Mr. Sunman, ap-^ proved. The Board then adjourned sine du. PROCEBDINQS. 41 EXECUTIYE COMMITTEE MEETING. Agricultural Rooms, November 11, 1884. Committee met at 10 o'clock a. m., agreeably with call of the Prebident. Present, Messrs. Mitchell, Jones, Seward and Gra- ham. Secretary made report of the result of the fair, the gen- -eral condition of agriculture in this State, the financial condi- tion of the Board, and other matters of interest to be presented at the January meeting, which was approved. The programme for the January meeting was made up> and the Secretary directed to invite the following persons to de- liver essays at that meeting: Prof. C. H. Hall, of Franklin OoUege ; Geo. Pinley, of Allegheny City, on Fish and Fish Ponds; Rev. G. L. Cuitis, of Jeftersonville, on Adulterations of Foods and Medicines; Rev. Dr. Fisk, of Greencastle, on Di- versified Labor ; Col. J. A. Bridgeland, of Richmond, on The Norman Horse; Jasper N. Davidson, on Farmers' Recreations and Amusements ; W. B. Seward, on The Autobiography of a Plow. Communications were received from the David Bradley Manufacturing Company, making suggestions concerning the conducting of fairs. From Devereaux Pennington, judge of Jersey Cattle Class, concerning the awards of premiums, and from Prof. Robert B. Warder, of Purdue University, concern- ing analyses of fertilizers, all of which were referred to the January meeting. Adjourned until 2 o'clock p. m. 2 o'clock p. m. Committee met. Present, President Mitchell, and Messrs. Jones, Seward, and Graham. A communication was presented from the International Association of Fairs and Exhibitions, at St. Louis, Mo., requesting the Indiana State Board of Agri- culture to become a member of the same. After some discus- 1 42 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. sioD, Mr. Mitchell was appointed a delegate to attend the meet- ing of the association on December 8d, and the matter of becom- ing a member was left to his discretion. The meeting of the Tri-Fair Circuit, which is to take place at the Agricultural Rooms on the third Wednesday of Decem- ber next, was brought up. On motion of Mr. Graham, Messrs. Lockhart, Seward, Mitchell and Heron were appointed a com- mittee to invite the Illinois, St. Louis and Wisconsin Fair Asso- ciations to send delegates to the meeting. On motion of Mr. Graham, it was ordered to continue to car- ry insurance on the Exposition and other buildings on the Fair Grounds, in the sum of $25,000. On motion of Mr. Seward, the Indianapolis Light Infantry were allowed $75.00 on account of exhibition drill at the fair. On motion of Mr. Graham, the committee adjourned shie die. ANNUAL MEETING, 1885. Agricultural Rooms, 1 Tuesday, January 6, 1885, 10:30 a. m. j Board met, President Mitchell in the chair. On call of the roll of members of the Board proper, the following members answered to their names : iHt District — Robert Mitchell, Princeton, Gibson county. 2d District — Samuel Hargrove, Union, Pike county. 3d District — J. Q. A. Sieg, Cory don, HarriBon county. . 4th District — W. B. Seward, Blooiuington, Monroe county. 6th District — T. W. W. Sunnian, Spades, Kipley county. 6th District — Dick Jones, Columbus, Bartholomew county. 7th District , , 8th Dis'rict — S. W. Dungan, Franklin, Johnson county. 9th District — II. LaTourctte, Covington, Fountain county. 10th District — .Tapper N. Davidson, Whitesville, Montgomery county. 11th Dijstrict — John M. Graham, Muncie, Delaware county. 12tli District — Chas. B. Stuart, Lafayette, Tippecanoe county. 13th District — John Ratliff, Marion, Grant county. 14th District— L. B. Custer, Logansport, Cass county. 15th District — W. A. Banks, Door Village, Laporte county. 16lh District — R. M. Lockhart, Waterloo, Dekalb county. On call of counties, the following delegates responded : 44 BOARD OF AGBICULTURB. CJOUJNTIES. Delegates. Post Office. Bartholomew Ag'l & Indusl'l Bartholomew Ag'l Society Boone . Cass . . Clark . aay. . Clinton . Dearborn Decatur Delaware Elkhart . Fulton . Gibson . Grant . Hamilton Harrison Henry . Howard Huntington Jackeon Jay . . Jennings Johnson Knox . Lagrange Lake. . Laporte Madison Marion . Monroe Montgomery Noble . Parke . Perry . Pike . . Pulaski Putnam Ripley . Rush Shelby . St. Joseph Steuben Tippecanoe Tipton . Vigo. . Wabaeh Warren Warrick Washington Wayne . Whitley S. M. Glick Dick Jones Jno. W. Kise L. B. Custer D. F. WMIley R. S. Hobbs M. H. Belknap Will O'Brien WillCumback Jno M. Graham Joseph Reppey N. A. McClung Wm. M. Cockrum . . . . Hezekiah Steelman . . . . Geo. W. Wheeler Jno. Q. A. Sieg J. P. Nicholson David Smith L. T. Bagley J. H. Matlock Jonas Votaw C. D. Shank John Tilson Gerard Reiter L. L. Wildman Henry R. Ware John P. Oakes W^m. Crim Sylvester Johnson . . . . Jno. F. May J. N. Davidson E. B. Gerber R. C. Mc Williams . . . . Jno. C. Shoemaker . . . . H. G. BiUmeyer J. B. Agnew W. 8. Cox ». Nicholas Cornett ... . . . T.W.Hall J. L. Carson W. O. Jackson A. W. Hendry Jno. M. Boggs W. A. Maze James M. Sankey . . . . Nathaniel Bannister . . . James Goodwine T. B. Hart E. W. Shanks Joseph C. Ratliff M. D. Garrison Columbus. Columbus. Lebanon. Logan sport Charlestown. Bowling Green. Rilmore. Lawrenceburg. Greensbnrg. Muncie. Syracuse. Rochester. Oakland City. Marion. Noblesville. C'orydon. New Castle. Vermont. Huntington. Brownstown. Portland. Vernon Franklin. Vincennes. Walcottville. Crown Point Laporte. Anderson. Irvington. Bloom in>!rtoD. Whilesville. Ligonier. Rockville. Indianapolis. Petersburg. Winamac. Green Castle. Versailles. Raleigh. Shelbyville. South Bend. Angola. Lafayette. Sharpsville. Terra Haute. Dora. West Lebanon. Boonville. Salem. Richmond. Columbia City. PROCBBDINGS. 45 The roll of District Agricultural Societies was next called, and the following delegates responded : District. Delegates. PoSTOrFICB. Acton J. E. McGaucrhev . . Gallaudet, Marion co. Perth, Clay county. KendaUville. Eklinburg. Covington. Mechanlcsburg. Knightstown. Lawrence. Loogootee. Rochester. Mace. Waterloo. Plainfield. Aurora. Rising Sun. Franklin. Dalton. Bridgeton Union Eastern Indiana Edinburcr Dempsey Seybold. . . N. B. Newnam .... Jacob Mutz D. 0. Webb W.H. Keesling . , . W. H. Jackson . . . W. B. Flick .... Henry J. Johnson . . N. A. McClung. . . . John Ijockridge • . . Jas. N. Chamberlain . Daniel Cox W. A. Greer Jespe W. Stewart . . . John Tilson B. B. Beeson .... Fountain, Warren and Vermillion. Henry, Madison and Delaware'. . Kaigntstown Union ....... Lawrence Township Loogootee Miami and Fulton New Ross Northeastern Indiana Plainfield Agricultural Southeastern Indiana Switzerland and Ohio Urmyville Wayne, Henry and Randolph . . The roll of State Industrial Associations was called, and the following delegates responded : Associations. Names. Postoffice. Women's Industrial State Horticultural Purdue University Short Horn Breeders Swine Breeders Mrs. A. M. Noe . . . Sylvester Johnson . . Prof. James H. Smart. J. W. Robe Dick Jones C. T. Nixon ..... Mrs. C. Robbins . . . Dr. Allen Furnas . . • Indianapolis. Irvington. Lafayette. Greencastle. Columbus. Wool Growers Bee Keeners New Albany. Indianapolis. Danville. Cane Growers President Mitchell appointed as Committee on Credentials Messrs. Custer, LaTourette, Crim, Cockrum and Newnam. On motion of Mr. Jones, the Board adjourned until 1:30 o'clock, p. M. 46 BOARD OF AORICULTURK. PROGRAMME— ANNUAL MEETING. TUESDAY, JANUARY 6, 1885. Organization of the Convention at 10:30 A. m., bv roll call of counties. President's address at 1:30 p. M., followed bj reports from Officers and Depart- ment Superintendents. Appointment of joint committees of delegates and members. Address by Governor Porter, at 3:00 P. if. 3:30 o'clock p. m. Address by President J. H. Smart, of Purdue University. Subject, "What can our Agricultural College do for the Farmers of our State?'' 4:00 o'clock p. M. Address by Professor C. H. Hall, of Franklin College. . Subject, •' The Farmer and Higher Education." WEDNESDAY, JANUARY 7—8:30 A. m. Reports from Committees: Finance, Rules, etc., Fair Grounds, Premium List, Geology, and Unfinished Business. Review of business matters. 1:30 o'clock p. m. Address by Dr. E. W. Fisk, of Greencastle. Subject, " Diversified Labor." 2:30 o'clock P. M. Address by Col. J. A. Bridgeland, of Richmond, Ind. Subject, " French Agriculture and Breeding of Norman Horses." 3:30 o'clock p. M. Address by W. S. Vannatta, of Fowler, Ind. Subject, " Herefords as Grazing Cattle." Nominations to fill places of retiring members. THURSDAY, JANUARY 8. 8:30 o'clock a. m. Unfinished business. 9 o'clock A. M. Address by Prof. John N. Hurty, of Indianapolis. Subject, **Th^ Adulteration of Foods and Medicine." 10 o'clock A. M. Address by Eno-* B. R^ed, of Marion County. Subject, " The Fish Interests of Indiana." 11 o'clock A. M. Address by J. N. Davidson, of Montgomery County. Subject, '* Farmers' Recreation and Amusements." 1:30 o'clock P. M. Election of eight members. The following carefully prepared papers will be presented subject to the pleasure of the Convention, as time will permit: " The Proper Application of FeriilizerSj'* by F. G. Wiselogel, of Marion County. "Fish Culture, Profits of,'' by Hon. I. N. Cotton, of Marion County. '* The Destruction of Crops by Insects'' by J. G. Kingsbury, of the Indiana Farmer. " The Value of Birds as Insect Destroyers/' by Fletcher M. Noe, of Marion County. Other appropriate Essays are expected. General remarks and discussion will be in order, and follow each address or essay. proceedings. 47 Afternoon Session, 1:S0 o'clock. Board met pursuant to adjournment. The President called Mr. Davidson to the chair, and delivered to the Convention his annual address: I president's address. Gentlemen of the Delegate and State Board of Agriculture: The swift wing^ of time brings us to the beginning of another year, and we have assembled again to counfiel together upon the present condition and future pros- pects of the agricultural interests of the State, and, from the experience of the past, recommend such measures as may seem necessary to promote the welfare of those engaged in the cultivation of the soil. Our State has been blessed with usual health, and the crops of 1884 abundant, the wheat crop (one of the largest ever produced) being 40,531,200 bushels. Com was of good quality, and amounted to 89,159,799 bushels. The oat crop was 23,576,117 bushels, the largest ever produced in Indiana by 3,000,000 bushels. The potato crop reached the immense amount of 5,969,461 bushels. As the farmer lives near to Nature, and Nature's God, our hearts go out to him in gratitude and thanksgiving for such rich returns to the labor of the hus- bandman. The financial condition of the Board is about the same as in my last annual address. The gross receipts of the State Fair were $24,429.40, and the gross ex- penditures were $20,702^0, so that but a small balance is left over for the current expenses. The bonded debt is $40,000, and the interest annually accruing is $2,400. Thus the prospects of the indebtedness being soon wiped out is not en- eouraging. Repeated efforts have been made by the Board, to get the State to pay off the bonded debt, so they could go forward with the great work before it. Our grounds are now too small for the accommodation of the large annual exhibitions, and to further increase the indebtedness by purchasing more grounds seems to be a step that can not be taken under the present condition of affairs, therefore I hope this Delegate Board will consider well the indebtedness, and if any action can be taken to influence the incoming Legislature to give the Board such relief, as the great and growing interest of agriculture should have, then the spirit of the law creating the State Agricultural Association can be carried out, and the Board can further increase its usefulness in all the various branches of agriculture. These great and growing exhibitions can not be maintained and pay off this indebted- ness on the State Fair grounds unless the fostering care of the State is extended to assist in the work. During the last fair it rained three days, and the great political campaign then at full height, tended to lessen the receipts, as the peopTe at that time seemed to let all business and pleasure go, and stood with bated breath awaiting the result of the election. Another discouragement at that time, caused us considerable un- easiness ; the prevalence of pleuro-pneumonia among cattle in the country pre- 48 BOARD OF AGRICULTURB. yented some exhibitors from attending the Stale Fair, and some that had engaged 8talli«, annulled the contract. A meeting of the Executive Committee was called and decided to secure the services of two Veterinary Surgeons to guard against anj diseased animals entering the Fair Ground. This proved to be very satisfactory, and not only every stall was occnpied, but additional quarters had to be provided* At uie clo»e of the fair of 1883, some dissatisfaction was manifested by several of the agricultural implement men, which was alluded to in my last annual ad- dress, but I am now happy to say that all discontent among that class of exhibitors has disappeared, and the best of feeling prevails, as evidenced by their grand ex- hibit and hearty co-operation at the last State Fair. Many of the manufacturers have erected beautiful building for their exhibits, and others are making arrange- ments to build, which adds much to the comfort of that class of exhibitors, and also a saving to the Board. The live stock exhibit was far in advance of any former year, and to accommo- date all the exhibitors a large number of additional stalls and pens were built after the fair had opened. The imprevemcnt of live stock is very evident and the exhibitor of to-day has to be an expert in preparing his stock for exhibition to be successful in the show ring. The syptem of expert judging, adopted by the Board can not be said to have given entire satisfaction, yet as an experiment it was worthy of a trial, but where there is no standard of excellence to be relied upon, I have doubts as to the expert system being the best, although it has many advocates among fair managers. The new system of committees on awards as adopted by many of the leading fairs of the West will probably be generally adopted ; where it has been tried, it gives good satisfaction. The new system provides that three competent judges be se- lected, two to act; in case the two so acting do not agree, the third man then comes in the ring and places his vote with one or the other of the two, his vote being strictly confined to the two animals, or articles voted for, by his two associates. In my judgment the umpire ought to be the best of the three judges. Our ticket system last year gave better satisfaction than heretofore, yet further improvement might be made, and I would earnestly recommend that tieket sellers and ticket takers at the gates be abolished, as far as possible, and turn stiles adopt- ed instead, by so doing much expense would be saved, which would in one or two years be equal to the price of the turn stiles. Where complimentaries, carriage and other pass tickets are taken, gate-keepers will be necessary. Yet it is great wisdom in the management of fairs to have just as few pass tickets out as possible. PAT STOCK SHOW. As the year rolls by and the great live stock exhibitions at Chicago of prime fatted cattle of all the various breeds increase, the importance of this State at- tempting a fat stock show is more forcibly brought to view. The large cities all around us are spending millions to help exposition and fair managers to establish all kinds of exhibits, thereby bringing into public notice the capabilities and facili- ties for producing and handling the product of the different sections of the coun- PROGEBDINGS. 49 tjj. A year ago an attempt waa made bj this Board to get the city of Indianapo- lis to aBsist in bringing into existence an exhibit of the beef product of the Stato. The city, however, gave but little encouragement. The proprietors of the Stock-yards and Belt railroad, and coinmiwion men were very anxious that such an exhibit should be made, and would willingly have contributed of their means to assist in starting a fat stock show. At the time the effort was made the Ohio valley was submerged in a destroying flood, and the city of Indianapolis was responding to the call of the suffering thousands of people along the Ohio river with wonderful alacrity. A further canvass of the city was abandoned, with the hope that during the winter another effort would be made by the Board and citizens of Indianapolis to hold a fat stock show during the fall of 1885. The Industrial Associations of the State have been actively at work, meeting and discussing subjects of special interest. The practical experience of the most successful farmers is in this manner annually furnished by these associations to the Board for publication in our annual reports, thereby increasing their usefuliieoi. Cattle breeders, swine breeders, sheep breeders, bee keepers, sorghum growers aad tile makers all strive to see which can make their meetings the most interesting. A word in regard to the use of tiling. Nothing is being done in the State that' gives such good returns to the farmer as a free use of tile. The public health is benefited by its use; the land made more productive and easier of cultivation; it can be plowed much earlier in the spring, and I may safely make this assertion, that when the farms have been properly drained the productiveness of the soil of the State will be largely increased. When tile-draining was first introduced in Scotland by the Scotch farmers, the government of Great Britain, seeing the im- mense benefit it was in bettering the condition of the lands, loaned money to all the farmers of Scotland that would take it, at a very low rate of interest; to un- derdrain these lands, with the condition only that when the interest paid had equallt>d the principal the debt was to be cancelled. Tile draining leads to better farming, better farming leads to diversified agri- culture, and the time is now here when the farmers of our State cannot but see that to continue in sowing all their lands to wheat will be ruinous to them. Europe is the market for our surplus products. Great Britain has been, and is now, actively at work stimulating the production of wheat in her colonies. India five years ago only exported a few million bushels of wheat, but by the fostering care of the British government—giving to India the necessary help to bring her wheat lands into cultivation and by extending the railroads into that immense ter- ritory— India this year will export about forty million bushels of wheat, grown upon lands worth less than five dollars per acre, and by labor at an average of seven cents per day. But the thought may occur that that country is so far from the markets of Europe that the freights for carrying wheat such a long distance will favor us to maintain a fair market price in European markets. Steam navi- gation and the railroad system bring all the world together, and the steamships of Great Britain carrying the products of her factories and manufactured goods to India, Egypt and other countries, on their return trips bring back wheat and other products of these countries at a nominal price by freight as ballast. 4 — Agriculture. 50 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. Let us compare oar landd worth from thirty to sixty dollars per acre; onr labor from one dollar and fifty cents per day to two dollars during harvest time, and .with our railroads continually charging higher freight rates during the carrying season of the wheat product Under this condition of facts, is it poRsihle for us to compete i^uccessfully in the whei^t markets of the world? 1 answer no. Then what is best for us to do as an agricultural people? Turn our attention more to diversified agriculture by having an equal amount of pasture and stock to that of grain. The World's Exposition at New Orleans is now open, where the industries of many of the nations of the world will come into contact with one another in friendly competition. When the public press firbt announced that a W^orld^s Fair was to be held at New Orleans, and that the General Government of the United States had appropriated half a million of dollars towards its success, and that the money so appropriated was to be distributed pro rata between the States compos- ing the Union in order to af«ist them in making a creditable display at that great fair, I felt it to be my duty as President of this Board, and feeling a just pride that the exhibit of our Indiana agricultural products should fairly represent the best products of our State, I took the liberty to call upon our Governor, suggesting that an early appointment of Commissioners for our State was very necessary, also proffering all the help that the officials of this Board could give in collecting sam- ples of our agricultural products. This was done before the commencing of our fairs. My object being for the ofiScials of this Board to make a call upon all the county and district societies of the State to contribute their premium samples of grain to be put on exhibition at the World'ri Fair at New Orleans. The first appointments of Commissioners by the Governor was a failure, as they both declined to accept the position, and by the time the second appointment was made it was too late to secure the premium samples from the counties. However, we turned over to the Commissioner all the available specimens of grain that we had on exhibition, and the glass jars for exhibition purposes. It is a source of re- gret that there was not a larger amount of money at the disposal of the Commis- sioner to make a display worthy of our State. The fish interest of our State in attracting much attention, and promises to be- come one of the important industries, both pleasant and profitable. There has been a large number of fish ponds constructed in the State during the last eighteen months* We know of one person with six acres of ponds, who has furnished the stocking for 400 artificial ponds, and we hope to have him present at this meeting to en- lighten us in regard to this new business. In June last a call was made by several of the leading agricultural societies of the West to meet at St Louis for the purpose of forming an association of fair and exposition managers. Quite a number of delegates, also two representatives from the Dominion of Canada, met in St Louis according to call, and formed an organi- sation, having for its objects the discussion of fair management and a uniform sys- tem of tickets, advertising, and treatment of exhibitors, and by such action, work together for the common good. Another object being, as far as possible, to prevent a conflict of time of holding fairs. I feel that great good will grow out of this or- ganization, and I earnestly hope that this Board will extend an invitation to that PROCEEDINGS. 61 t>ody to hold the next annual meeting, which will be the 3d of December, at some point in this State. Many of the leading agricultural societies would be benefited by becoming members and sending delegates to these annual gatherings of fair managers. The Agricultural College at Purdue is still calling for pupils from the ranks of the farmers' boys. Since Professor Smart assumed the duties as President of that institution, he has been earnest in his appeals for more students. Why is it that this,' the farmers' school of agriculture, should be so long in filling up to overflow- ing? We fear that it is because it is not appreciated by the agricultural commu- nity. The exhibit of mechanical work shown at the last State Fair by the boys in that University, was good, and showed great proficiency in workmanship, and it is to be hoped that this, the only school in the State that teaches the priuciples of ag- riculture, <*hould be liberally supported by appropriations from the State. The State Geological Department, as a brr*ich of the Board of Agriculture, con- tributed largely to the success of the fair. The report of the department has given the State a reputation abroad, as to the vast resources of qoal, stone and other pro- ducts, that could not have been accomplished through any other source, much of which is due to the untiring energy and perseverance of the State C-reologist, Pro- fessor John Collett W^e would also call your attention to the published annual reports from the Board of Agriculture. They have received flattering notices from the agricultural press, and any suggestions from the delegates, wherein they could be improved, will be in order. There is, perhaps, no subject of more serious importance than the adulteration of food and medicine, and the necessity of putting a check on this growing evil. Other States are adopting stringent laws to punish such adulteration, and it would be well for some expression in reference thereto, to emanate from this body. There is also a species of fraud being extensively practiced upon the farmers of our State, which this delegate body ought to lay before the State Legislature in the form of a memorial, and this is to require that all articles manufactured in the penitentiaries of this or other States, be branded as such. For example, Tennessee IB flooding this State with wagons made by convict labor, which are sold as a first class wagon. Now is it right that purchasers should thus be imposed upon? If that wagon was required by law to be branded as penitentiary made, the purchaser who buys it would do so with a full knowledge that it was made by convict labor, and of course an inferior article. While I would not advocate a special law to protect the wagon manufacturers of our State, or to help them to maintain remuner- ative prices for their wagons, it«s but simple justice to them, and also to the pui^ chasers of penitentiary made wagons, that they should be branded as such. The law ought also to apply to boots and shoes, stoves, and all other articles made by convict labor. I repeat, brand them as " penitentiary made." To the officers and members of the several industrial associations — I take great pleasure in extending the kindest feelings of the Board for your earnest work in helping to advance the cause of agriculture. Your persistent labors and earnest pnrposes have overcome all difficulties. The Ladies' Department at the last State Fair spoke for its management in brighter words than I can do, and if efforts are 62 BOARD OF AORIOULTURB. put forth during the coming year, as in the past, nothing short of the entire upper floor of the Exposition building will be required for the exhibit in this depart^ ment. The State Board are under great obligations to the managers of the various railroads centering at the capital of our State for reduced rates to exhibitors and visitors during the fair, and I hope that an effort will be made hy the railroad offi- cials of the Belt railway to give us a connection -with the fair grounds, so that stock and heavy machinery can be unloaded at the grounds, and thereby save much annoyance to the exhibitor, and a good return upon the cost of constructiod of the belt extension. The press of the city has generally given to the Board a generous support during the season preparing for the fair, »nd, while it may seem to the city press that the Board ought to more liberally patronize them in the matter of advertise- ments of the fair, it must be kept in view that the fair is in no sense a private affair, but for the public good, and thiit there are several hundred papers in the State that would expect an equal share in the advertising patronage, and that to adver- tise in all the papers of the State would be an expenpe too great for the Board to undertake. The press of the State, outside of the city press, has generally given very flattering notices of the State Fair, for which the Board feels very grateful. To all the officers and members of the Board — I return my grateful thanks for the high honor you have dbnferred upon me by selecting me to preside over your deliberations during the year just closed. Your kind and generous support at all time» has been appreciated. In my zeal to do all I could for the interests of the Board, I sincerely hope that no word has been uttered to wound the feelings of any, and when the delegates here assembled cast their votes for men to fill the places of those whose terms expire at this session, I most earnestly hope that it will be for men who will work for the advancement of the industrial interests of the whole State. Mr. Lockhart moved that the President's address be referred to a committee ot three, who shall consider the suggestions contained therein, and report to the Convention as soon as practicable, which was carried, and the President appointed Messers. Lockhart, Reiter, and Nelson as the committee. PBOOBBDINOS. 6S SECRETARY'S REPORT. Agricultural Rooms, December 31, 1884. Gbntlembn — I have the honor to submit herewith the annual report and inancial exhibit of the businera of the Indiana State Board of Agriculture, for the year endintr December 31, 1884. FINANCIAL EXHIBIT. Total receipts from all sources $35,291 82 EXPENDITURES. General cash orders $16,927 64 Premium cash orders 10,414 30 $27,341 94 December Slst, balance on hand 7,949 8$ Total $35,291 82 ITEMIZED RECEIPTS. January, 1 884, cash in treasury and interest-bearing notes $9,202 17 Regular appropriation, State Treasury 1,500 OO Ground rents, summer season 617 40 Insurance company, damage by lightning $60 25 City Treasurer, old bridge claim 100 00 160 25 Prom State Fair, 50-cent admission tickets $16,837 50 From State Fair, 50-cent exhibitors' tickets 173 50 From State Fair, 50-cent railroad coupons 1,337 60 From State Fair, 25-cent admission tickets 1,057 50 From State Fair, 10-cent admission tickets 614 80 20,020 80' Entry fees, speed ring 415 00 Rents, stalls and pens 935 80 Bale privileges 2,440 40 3,791 20 ToUl $35,291 82 64 BOARD OP AGRICULTURE. STATEMENT SITOWING DISTRIBUTION OF EXPENSES. » GENERA I. EXPENSES. Memben*' par diem $1,621 45 Salaries Secretary, Treasurer, and General Superintendent . 1,650 16 Printing and advertining 1,620 03 Postage and stationery 225 00 Express, telegrams, litigation 150 48 Water rents 200 00 Janitor, hose, tools, etc 353 58 Insurance 415 92 Old claims paid 150 00 Interest accounts 2,400 00 Total $8,786 62 / CONSTRUCTION AND REPAIRS. Lumber $1,589 41 Labor 1,224 21 Pipes and machinery 4.'"»0 22 Rooting 118 04 Hardware 176 46 Whitewashing 246 00 Painting and signs 19 51 Repairing in hall 75 70 Total -. . 3,8W 6* CURRENT EXPENSES, STATE FAIR. Gate keepers $158 00 Police 818 70 Ticket sellers 225 85 Labor, sweepers, etc 441 79 Awarding committees 508 50 Assistant superintendents . 259 00 Straw and sawdust ^ 276 41 Fuel 12 50 Gas • 70 00 Music 120 «0 Ribbon 10 50 Extras and supplies 80 98 Closets 37 00 Incidentals 125 10 Rebates 38 65 Specialties. 493 55 Woman's department 569 94 Total 4,241 47 PROCBEDINGS. 55 PREMIUM AWARDS. Hones, mnleSj etc $3,376 30 Cattle 2,877 00 Sheep 663 00 Hogs 878 00 Poultry 316 00 Total live stock $8,110 30 Agriculture, grains, etc 451 00 Horticulture 964 00 Geology, natural history 134 00 Total ' 1,649 00 Woman's department 677 00 Children's department 78 00 Total 755 00 Total amoant of premium orders $10,414 30 RECAPITULATION. General expenses $8,786 62 Construction and repairs 3,899 55 Current expenses, State Fair 4,241 47 Total $16,927 64 Premium awards 10,414 30 Balance in treasury 7,949 88 Season's operation $35,291 82 FINANCIAL EXHIBIT. STATE PAIR—INCLUSIVK. Receipts, Admission tickets $19,406 00 Amphitheater 614 80 Entry fees, speed ring 415 00 Bent8, stalld and pens 935 80 Bent of grounds 617 40 Sale privileges 2,440 40 Total $24,429 40 ^6 BOARD OF AaaiOULTURB. ExpeTidUurts. Members' per diem (season) $1,621 45 ' Salaries, Secretary, Treasurer and General Superintendent . 1,650 16 Printing and advertising 1,620 03 Postage and stationery 225 00 Express, telegrams, litigation 150 48 Ourrent expenses of fair 3,671 53 Twenty per cent, of construction and repairs 779 91 Woman's department 669 94 Premium awards 10,414 30 Total $20,702 89 Net profit from State Fair 3,726 6# Total $24,429 40 The above estimate is based on the calculation of 20 per cent, of the cost of im- provement, as all of that outlay is for a class of building of permanent character 4o be used for future fairs. The additional 80 per cent, is in the nature of capital Invested. To add all to this one fair would reduce the net profit to $606.96. U ABILITIES. The liabilities of the Board are concentrated in the $40,000 of bonds of the Board, bearing 6 per cent, interest, payable semi-annually, and due in three years. The necessary improvements made during the last two years, costing $9,604.37, and the failure of the last Legislature to appropriate the usual amount of $5,000 for interest on the bonded debt, has prevented the redemption of any of the bonds •during the last two years, as had been intended. There are also about $13,000 of non-interest bearing notes, given for assessments paid on guarantee bonds of 1873, due after the bonded debtjs paid.. The parties holding such notes refuse to dispose of them at a discount, although four years ago they were ofiered at twenty-five •cents on the dollar. The assets of the Board are the StAte Fair Ground property lying within the •city limits, which is variously estimated in value at $125,000 to $200,000. Its high ▼alue arises 'from its eligibility as residence sites, and the improbability of it ever l)eing separated from the city by steam railroad crossings. INSURANCE. The amount of insurance on the main hall has been reduced to $25,000, owing to the improved fire protection by connection of the water pipes in the building with the City Water Works, 100 feet of hose on each floor kept attached and ready for use, and the refusal of the insurance companies to lower the rate of premium which is now 1^ per cent. The risk is divided among sixteen companies. The amounts and rates on the other buildings remain the same as reported one year ago (page 64 of published Annual Beport). PROCEEDINeS. 5T The success of the last State Fair surprised those not aware of the inside work to accomplish such result. The business of the office the past year has required about 2,500 letters, 1,500 postal cards, 10,000 premium lists and 5,000 circulars^ The State Fair advertising required 4,000 mounted lithograph posters, 1,000 double sheet lithographs, 1,000 3-sheet printed posters, 5,000 single sheet and 10,000 half- sheet posters, with more or less advertisements in every newspaper in the State. Hence, after due inquiry, we can safely assert we lead all other State Fairs in the- matter of advertising. The State Fair occurring,- as it did, near the close and in the hottest of the presidential campaign, with four days of incessant rain at the opening, not showers^ but floods, such as were never known at the time of an Indiana State Fair, and which were preceded by a serious drought of many weeks in a large portion of the State, and the great scare at the opening of the fair, caused by the prevalence of pleuro- pneumonia among cattle, which kept several exhibitors away after they had en- gaged stalls. Considering these drawbacks and discouraging features, it was simply marvelous to see such a complete success in everv department of the fair, as will no doubt be reported by the Department Superintendents. Our worthy President has referred to so mach that relates to the working^ of the Board that I will avoid any repetition. It is a satisfaction to know and report to you that there has not been a case of litigation with the affairs of the Board for two years past, aad not a case of pro- test on file, as is usual at the annual meeting. Statement of Comparative Entries. DnristoH. 1873. 1874. 1875. 1876. 1877. 1878. 18T9. 1880. 1881. 1882. 1?83. 1884. Livestock .... Aipricnltural . . . Horticultural . . Textile fabrics . . 1,229 419 169 523 2,340 1.453 494 291 361 1.347 392 260 .i46 918 309 94 212 1,404 560 116 471 1.419 625 159 906 1,524 462 143 1,230 1,382 381 130 1.063 1328 534 134 980 1.476 483 153 1,081 1,566 689 2U 1.223 2,176 31» 1.500 Total No. entries 2.599 2314 1.633 2.551 3,109 3.359 2.956 2,976 3,193 3,712 4.647 NoTB.— No entries in iho Mechanical Department are incladod in the above, as there- were no preminms offered of late years in that department. It was estimated that about twenty-five hundred articles were exhibited by five hundred exhibitors. Thus is shown that the Stale Fairs have steadily increased the last five years and 935 more entries at the last fair than any one preceding, 610 of which were of live stock. 58 BOARD OF AGRICULTURB. Premiums of the State Fair. DlYISIOH. 1883. Entries. Offered. Awarded. 1884. Entries. Offered. Awarded. Horses Bpced Jackp, etc Cattle Hogs Sheep Poultry Farm and garden products . . Horticultural products .... Ladies' Department . ... Geological and Natural History 300 $1,823 00 «1,630 00 565 $1.995 00 40 lr575 00 1.575 00 42 2,000 00 23 236 00 134 00 24 236 00 291 2,974 00 2.304 00 387 8,018 00 352 928 00 856 00 536 878 00 261 683 00 678 00 329 663 00 300 360 00 .S26 00 298 375 00 689 481 00 433 00 651 470 00 234 925 00 885 00 319 1.005 00 1.223 798 00 628 00 1,447 888 00 67 146 00 132 00 31 162 00 $1,919 00 1,300 30 157 00 2,877 00 878 00 663(10 316 00 451 00 964 00 755 00 134 OO The weH organized system of State Industrial Associations continues to be an important auxiHiary to the Board, and accommodations furnished for the meetings are appreciated, and recognized by votes of thanks, from time to time. The railroad companies deserve more than a passing notice for their interest in the State Fair; and for the first time in the history of the Board, all the railroads, centering at this point, with one exception, have agreed to return the delegates from this meeting at one-third fare, on certificate of attendance to be furnished here during the meeting, by which the party named thereon can purchase a return ticket at the Union Depot at the rate as named, and we hope for the same arrange- ments for the meetings of the Industrial Associations to take place here in a few days. This is the result of persistent efibrt for several years, to induce a trial of such arrangement. As the sending of certificates in advance of the meeting to purchase a round trip ticket at reduced rates, from the station whence starting, as required heretofore, is not practical, owing to tlie change <^ officers of the Agri- culturtil Societies at this season of the year, and not reported to the Board of Agriculture, hence are not reached by the mail matter from this office ; and we again repeat that for several reasons there should not be any changes of officers of the County and District Agricultural Societies, until after this annual meeting as fixed by statute law. The Street Railway Company is entitled to some acknowledgement for their efibrts in moving the crowd of visitors at the State Fair, and come as near a success in that way as could be expected without steam transportation The press of the city and State are indispensable to make a successful fair, and as such, are entitled to the thanks of the Board for their aid and encouragement With all the complicated business incident to a State Fair, there has not been a single jar or ruffled t^ne of voice in connection with the office afiairs the past year, and we close with thanks for favors, and extend kind feelings of regard to each and all of my associates. Respectfully submhted, ALEX. HERON, Steretary. PROCEEDINGS. * 69 TBEASURER^S REPORT. Mr, Pretndtnt and Gentlemen : I herewith submit the following report as Treasurer of the Indiana State Board of Agriculture for the year ending December 31, 1884 : RECEIFrS. Cash on hand January 1, 1884 $7,258 42 Receipts from sale of tickets 20,020 80 Receipts from all other sources 6,662 60 Total receipts $33,941 82 DISBUBSEMEirrs. Paid on general orders $16,598 95 Paid on premium orders 10,333 70 Cash on hand 7,0(»9 17 Total $33,941 82 OEOLOOICAL FUND. Cash on hand January 1, 1884 $10 05 Paid State Geologist 10 06 Your Treasurer also holds a note given for real estate by J. D. Campbell and wife, on' which there is $1,410.75 balance of principal, and $68.16 interest. Respectfully submitted. Sylvestbb Johnson, Treagurer, January 1, 1885. The Secretary's and Treasurer's reports were referred to the Committee on Finance. 60 BOARD OF AGRICULTURB. REPORT OF GENERAL SUPERINTENDENT. Mr, President and Membezs of the liidiana StcUe Board of AgrietiUure : I would respectfully report that the business under mj charge for the past year has been reasonably succescful, and that the grounds and buildings are generally in good condition. In obedience to the orders of the Board, the lower floor of the main building has been thoroughly repaired, by renewing the floor where found necessary, and placing new joists between the old ones, over nearly the entire floor. New timbers were placed on the sides of the posts supporting the upper floor and roof, to add to their strength. On account of the arrangement to receive eur supply of water, from the City Water Works for the buildings and grounds, it became necessary to make an entire change in the arrangement of the water pipes in the buildings which was done, the old piped being used as far as found in proper condition and size, and new when found necessary. Lines of pipe were also laid through the gronnds for the purpose of supplying engines, etc. This work was all done after consultation with Mr. Seward, Superintendent of Machinery, as to proper plans, etc., and mach of it finder his direct supervision. This improvement has been found a good one, and I have no doubt it will, in the end, be found a great saving in expense, besides a great protection in ca^e of fire, bcth during fairs and at all times. I would say in this connection, that two hundred feet of first class rubber hose has been purchased for use in case of fire, one hundred feet for each floor, which are kept constantly at hand ready for use. Connection with the Water Works renders the boiler and large force pump of DO further use, and I would recommend their sale as soon as a price at all reason- «ble can be obtained, also the sale of the brick in the building enclosing them. Oil a careful inspection of the roof of the main building, and consulting with the President and other members of the Board, and also with several gentlemen •engaged in the roofing business, it was concluded to be rather too good to throw 4iway, but not good enough to pay for thorough repairing, so I had it repaired tem- porarily. The north half of the roof requires entire renewal. The south half and towers may be temporarily repaired to last another season, but I think it would be best to renew the entire main roof. The deck roof is in good condition. The southeast tower also, as in consequence of a stroke of lightning in July last, it was necessary to renew entirely. The roof of Power Hall No. 2, a felt roof, required considerable patching and a lieavy coat of roofing paint; also some repairs on No. 1. Both are now in fair con- dition. The roof, a shingle one, on the frame building at the west end of the maim building, used for the exhibition of agricultural product?, is in bad condition and deeds renewing. A neat, convenient and tasty building was erected east of the PROCBSBINOS. 61 main building, coraer Lockliart and Mitchell avenaeH, combining an office for Sa- perintendents of Implements and Engines, and Machinery, and a Union Exprea office. This proved to be a great convenience to the officers in charge of these de- partments, to exhibitors and the express companies. Two building.-), constructed on a plan similar to that of the hog and sheep pens^ were built for cattle, with a capacity to accommodate forty-eight head. Lumber for their construction had been ordered and most of it on tlie ground, and work commenced, when the excitement in regard to pleuro-pneumonia developed into quite a panic, and several who had applied for stalls recalled their applications, orders aggregating about seventy stnlls being countermanded, many advocating the idea of abaadoning any cattle show at all. At this juncture the President called a meeting of the Executive Committee and others, for consultation, and it was, ax results proved, wisely determined to proceed with the show, which resulted in all the stalls, including the new ones, beino: occu- pi^, excepting a few which had been allotted to horses when it was expected we would have a large surplus, and it became necessary to erect some temporary sheds. The horse stalls were all occupied, and horses to the number of forty or fifty had to be provided for in the city. Had it not been for the pleuro-pneumonia excitement, I think we should have had from 150 to 200 more cattle on the ground than we had, provided, of course, that they could have been crowded onto tlie ground. Of hogs there 'was a regular avalanche. It looked more like the stock-yards under the excitement of a big advance in the hog market than a fair. All the regular pens were filled, generally doubly filled, and a part of the sheep pens, and it was necessary to erect a number of temporary pens, and all were filled to over- flowing, and every available nook and corner occupied. Heavy rains during the preparation and opening days of the fair seriously in- terfered with exhibitors in arranging their dii^plays and greatly retarded the work unexpectedly required to be done; but all seemed to appreciate the condition, and accepted it without complaint. The rain also added materially to some of the ex- penditures, especially straw and sawdust, and lessened considerably the receipts from sale of privileges. Doors have been placed on all the horse stalls. The horse and cattle stalls, bog and sheep pens, have all been whitewashed ; also, poultry hou^e inside and out, agricultural hall inside, and main building inside, both lower and upper stories. The great annual increase in the machinery, implement, and live stock depart- ments of the fair should call the attention of its managers to the solving of the problem of what shall be done for room to meet their increasing requirtments, as it must be plain to all that there is not sufficient room on the present grounds to properly accommodate exhibitors and visitors, and more must be secured by some means at no distant day, if the fairs are to continue to increase in interest and usefulness in the future as in the past. Lands immediately north of the grounds could now be purchased at what is considered by those competent to judge a rea- sonable price, and on favorable terms as to time, etc. I take it, however, that un- der the present financial outlook, the Board will not be likely to feel like assuming any new obligations without due consideration. 62 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. Ab a remedy I think it might he well to consider the proposition of holding s> two weeks' fair, allotting one week to the exhibition of horses and sheep and one for cattle and hogs, or reversing, as might be thought bent, and having a two weeks' show, in other departments. This would obviate a great and just complaint of exhioitors, that the time of exhibition is too short to justify the expense and trouble of preparing for and fitting up their exhibits, and would also remedy the Inck of room for stock, as our stalls will accommodate either cattle or horses, and pens answer equally well for sheep or hogs. Should this plan be tried, I believe the increase in receipts from privileges would go far towards meeting the necessary increase in expense. The Exposition building has been rented for the winter by Mr. John B. Doris, proprietor of the great Inter-Ocean Show, for the storage of his fine cages, band wagons, chariots, etc., and the general property of his show, excepting live animals,, at a rental of $375. He also keeps a watchman on duty, for the security of hi» property, who, while looking after that, must necessarily look after ours. As itemized statements of my receipts and expenditures are filed with the Sec- retary and appear in his report and that of the Treasurer, I deem it unnecessary to repeat them. I desire to tender my thanks to the members for the imiform kindness and con* sideration which has been extended to me, and especially to President Mitchell and Secretary Heron, for their advice and cooperation in all matters tending to advaooe the success of the fair. Respectfully submitted. Fielding Beeleb, General SuperirUendenL Referred to the Committee on Pair Grounds. HORSE DEPARTMENT. JASPER N. DAVIDSON, SUPERINTENDENT. Mr. President^ and Members of the State and Delegate Board : Gentlemen — In compliance with the rule of the State Board, I herewith sab- mit the following condensed report of the Horse Department: In this department I have the pleasure of stating that the exhibit was annsually large, exceeding in numbers any exhibit ever made on the State Fair Grounds : e The number of entries The number of entries The number of entries The number of entries The number of entries The number of entries The number of entries The number of entries The number of entries PROCEEDINGS. 63 n Book 1 86 n Book 2 32 n Book 3 62 n Book 4 160 n Book 5 92 n Book 6 184 n Book 7 20 n Book 8 4 n Book 9 42 Total number of entries ... 631 Including 42 for speed and 24 for jacks and mules, against 310 last year, and 314 two years ago. Among the many exhibitors, the principal were : The Indianapolis Importing Co.; Dillon & Bro., Normal, 111. ; J. B. Ayres, Danvers, 111.; Thomas Roberts, Car- mel, Ind. ; Peed & Co., New Castle, Ind. ; Hare & Granger, Fisher's Station, Ind. ; Door Village Live Stock Importing Association, Door Village, Ind. ; D. Fisher, Goodrich, Canada ; W. P. Swaim, Bellmore, Ind. ; and Thomas Levi, Noblesville, Indiana. The 279 stalls were occupied, and 40 horses were compelled to find stalls outside the enclosure. This was not only a large, but a very fine display of horses. Never before has our own State made so large and fine an exhibit. The high prices paid for horses the Ibj^I two years have brought about these results. Importers have been to the best markets in the world to buy the best breeds in their several classes, thereby bringing competition very close, and rendering it nearly impossible, in many classes, for the judges to make intelligent awards. This is especially so in sweepstakes. In jacks and mules there were twenty-four entries. Though few in number, the showing was good. The breeding of mules within the State is on the decline, or the premiums are insuflScient to bring out a fair exhibit. The committee in this department worked very hard to make honest awards, and succeeded generally in giving satisfaction, although the thermometer marked 90° in the shade, and the over- crowded condition of ground conspired against all concerned. The interest manifested by the visitors was at all times during the four days nnfiagging to such an extent that during the after part of the day it was at times almost impossible to find space to make the exhibit. Some plan' should be adopted by the Board to fix a limit for the spectator, which would give the horsemen a bet- ter chance to show, and perhaps avoid serious accidents. The large increase of entries in this department renders it apparent that for the future the present fair grounds are inadequate for the holding of the State Fair. I would suggest that the State Board should lose no time in acquiring more ground adjoining, either by lease or purchase. Also, in the Horse Department that two should be a collection instead of three, giving the exhibitor a chance to compete both single and double ; making an equal display with a less number of horses. 94 BOARD eF AGRICULTURE. And, further, for the benefit of the Superintendent of the Horse Department, that the present headquarters be turned over to the horsemen for sleeping quarters, and the old music stand be Repaired and furnished with seats for the especial use of the Baperintendent and his committees. With these recommendations, this report is Teepectfullj submitted. CATTLE DEPARTMENT. OHABLES B. ftTUAET, SUPERINTENDENT. Mr. Preeident and Gentlemen: The outlook for a large and excellent exhibit of cattle at the State Fair for 1884, was unusually bright until the supposed pleuro-pneumonia made its appear- ance in the adjoining States. The early action of this Board in providing ample safeguards for all cattle exhibited at our fair served, in a measure, to restore the confidence of stock owners, and the cattle brought here compared very favorably in quality and quantity with any preceding fairs. The breeds were represented aa follows : Bbort-Homs 53 Herefords 16 Polled Aberdeen Angus 33 Devon. 50 Jersey 61 Holstein 25 Ayrshire 24 Total in 1884 262 Total in 1883 278 The writer knows of several other herds of beef cattle, and of dairy cattle, all fitted and expecting to compete at our fair, but at the last moment they concluded to leave their cattle on their farms, rather than take any risks of bringing them in contact with cattle that might have been exposed to the supposed plnro-pneu- monia. In conformity with the expressed will of the Board, the different breeds of cat- tle were judged in their classes by single judgep. Of course all exhibitors were not satbfied, because there were not ribbons sufficient to go round, but that very general satisfaction was given was readily apparent to any one mingling with the #wnerB and speotatora. * PROCEEDINOB. 66 Your Superintendent has only one goggeBtion to make regarding the jndges, and that is, the Saperintendent of this department nhould in the future haj'e the election of the expert judge, with the concurrenoeof the President, and the selec- tion should not he left to the different memberR of the Board. It makes no differ- enoc where the judge comes from, but he should be an eipert in the full meaning of the term, or the practice of using single judges will certainly fall into disfavor. The expert system has been perfectly satisfactory in every case where the judge^ has been an expert. If he is a novice in the business no one is satisfied. Where the responsibility is placed on the Superintendent, he is oaturally very desirous that the best of satisfaction should be given, and he will scan the individ- ual clos«'ly, and, unless thoroughly qualified, he will not be appointed. Not so where the members of the Board are directed by the President to select judges for diferent breeds of cattle, and where he is practically limited to a person residing in his district. The selection of the judge requires an acqu^^intance noi only wiib the party to do the judging, but it especially requires that the {)er8on making the selection shall have some acquaintance (and the more the better) with the dififerent breeds of cattle to be judged. It is respectfully suggested to this Board that the Superintendent of the Cattle Department should always be some one fully acquaint- ed with the different breeds of cattle, and that upon him should be placed the responsibility of selecting honest, capable and determined judges. And it is equally important that the Superintendent should have the privilege of bringing judges from a distant, if necessary ; and to that end an allowance should be made for the time and the expenses of the judges. To have your liberal {H^miums awarded by incompetent judges is merely a farce, and brings the Association into disrepute, and discourages the showing of the best stock. In the sweepstakes rings for herds of beef cattle, we had nine herds of very superior cattle. The judges were all men of experience, and had the will to tie the ribbons where their honest judgment dictated. And while we were pleased that Indiana should have carried off the first and second premiums, the judges themselves were greatly surprised when they learned that both herds were owned by the same exhibitor. They only knew the ownership of two of the herds in the ring, and neither award went t« these herds. Your Superintendent would call attention especially to the services of the ex- pert in the Jersey rings, Mr. Pennington, of New Jersey. The different classes to be judged were well filled and the competition sharp, yet he patiently examined each animal, and his award carried conviction to all observers. For another year additional stall room must be provided in order to induce exhibitors to attend your fair. Some of the cattle were kept out of doors and without shelter for thirty-six hours after arrival, and were shown in the ring be- fore they had been under cover. The manner of setting apart stalls was quite faulty, and in one case the cattle of one exhibitor were scattered in three different places on the grounds. There should be some arrangement made for a ring where cattle can be shown. The ring should be of ample size to accommodate alt the cattle. At the last fair it was a source of great annoyance to owners and jndgee that we had no adequate 6— AOBICULTURB. 66 BOARD OP AGRICULTURE. method of keeping the spectators at such a distance that the cattle coold be seen to good advantage. It is not pleasant, and at all times not possible, to keep the crowd back ffom the cattle and away from the awarding committee. It would also be a good plan to provide seats for the judges, as on some days they are at work for several hours continuously, and in the interim between classes they would find seats very acceptable. Some changes can be made in the premium list with credit to the Society, and with satisfaction to exhibitors. The aged bulls in the dairy breeds should be shown with three or five of their get. I think this is being generally adopted at the leading fairs. In the herd prizes there should be separate herd prizes for each of the dairy breeds. It is impossible for any judge to pass intelligently on the merits of the different dairy breeds in competition, au^ greater satisfaction would be given if the herd prizes were so divided that each breed would be by itself. This relates only to the dairy breeds. The fine exhibit of young beef herds was a credit to the State Fair, a credit to the ownt rs, and of especial interest to the spectators, and properly encouraged, it can be made the great show in the beef classes, because owners have no hesitation in properly fitting cattle under two years of age ; and it is especially designed to flhaw the early maturity of the different breeds of cattle, and this is the chief end sought to be attained by the modern breeder. If any of the premiums are increased, we would call particular attention to this prize, and suggest that any increase made would be money well expended, and will serve to greatly increase the exhibit in that cluhs. To the owners and exhibitors of cattle at the fair of 1884, the thanks of the Board are tendered, and a cordial invitation extended for 1885. SWINE DEPARTMENT. W. A. BANKS, SUPERINTENDENT. As Superintendent of the Swine Department of our late State Fair, I bog leave to submit the following report : The show of hogs was very large and good, I think the largest and best we have ever had. The pens were all filled and we were obliged to erect a number more, and also to use some of the sheep pens, but all were accommodated and we did not know where we could have put another hog. There was on exhibition from Indi- ana,442; Ohio, 127; Illinois, 61; Maryland, 25, and Michigan, 14. Of the differ- ent breeds, Poland China first, 314; Berkshire second, 153; Chester Whites third, 110; Suffolk fourth, 37; Victors fifth, 30; Essex sixth, 24. In all 670, against 332 last year and 298 the year before. PROCEEDINGS. 67 We found our new pens yery convenient, and the admiration of all. On ao- oount of the rain and rush on Sunday and Monday, it was thought hest not to try to classify the different breeds, which caused some inconvenience to the jiidKefl, but we got along very well and did our work as well as posRible. The plan of using one expert committeeman on Poland Chinas, gave good Ratisfaction, and enabled us to get through with our work on time. The exhibitors were all courteous, which made our work a pleasure. SHEEP DEPARTMENT. T. W. W. SUNMAN, SUPERINTENDENT. Mr. PrenidefU — I report an follows: The exhibit at the fair of 1884, in this department, was the best it probably ever was. The number of sheep shown was not so great as in some years, but the class was far snperior to any previous exhi- bition. Taking into consideration the drawbacks attending sheep husbandry, it is almost a wonder that there are any sheep raised at all ; but luckily for the sheep they have fallen into the hands of gentlemen who have more energy and pluck than the breeders of any other class of live stock, and are bound to succeed in spite of the drawbacks. The show of fine wools was fully up to previous years. We are sorry to say, however, that Indiana was poorly represented— Ohio, Illinois, and other States furnishing the majority. Southdowns were good and attracted considerable atten- tion. They were exhibited by parties from a number of States. Cotswolds were good, but few in number, while some of the other long wools, Leicesters, etc., were conspicuous by their absence. Shropshires attracted attention for the reason that they are a worthy breed, and were fine specimens; but tho breed that attracted the most attention was the Oxfords, several yearling ewes being on exhibition that weighed over 300 pounds; one two year old ram weighing 420 pounds. They are a hardy sheep, dark faces, good medium wool, and we are told make mutton of a superior quality. The expert, or one judge plan, was tried this year in all classes, and the decisions seemed to give general satisfaction to the exhibitors and the public. ^8 BOARD 01* AGRIOULTDRB. POULTRY DEPARTMENT. JOHN M. GRAHAM, SUPERINTENDENT. Ab Saperintendent of the Poultry Department at our last State Fair I beg le&T« to submit the following report : There were on exhibition about two hundred 'and thirty coops of chickens, turkeys, geese and ducks, consisting of all breeds that were enumerated in the poultry list, or nearly so. Some of them were as fine chickens as any one would wish to see, and all were good. Some chickens that were afiiicted with roupe I was compelled to exclude from the exhibition. The turkeys were numerous and large, one of them weighing forty >one pounds, and sev- eral thirty pounds and upward. Geese and ducks were shown in good numbers and fine quality. Here let me say that the necessity for larger coops for the accom- modation of turkeys and geese was made apparent, as we had to crowd some of these larger fowls into the chicken coops, wherein they cottid not stand erect, and thereby doing great injustice to the exhibitors. The awards of premiums in this department were made by an expert judge with general satisfaction to the exhibitors. Poultry raising has grown into a large and highly remunerative business. As now conducted it is a business for every day in the year. There is in almost every city and town of considerable population in the country one or more establishments that make an exclusive business of buying and shipping to the larger cities poultry and poultry products, and yet the cry is for more. Indiana appears to be doing her share of this production and trade. The general statistics for 1882 give the poultry product at $560,000,000, being $72,000,000 greater than the wheat product. Notwithstanding this immense pro- duction we import from Canada, France and Germany many millions of dollars worth of egfi:8. "The egg crop of this country last year amounted to $475,682,889, being only $8,992,890 less than the wheat crop, not counting the millions of eggs and chickens consumed by farmers and others, of which no reports are made.'' — Farming World. AGRICULTURAL DEPARTMENT. H. LATOURETTE, SUPERINTENDENT. Mu President — As Superintendent of the Agricultural Department, I submit the following report : The exhibits in this department for this year was good, particularly in wheat, of which there were over twenty varieties, quite a number being new and, were very fine. In com, also, there was a large and very fine exhibit, the best I have \ PROCBEBINGS. 69 ever seen at our fair. The display of seeds was in greater variety than asnal. There was a finer display of Indiana grasses than ever before exhibited. In vege- tables there was a larger exhibit and in greater variety than usual. The most marked improvement was in potatoes, there being a number of new varieties that could not fail to attract the attention of visitors. The display of dairy products was quite large ; there were fine samples of both butter and cheese. The apiary was also represented with some fine samples of honey. The whole exhibit shows that Indiana is up with her sister States in the production of all the grain, seeds and vegetables, known to this climate. HORTICULTURAL DEPARTMENT. L. D. CUSTEB, SUPERINTENDENT. As Superintendent of the Horticultural Department, it gives me pleasure to be able to say that the display in this department was very good, possibly not so large as a few years ago, when the fruit growers were more fortunate in having a full crop of apples throughout the State. The past year the fruit crop in the central portion of the State was compaiatively short, almost a failure. The first specimens came from the north and south sections of the State. In the professional list Mr. Fickel, of Cass county, made a very fine display of twedty, twelve and six varieties of apples, with pears, quinces, grapes, etc. In the amateur class the competition was very close, with over one hundred and fifty entries of apples, besides pears, quinces and grapes. Among the grapen, those new candidates for public favor, the Prentiss and Niagara, were represented by several plates of fine specimens. ' The show of melons was unusually fine. T. A. PefFer, South Bend ; G. W. Graves, Bunker Hill, Miami ceunty ; W. B. Flick and Peter Raab, of Marion county ; S. A. Hays, of Elizabeth town, Ohio, and J. Hutchison, of Worthington, were the principal exhibitors in the amateur class. The State Horticultural Society failed to make the exhibition of fruit that was expected of them, and which they intended to make until a short time previous to the fair, when they abandoned the project entirely. Many of you will remember the fine display of fruit made by that society at the fair of 1877, of which its President, in his annual address, said : "The result proved entirely satisfactory. The display was in every way a success. The exhibition of apples particularly fine, and elicited the highest encomiums of a vast multitude of visitors. There can Bcan-ely be a doubt but that this exhibition elicited such an interest among the many thousands that witnessed it as will in the future work greatly to the intereai of horticulture and pomology throughout the State." 70 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. At the annual meeting of this Board, President Mutz, in his addrepp, after hia respects to the presn, says : *' Ettpecially will 1 mention the State Ilorticultaral Society, whose members have been present in force, joining with us in making an attractive display of horticultural products, and notwitlistanding the adverse cir- cumstances of a bad fruit season, made a show of native fruits that would be a credit to the State at any fair." It is to be regretted that since 1877 the existence of a State Horticultural Society has been entirely unknown at the State Fair. But I may be digressing. In the Floral Division the space was all occupied that could be obtained. The contributors arranged their plants so as to produce a very fine effect, which added much to the attractions of the exhibition. The floral displays made by Messrs. Charles Reiman & Co. and Berterman Brothers were of wonderful beauty, and a very close exam i nation was necessary to enable the committee to decide between them. Among the amateur exhibitors were Mrs. Frank Williamson, Zionsville ; Mrs. Mary B. Danley, M. C. Stewart, and Ely M. Bronson, of Indianapolis, all of whom made very attractive exhibits. MECHANICAL DEPARTMENT. SAMUEL HABGBOVE, SUPEBINTBNDBNT. Mr, President: As Superintendent of the Mechanical Department, I beg leave to submit the- following report : I arrived on the grounds on Friday morning preceding the fair, and found things in this department in good shape, the General Superintendent having had charge of the same up to this time. For the next two days the arrival of machinery and other articles for exhibitioik in this department was immense ; and the space allotted to this show was full to overflowing. Rule 15, as made by the Board, would have been strictly adhered to, had the weather permitted; but owing to the constant rain for two days, the time for making entries had to be extended until Tuesday evening. Both power halls were very much crowded, and we would suggest the building of additional halls. The building erected for headquarters of this department and express office, was found to be just the thing needed, and of great convenience both to the Superin- tendents and exhibitors. The ticket system, adopted for exhibitors in this department, was found to work admirably, there being no confusion in the distribution, and so far as we could learn, no advantage taken in their use, the number of tickets issued being 571. It was the general expression of both exhibitors and vinitors, that this was by far the best show in this department ever had at this State Fair. PROCBEDINQS. 71 CARRIAGES, WAGONS AND FURNITURE. JOHN BATLIPP, 8UPEEUNTBNDBNT. The exhibits in thiv departmeDt were good. The meritB of the displays in mj department are written up by expert judges, and their reports embodied in the annaal report of the Board, and it is, therefore, not tl^e duty of the Superintendent of the department to speak 6f that matter in detail ; but it may not be amiss or a trespass upon the duties of the experts to state the displays rendered very general satisfaction to visitors at the State Fair, as well as reflecting credit to exhibitors. The spacing of the hall and assignment of space to exhibitors hnd been done as economically as possible, yet there were a number of exhibitors who applied for space after all was taken that was thought to be available. Several articles were crowded into nooks and corners; and arrangements were made with other exhib- itors, who surrendered small portions of space which had been assigned them, to accommodate those who came in later, and in this way all exhibitors were pro- vided for. There were displays made from probably one-fourth of the States of the Union. The articles, or goods, displayed in the department which were not entitled to premiums, by the rules of the Board, should be of the value of $50 to entitle the exhibitor to free, or exhibitors' tickets. This rule, in a few cases, may have been waived to accommodate exhibitors from other States, or from a distance, who wished to exhibit a meritorious machine which, of itself, wonid not be of the required value, but a valuable exhibit to the citizens of our State visiting the State Fair. The rulemaking some value the test or criterion by which exhibitors' tickets may be issued is undoubtedly a good one, and relieves the Superintendent of embar- rassment. In all cases of the display of goods, or a collection of goods, the rule has been strictly adhered to, and in no case was space occupied and tickets Issued merely to admit the exhibitor to the fair. The ticket system adopted this year was quite an improvement over that of last year, being quite a relief to both the Superintendent and exhibitor. I issued 126 exhibitor's tickets during the week in my department, which, I think, were prob- ably all accepted and used in good faith. I recently received a letter from a gentleman who stated he had attended every State Fair for the last ten years, and had never known such universal satisfaction throughout the various departments as at the last one. Your Superintendent can not do less than to say, in this connection, that he was aniveraally treated with courtesy by exhibitors in his department, and that a general good feeling prevailed throughout. 7S BOARD OF AQRICULTURB. WOMAN'S DEPARTMENT. MRS. A. M. NOE, PRESIDENT. Mr. President: The year 1878 marked a new departure in the history of the State Board of Agriculture, in the organization of a Woman's Department. And as each succeed- ing year has come and gone, greater success has crowned our efforts, until whatww begun in a small portion of the west end of the Exposition Building, has grown until one-half of the upper floor has been given to this department. Although recognized in 1878 as the Woman's Department, it still had one of the meml)ere of the State Board as its Superintendent, and it was not until 1880 that entire control was given to the Woman's Board. So marked has been its progress that the proph- ecy made in our petition of 1879, viz.: " It will mark a new era in woman's indus- trial relations," "it will be as bread cast upon the waters, to return, not afltr many daysy but at once" '^ and continue returning, increased a thousand fold," has more than been fultilled. And the prediction, that ii would make the State Board of Agriculture known far and wide as a body of progressive, liberal-minded, magnanimous men, whose epitaphs should be written on tablets more lasting than marble ; the grateful hearts of the daughters of the State is also verified. Since the organization of this department several of the members of the State Board have been called from labor to reward, and while memory lasts their names will be honored and revered by the members of the Woman's State Fair Associa- tion. To-day Indiana's State Board of Agriculture stands before the world as the only one showing this confidence in women. By so doing, it has given them the opportunity to prove their ability to carry on such an enterprise, and to bring be- fore the public the labor of their hands and brains on an equal footing with that of men. The efficacy of the organization has been demonstrated in the display made in the Woman's Department of the World's Industrial £xpoi«ition at New Orleans. In less than two months prior to the time of the opening, it was ena- bled to gather a creditable exhibit, and to place it in position before any other State in the department allotted to such displays. The whole number of entries made in this department for the exhibit of 1884, were 1,447, being 224 in excess of the preceding year. These figures, do not, by any means, give a correct idea of the number of articles entered, for many of them were collections of from three to ten articles under each entry. The amount offered as premiums was $900. The amount paid in premiums in the Woman's Department was $677, and in the Children's Department $78, making a total of $765. Current expenses $569.94. The last exhibit excelled in numbers and ex- cellence any former display, the Art Department alone, requiring the erection of two additional booths ; and if it should continue to increase in the next two years, as it has in the past two, it alone will soon require the entire north side of the upper floor. The attractions offered in the Old Ladies' Day, Piano Contest, and the Young Ladies' Broom Drill, proved very attractive features. In a word, it can truly be aaid, success crowned every effort in thi& department. PROCEEDINQS. 78 Before cloeing, it is but due jou, gentlemen of the State Board, and your worthj Seeivtarj, that I return to you our sincere thanks for your hearty cooperation with us in a]l our plans, for the confidence repM>sed in up, for the kindness and ooortesy extended towards us. With these kindly remembrances of the past, we feel assured that whatever the needs of the future may demand, we can come be- fore you without fear or trembling and make our requests known, feeling confident that we will be received with the same magnanimity that has heretofore been ex- tended as. GEOLOGY AND NATURAL HISTORY. .D&. H. T. BROWN, SUPERINTENDENT. The space aasigned to exhibits in the Department of Geology and Natural His- tory at the State Fair of 1884, was entirely filled, and yet there were several im- portant products of the State, on which premiums were offered, that were not represented by any entries— coal, coke, building stone, cement, lime, potters' clay, commercial fertiliser, etc., were amon^ them. This was the more remarkable, as in several of these lines Indiana stands in the foremost rank. But the premiums offered were small, and the articles are heavy and expensive in transportation and handling. In general collections of fossils there were two entries, complete and well ar- ranged. Two extensive collections of minerals were exhibited. Of Mound-Builders relics two collections were dit^played, representing nearly all the implements of the Stone Age. In natural history we had two entries of mounted birds, quadrupeds and rep- tiles, and one entry of the skins of birds, etc., unmounted. Two collections of diurnal, and three of nooturuMl Lepidoptera ( moths ) were exhibited. These were very extensive collections,- and were handsomely mounted and arranged. Two miscellanepUs collections of insects were on exhibition, mak- ing altogt'ther a very fine display in entomology. One entry of botanical specimens, and four collections of Indiana wood, were displayed. Three collections of coins and medals were entered, but only two were exhibited* A collection of stamps, and one of miscellaneous curiosities, attracted much attention of visitors. If I had received earlier notice of my appointment to this superintendency, it is probable that I could have greatly enlarged the exhibit, but in that event we would have required double the space, which probably could not have been fur- nished. 74 BOARD OF A6RI0ULTURB. AMPHITHEATER. JOHN Q. A. 6IEG, 6UPERIKTENDBNT. Mr, President — The Superintendent of the ampitheater has not much to report. 1 would say that the seats on Thursday and Friday were crowded to their greatest capacityi but I have not the figures of the receiptii s>o as to determine whether they were greater than previous years or not; but I do know that on Thursday and Fri- day it was entirely filled. RECOMMENDATIONS. If there were space on the ground, I would recommend the extension of the amphitheater, so as to accommodate a greater number of persons and to insure greater comfort to those occupying it. As it is, I would recommend the removal of the gate at the crossing of the track at the west end of the amphitheater to a greater distance from it in order to give more open space around the ticket office and gate at the entrance of the amphitheater at the west end. And I would further recommend that the Superintendent be required to clean out the amphi- theater and open the gates at ten o'clock in the morning, which I think would be of great pecuniary advantage to the Board and save much confusion in the man • agement of this department I would further recommend that the Superintendent of this department furnish his own police, and that they take charge of this depart- ment, and that all other police be required (unless called upon) to keep out, thus giving more room for persons that are willing to pay for their privileges; and, further, that the Board establish a. permanent rule as to who are to have the privi- lege of the accommodations of this department without cost. As it is, every per- son having a scrap of paper from the Board claims to have the right of free access to everything within the enclosure. All of which is respectfully submitted. SPACE IN EXPOSITION BUILDING. R. W. DUNOAN, SUPERINTENDENT. Mr» President — In compliance with a time-honored custom of our State Board of Agriculture we submit the following brief report of our stewardship : We were assigned the duties of allotting space to exhibitors on lower floor of Exposition building and that part of upper floor not occupied by the Woman^s- PROCEEDINGS. 75 Department; also, the supervision of exhibits occnpying the east half of upper floor. It was with much diffidence that we entered upon our work, it being en- tirely new to UB, having had charge of live stock departments since our connection with the Board, but with the help of our able assistant, O. R Gilkey, of the city, whose natural adaptation to the work, combined with patience, good humor and mechanical skill rendered most valuable aid, we pulled through with a good degree of success. Many changes were made in location of exhibits from former years, which was thought by many to be a material improvement. It certainly contributed toward relieving the monotonous appearace of our halls. Every foot of available space was taken some three or four days before our fair commenced, and but for the courtesy an my department it was chock full, combining both the useful and beauti- ful, many of the displays being of the most gorgeous and elaborate character, elic- iting the praise and admiration of the thousands who thronged our avenues during Che fair week. The special mr-rits of these exhibits will be thoroughly noted by expert com- mitteemen, selected by the Board to examine and write up for our forthcoming re- port, therefore we deem it improper, at this time, to attempt an allusion to the many excellent and meritorious displays in our department. We desire to say, before closing, that our new form of exhibitor's tickets 'Vorked like a charm," and is certainly a grand improvement over the old system of issuing tickets daily. Our exhibitors seemed delighted with the change, and the Board is to be congratulated upon the success of this new feature which saves much val- uable time and annoyance, both to exhibitors and department Superintendents. The Committee ou Credentials made partial verbal report and asked for further time, which, on motion of Mr. Jones, was granted. President Mitchell announced the following standing com- mittees: On Finance — Of the Board, Messrs. Seward, Jones and Gra- ham; of the Delegates, Messrs. Reiter and Cumback, Bules and Regulations — Of the Board, Messrs. Lockhart, LaTourette and Dungan; of the Delegates, Messrs. Robe, Glick and Matlock. Fair Grounds — Of the Board, Messrs. Hargrove, Davidson, and Sieg ; of the Delegates, Messrs. Steelman, Chamberlain, and Billmeyer. 76 BOARD OF AGRICTJLTURH. Premium List — Of the Board, Messrs. Banks, Ratliff, and Btuart ; of the Delegates, Messrs. Boggs,McWilliams and Shank. Uvjinished Business — Of the Board, Messrs. Sunman and Ratliff; ot the Delegates, Messrs. Tilson and Reppey. Prof. C. H. Hall, of Franklin College, delivered an address on "Farmers and Higher Education," which will be found in this report. On motion of Mr. Cumback, a rising vote of thanks was ten- dered to Prof. Hall for his very interesting address. President Smart, of Purdue University, spoke briefly on " What can our Agricultural College do for the Farmers of the State ?" as follows : I did not come here with the intention of discussing the subject which has been assigned to me, but rather for the purpose of asking you to listen to a substitute, our Prof. Webster, who has kindly consented to take my place. Indeed, I think I may properly present him and his work as a fair answer to the question, " What Can Purdue University do for the Agricultural Interests of the State ?'' You are aware of the fact that we have converted the larger part of our farm into an experimental station, and that we are doing a great deal of field and lab- oratory work, in order that we may discover something that may be of service to the farmers of the State. We are experimenting in regard to the use of fertilizers, in regard to the rotation of crops and the best methods of seeding. We are also performing a great variety of feeding experiments; and the best of all, as I think, we are trying to aid in preventing the enormous wastage which occurs to our grains and fruits through the ravages of destructive insects. We expect to print bulletins embodying the results of our investigations, in large numbers. These will be distributed over the State, and will be placed in the hands of farmers and horticulturists; we hope that they will do much good. Two or three of these bulletins have already been prepared, some of which I have here for distribution. One of these will tell you the results obtained from our experi- mental wheat field, in which we experimented on thirty-nine varieties of seed wheat Another was prepared by Prof. Webster, who is to speak to yea this af t^- noon. It gives in great detail inform ition concerning the Hessian fly, its habits, its modes of operation, and the means which may be taken to destroy it. A third, prepared by our Prof. Latta, gives you the results of a great variety of experiments in the use of fertilizers. I think these bulletins will answer the question, *' What can Purdue University do for the Agricultural Interes's of the State?" if both Prof. Webster and myself should fail to do so. These bulletins will be sent to any address, on application to our Regifttrar. I now take pleasure in introducing Prof. Webster to you, who will talk about the destructive insects and their work.* * The address of Prof. Webster will be found elsewhere in this report. PROCEEDINGS. 77 On motion of Mr. Dungan, a rising vote of thanks was ten- dered to Prof. Webster for his interesting and valuable address. The Committee on Credentials made final report, and the re- sult, together with subsequent action of the convention as to who should be delegates, is summarized in the roll-call, printed at the commencement of these proceedings. On motion of Mr. Gerber, the convention adjoured uutil 8:30 o'clock to-morrow morning. SECOND DAT. Wednesday, January 7, 1885, 8:30 a. m. Board met, President Mitchell in the chair. Proceedings of yesterday's meeting read and approved. Mr, Cumback — It has been suggested to me by several mem- bers of this Board that it would not be best to postpone the election of new members until to-morrow. If it is postponed until to-morrow there will be a slim attendance, as a large num- ber will return home either to-night or to-morrow. It does seem to me that it is important that the election should be held while there is a good attendance. As there is no business of special importance before the convention this morning, I move that the programme be changed so that the nomination of per- sons to fill the places of members whose terms expire with this meeting be made this forenoon, and the election for the same be had this afternoon at 4 o'clock. Mr. Mitchell — These annual meetings are important. The object of arranging the programme so as to extend it over another day, was to aftbrd more time to the discussion of such papers as may be presented. This forms the most valuable and interesting part of these meetings. Experience proves that as soon as the election of members is had the members disperse. This is discouraging to the speakers, and detracts, very natu- rally, from the good effect of our meetings. We ought to re- main in full meeting the three days allotted in the programme. 78 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. Mr. Seward — You have pretty much made my speech. I hope the Delegate Board will not make the chauge contem- plated by the motion. Judging from past experience, very few remain after the election. During the full meeting a great many questions come up for discussion from which much benefit is derived. It is true that it may keep some of the delegates longer than they want to stay, and they will go as soon as the business that brings them together has been done. The election is not more important than the papers that are read, and the discussions that follow. Let us remain the full time set for the Convention. I would like to hear from others on this subject. Mr, Cockrum — I have been favorable to holding the election this afternoon, but after giving the subject further thought, believe it would not, probably, be best. It will make but little difference if it remains over one day longer, as some will go, and others will come. I have theretore changed my opinion, and think we should hold this election to-morrow morning. Mr, Cumback — We should not shape this Convention to suit people to-morrow. We have some who come here and vote for their man, and not for the interests of the society at all. We should not shape our society to accommodate those people; they should come here and stand by the society until we get through. Mr. Tilson — A number of delegates were not here yesterday, some of them can not be here until noon to-day, and many are now absent on committee duty. For this small number to change the time of the election I think unfair. It is best to follow the programme and have the election to-morrow. There are some who can not be here before noon to-day, possibly not until to- light, who are interested in the election. It is crowd- ing matters very close to make the nominations this morning and the election at 4 o'clock this afternoon. Mr, Nelson — I have been in the habit of attending these meet- ings for a long time. It has been my experience that as soon as the election is over, the delegates go home, leaving much important business undone, and very interesting papers have to PBOCBBDINGS. 79 be read to empty benches. The election is generally under- stood to be to-morrow. Quite a number of delegates who live not far away, expect to be here to-morrow, and this is, I think, the only change we should make. We will have enough to entertain us without going into the election to-day. I would be willing to have the election to-morrow morning, but not to-day. Mr. Ciimbaek — It is desirable to have this election when most delegates are present. If the election is after noon to-morrow we will have to stay until the night trains, and the result will be that you will not have twenty delegates here. The custom of the country people is, to come here one day and go home the next, and if we wait until to-morrow we won't have them here. The elections of this Convention should reflect the agricultural interests of the whole State, and not be subjected to the charge of being elected by a few. We can change this programme and have the election this afternoon, and then go ahead with the programme to-morrow. I hope the motion will prevail. Mr. Tilson — Mr. Cumback and myself are agreed on the ques- tion of having the greatest number of delegates present, but my opinion is that there will be more here to-morrow than to- dky. A Delegate — There are some six or eight delegates who have to go home this evening. Perhaps there are as many here to- day as there will be during the meeting, and I would be in favor of making the change. Mr. Nelson — In looking over the programme for to-morrow morning I find that the persons designated tor duty are resi- dents of the city, with the exception of Mr. Davidson. I there- fore move to amend by naming 9 o'clock to-morrow morning for the election. Not carried. The motion of Mr. Cumback was then agreed to. The President laid before the Convention a draft of an act, submitted by the State Veterinary Association, to prevent the spread of contagious and infectious diseases. Mr. Nelson — This is a move in the right direction. Whether this particular bill is the right thing or not I don't know. I 80 BOARD OP AGRICULTURE. am in favor of referring it to a committee for a short time. 1 therefore move that a committee of three be appointed by thg chair to consider the bill and report thereon as early as prac- ticable, say to-morrow morning. The motion was carried, and Messrs. Nelson, Stuart and Dun- gan were appointed as the committee. Mr. Mitchell — It seems to me that there is a better way to reach this object, and that would be to create a chair of Vet- erinary Science at Purdue University, and make the Professor thereof the State Veterinary Surgeon, with duties as provided in the proposed bill. Dr. R. T. Brown, Superintendent of the Geological and Natural History Department, presented report of exhibits therein, which will be found in place with the reports of De- partment Superintendents. Mr. Stuart, from the Committee on Premium List, reported as follows : Your Committee on Premium List^ having examined the list of the fair of 1884 and the various reports of the Superintendents of departments, present th« following report, and respectfully sagge^t that the changes therein proposed shall be adopted. Fir»L Substitute the word " two " for the word " three " in rule 6, page 9, of Premium List, 1884. Second, In the Horse Department make the prenviums and items in Book V the «ame as in Book III, except the last item in Book III. Third, In the Cattle Department dispense with the sweepstakes rings for bull and cow in dairy breeds, and add the premiums thereon to the dairy herd prise. Give the sum of $150 to each of the dairy breeds in prizes of $100 and $50, the constitution of the herds to be by age as now. Fmirth, In Books XIII, XIV, XV, XVI change the first item so as to read *' Bull three years old and over with three of his get." F^fih. In the Hog Department in Book XXX dispense with the last herd pre- mium, and dispense with the herd premium in Book XXXI, and have a herd prize arranged by age, the same as in first clause of Book XXX. Signed, W. A. Banrb, John Batliff, E. W. Shank, J. M. Boggs, A. C. MoWiLLiAMs, C. B. Stuabt. PROGBEDINOS. 81 % DISCUSSION. Mr. Gumback — ^As we failed to get an appropriation last year to pay the interest on our bonded debt, I suggest a hori- zontal reduction of twenty per cent, of premiums oflFered, so that we may have a surplus in the treasury at the end of the year to apply on the debt. The fairs throughout the State make a mistake in paying laj*ge premiums. I am a new mem- ber and want to be careful. People come to the fair more for social enjoyment than anything else. I am iiot sufficiently fa- miliar with the premium list to say just what would be best, but I think it would be right to make a reduction. Mr, Votaw — Mr. Cumback says twenty per cent. This seems a little like the tariff question. I think that it would not be wisdom for the State Board to make a general sweep on the premium list. It occurs to me that a liberal premium should be offered for cattle, sheep and other stock. It will be an in- ducement for them to bring out their stock. However, there is a certain class that come as an advertisement for manufac- tured articles, on which no premium should be allowed. I hope this matter will be taken under advisement by the Board, and the premiums on herds of cattle will be kept up. Mr. Cumback — It does not cost as much to bring cattle here as heavy agricultural machinery. The agricultural men are willing to bring their implements and four times as much. The same will apply to the cattle men and all other exhibitors. Since the premiums have been taken off some things, the ex- hibit has increased four fold. It is not the premiums after all, therefore I think we have made a mistake in our county fairs, and some in our State fairs, in paying out so much for premiums. Mr. Votaw — We must, in my judgment, give premiums in order to bring out imported horses and cattle. It is different from agricultural machinery which is made in our own State. I must contend for premiums retained on horses and cattle. I think every gentleman who is interested in cattle and horses of the best quality, will bear me out in this. 6 — AOEICUIiTUKE. 82 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. Mr. Nelson — I have had some experience and have different views regarding these premiums, and I say, without fear of successful contradiction, that the high premium is just what has kept up our State fairs. Those men with machinery do not care much for premiums; diplomas for meritorious points serve their purpose quite as well, but it is different with stock. It not only costs much to bring it to the fair, but there is con- siderable risk of life or injury, while there is little risk in the transportation of machinery. There may be some of your premiums too large and need a proper discrimination, but where there is a reduction, it should be made where it does not seem to show. If you take twenty per cent, off* horses and cattle you will not be troubled to find room for all that will come. Mr, Mutz — This delegate meeting is for the purpose pf in- structing the 9tete Board proper as to the wants and best interests of the industries of the State, and it is through the expressions of opinions and statements of facts from all parts of the State, that the Board is enabled to model the premium list so as to meet the apparent best interests. The recommend- ations of the delegates should receive more credit. Our Com- mittee on Premium List has suggested some amendments and the Board proper should heed those suggestions, and as far as practicable adopt them. On motion of Mr. Quick, the report of the committee was referred to the State Board proper. Mr. Votaw moved that a committee of three be appointed to co-operate with Commissionur Carnahan in enhancing the value of the Indiana exhibit at the New Orleans Exposition. Mr. Nelson — Some allusion was made yesterday to the World's Fair at New Orleans, but no opinion was expressed as to the Board taking any part with the Commissioner in making the In- diana exhibit creditable to the State. I do not think the sub- ject was entirely exhausted, and as there is nothing before the house I wish to make some inquiry regarding it. Mr. Seward — We, with Mr. Nelson, are all aware that the ex- hibition at New Orleans is going on. The General Govern- PROGBBDINGS. 88 ment appropriated (5,000 to each of the States for the purpose of aiding them in making suitable exhibits of their various re- sources. Indiana is a prominent Agricultural State, and it is desirable that this Board should be thoroughly represented there. The appointment of a Commissioner for this State to the New Orleans exposition is in the hands of the Governor. He has made the appointment, but the appointee is in no way identified with the Agricultural and Mechanical interests of the State. I desire to say that this Board is not in any way respon- sible for the exhibit of the State at New Orleans. I do not see why this Board could not have been represented in that ex- hibition. Mr. Carnahan, the Commissioner appointed by the Governor, has done the best he could within the limited time since his appointment, and I do not wish to criticise him. If the appointment had been made from this Board, at an early day, an exhibit could have been made of which the people of the State would have been proud. But as it is, it is a farce. I am astonished at the situation, and not a little ashamed of it. Mr, Mitchell — I feel that it is hardly necessary for me to express myself on this subject. We have on this Board as competent and efiicieni men as can be found in the State. I did think that the Governor would have appointed some one from this Board to represent the Agricultural and Mechanical industries of the State. Kansas is represented by Mr. Johnson, Ohio by Mr. Camberlain, and other States have representatives from their Agricultural Boards. Had the appointment been made in due season the best samples of grain could have been forwarded to New Orleans, and County Agricultural Societies would have re- sponded to the call for contributions. We were ready to do every- thing that we could creditable to ourselves and to the Agricult- ural interest of the State, but we were powerless in this matter. Mr. Voiaw — I think it would be proper for this Delegate Board to appoint a Commissioner to co-operate with the Com- missioner appointed by the Governor. Mr, Cumback — If that can be done it would be very appro- priate. Can this Coramissioiier, if appointed, get any of the funds held by the Governor to pay expenses? 84 BOARD OP AGRICULTURB. Mr. Mitchell — I do not think any one here would be willing to accept this position. .1 am in favor of those who have it in hand, to run it the best they can, and for this Board to have nothing whatever to do with it at this late day. Commissioner Carnahan having been invited to explain to the Delegate Board the nature and extent of the exhibit at New Orleans, addressed the Convention as follows : GENERAL CARNAHAN'S REMARKS. Mr, Presidenif Ladie$ and QerUUmen : I was asked, a few days ago, to give yon a few minutes' talk regarding the Ex- position at New Orleans, and the exhibit of yoar State there. To get an idea of what the State is doing there, it is well to state, first, that the State is divided into three departments — Women's Work, Education and State Exhibit proper. The Women's Work from this State, as Mrs. Noe, who has been down there, will tell you* is not with the State exhibit. The ladies thought they would prefer going into a competitive exhibit with the ladies of other States, so they have their dbplay sep- arated from the State department. The Educational Department is with the United States Educational Department Both the Women's and Educational Departments are in the galiery overlooking the Goverument and State exhibit I will give you a brief statement of the buildings prepared for the exhibit There is the main build- ing, as it is termed. The ground floor of this covers 33 acref>. Running entirely around this main building is a gallery 40 feet wide. All of this is devoted to pri-^ vate exhibits. Every foot of available space in that immense building, the largest exposition building ever erected, is occupied by exhibitors both in gallery and ground floor. After the time expired for application for exhibit, the Director Gen- eral said that over 800 American applications had to be refused for lack of space. The United States exhibit includes displays from the dijfferent places of indus- try, and scientific and educational exhibit by the Grovernment. A vast collection of useful articles and curiosities, collected by the United States from all parts of the world, are in this collection. There are relics gatliered by Lieutenant Greely in his visit to the Polar regions. Exhibited in this building, which t&kes 200 feet on either side, are the State exhibits, made up of the agricultural products of the difierent States. Coming next north of this Government exhibit, on the east side of the building, is the State of Michigan, next Indiann, then, immediately north, is the State of Wisconsin, and weut of us a line of the Eastern States. The Eastern States, for the most part, make an exhibit of manufactures. Connecticut, imme- diately west and across the aisle from Indiana, exhibits all sorts of manufactured articles, from wooden nutmeg and hams to steam engines. They exhibit no agri- cultural products. Ohio, with an appropriation of $40,000, makes a most admira- ble display. They are separated from us by one State. Much of their display ia fancy work, such as needle work, painting and scenery, put up by the artist PROGEBDINGS. 85 Michigan and Wifloonsin hare spent as moch in getting up tables and show-cases in which to display their prodacts as Indiana has put in all her exhibit Each of those States had large appropriations, in addition to that of the Govemment, for making their display. Nebraska, Kansas, and our Western States, have made large and magnificent displays. Minnesota makes the largest part of their display in flour. Nebraska has expended almost $20,000 in getting her display ready, and it is magnificent. KanBas has paid out a large amount of money ; they received a Government appropriation, and the Legislature also made an appropriation, and have received a great aid from railroad companies. Nearly all the States, I think, with one exception, that of Pennsylvania, made an appropriation for the purpose of making their State display. On the 25th of September I was commissioned as United States Commissioner for Indiana to make our exhibit; it was a late start to get to work, but I went at it in earnest, determined to do the best I could. I traveled over the State myself, and sent other parties to aid in collecting an exhibit for the State. We have col- lected from the north, south, east, west and central parts of the State. I have col- lected grains both in the straw and threshed, com in the ear, as well as shelled, and I think there is no grass that grows in Indiana, either cultivated or wild, that I have not displayed for Indiana at New Orleans. We have a place of forty feet by one hundred and seventy feet, and a good location. At the suggestion of your Secretary I prepared a chart showing how Indiana's exhibit is arranged, so that yon might get a better conception of it. The walls of our building are covered with pictures of our State Houses,, beginning with Corydon, next the State House that was torn down to give place for the new one, next one given me by the Com- missioners for the new one. I have several pictures representing the Court House, Insane Hospital, Blind Asylum, Deaf and Dumb Asylum, Orphans' Home at Knightstown and the State Reform School buildings, and some pictures of hand- some residences of the State. Some people down there ask me if we have such residences as these. I tell them that some of us had got out of log-cabins, and could put up a decent house here and there. I have the principal newspapers of the State — received every morning, and kept on file. The walls are covered with pictures of the finest stock we have in the State, including cattle, hogs, sheep, etc. We have worked woods, taken from the timber and not painted, which shows .the quality of the wood. I have some ninety specimen" of wood, rough and unhewn. Next to the wood, we have samples of coal from our State; the largest sample weighs over a ton. Some States have brought in coal weighing six, seven or eight tons. All other States bringing their coal to the Exposition have it encased with strong pieces of timber to keep it from breaking. Indiana is the only one that dares take the stays away from the coal, and it stands up as nice as in the mine without slacking. Most of the other coal shown as soon as exposed to the climate slack and fall away. The headquarters, as provided, we were to pay a thousand dollars for; we concluded it would not pay. I went to work and had a large tent 10x28 feet, with gas pipes rnnning all around. This formed my headquarters. I made a platform, raised it six inches, extending three feet outside, entirely around • the tent. On that I have arranged samples of Indiana building stone. Since return- ing home from New Orleans I have received a letter informing me that Georgia was 46 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. -«OMtr)icdBg for Indiana stone for the building of a new State Hoase at Atlanta. Mf exhibiting this stone at New Orleans it is bringing it into prominence, and will employment to a large number of men in getting it out. fa the headquarters tent I have furniture of various kinds, all of which are Indiana wood, with the exception of some camp chairs. The excellence of Fario428 woods also shows what we are doing in fine household articles. The la Encaustic Tile Company is represented, and makes a fine display, which a great deal of attention. We have opjK>site this samples from the Terra Works, located here at Indianapolis We have also crockery and drain tile exiiibition, a matter that is to give us prominence in this direction. I have collected models of pa'entfi that have been issued to Indiana men, and are be- maaufactured in this State. I have 1,000 square feet of grains and grasses of State. On one wing I have notliing but bearded wheat, on another smooth it^ another oats, another corn. We have another wing entirely for grass, put in. handsome shape, which is attracting a great deal of attention ; and another, by the ladies as " Crazy Quilt," and if there is any kind of grass that grows -«i thifi State not on that wing, I don't know where to find it. The edges of each viiig are trimmed from leaves of tobacco, and surmounting the entire wing are tinllijj of wheat and oats, bound together as tightly as po%ible. I have in one ^CMB 4x5 feet of plate-glass, containing seed-corn furnished by a seed company at Tbomtow^n ; their exhibit is eight varieties of corn. We have now for Indiana what is conceded to be the finest display of wheat on .«zkibitioQ, ( not the largent, bft finest ). A California man, with their long •of wheat, came over and wanted to examine our specimens* He said they more' straw, but we had the best wheat. I have cotton and woolen goods man- lured at EvansviUe, and graded wheat furnished by the Indianapolis Board of In the center of this display I have a market bulletin board, on which I fjt¥e daily reports from the Indianapolis market, the only bulletin board in the en- tile display. I have also specimens of worked wood and woven wire, made by the Sodgwick Brothers, of Richmond. The only woven wire in the world made by ma- ••efcijiery.is in Indiana, and is owned by Indiana brothers, farmer boys. Since they put up this wire there, they have been receiving orders almost every day, and ^▼en wire is said to be stronger than hand-made wire. Gentlemen, this is what is done at New Orleans. Your manufacturing and agricultural interests, stock general industries of the State are represented. I have done the best I could the circumstances, and I think some of these gentlemen who have visited Orleans will bear me out in the statement. Pennsylvania, an older State and in wealth than ours, and placed on the same footing as ours so far as legis- lative appropriation is concerned, does not come up to Indiana by far; and as to «ttr«wji State, we are adding to it day by day. We have not got all of our exhibit Ib plaoe because we could not get them from the railroad. When I left, ihey had 4fiO0 cars on the track which could not get in to be unloaded. I have just received :m letter from my assistant, that our cars are just beginning to come in. I want you I, when you return home, to send to me, here at Indianapolis, samples of l^emium wheat exhibited at your agricultural meeting last fall) also oats and id don't he afraid of sending too much. I am exhibiting these in glass globes PROGEEDINQS. 8T holding a little over a gallon. We are being brought into competition with foiei nations, and let us say to them that, as far as Indiana is concerned, we can along with the States of the nation, and the entire world. Mr. Cumback — ^How much money has been expended in the display thus far? Gen. Camahan — There was placed at my hands at the outset $5,000 with which to make our exhibit ; each State in the Union received this amount from the General Government;: that amount has all been expended. While I do not complain^ I want to say you have got to pay for everything south of the Ohio river. I sent by express a fine picture, prepared by one of the schools here in the city, it would weigh perhaps, frame and all, seventy-five pounds, that cost me.$9.50 to get it down^ there. Freights from here to Nashville are reasonable, but after that they are high. Every department is hampered be- cause they have not means; the managers are doing all thejr can, but the expenses have been enormous in every respect; m man who never shoved a plane in his life wants $3 a day, and the same rate in everything else. While such is the case, I have done everything in my power to make the expense aa light as possible. Mr. Cumback presented the following : Wh£R£as, Other States of the Union have made large appropriations to 9m- able their States to make a creditable exhibition at the World's Fair at New Qr> leans, therefore, Besolvedj By the Indiana State Board of Agriculture, that the Legislatuie of the StMte be requested to at once appropriate ten thousand dollars to be placed «& the disposal of the (Commissioner of Indiana and the representatives from the said fioard, in order that Indiana may be enabled to make a proper exhibit of onr wt" sources. Which was adopted. The consideration ot the motion of Mr. Votaw was resumed* Mr. Smart — I know something about the cost of this exbibi* tion. I spent $4,700 for making an educational display at^ Philadelphia, and had not money enough. I can not see how he could do so much as he has done with the money be has had. I believe the display will disgrace us if we don't have more money. •I 88 BOARD OF AGRICCLTURB. Mr, Carnahan — I want to say to the gentleman that every foot of space allotted to Indiana is filled ; what we want is material to replenish and keep the display fresh. On motion of Mr. Cumback, President Mitchell, Mr. Votaw and Mrs. Noe were appointed the committee. President Mitchell called Mr. Davidson to the chair, when Mr. Lockhart, from the committee to which was referred the address of the President, presented the following, which was received and adopted: Mr, President and Gentlemen of the State Delegate Board : Your committee to which was referred the address of President Mitchell, has had the same under congideration, and beg leave to make the following report on the various suggestions made by him to this Delegate Board : Firai. We fully indorse his suggestions as to the propriety of petitioning the Legislature to make an appropriation of a sufficient sum of money to pay off the entire indebtedness of the State Board of Agriculture, and thereby enable it the more fully to carry out the spirit of the law creating it. Second, In relation to the appointment of a State Veterinary Surgeon, we be- lieve it is the duty of the incoming Legislature to make provision for the appoint- ment of such an officer, and would suggest that a chair for that purpof^e should be provided at Purdue University, the recognized head of the agricultural work of the great State of Indiana. Third, We have carefully examined the question of selecting' judges at our annual fairs, and are of the opinion that what is termed the new system of select- ing three judges, two to act and in case of a disagreement the third to be called in to decide the awand, is preferable to any other system now in use. Fourth, The use of turnstiles at the fairs would be preferable to any other way of admitting persons to the grounds, providing that entrances to the main building can be so arranged as to permit their use. Fifth, The advisability of holding of a fat-stock show at Indianapolis in the fall of 1885, would depend, we think, on the encouragement extended by her citizens in furnishing an amouut of money sufficient to guarantee the Board against possible low> from any cause, as the present financial condition of the country would not justify the State Board in attempting to hold such a show on any other conditions. Sixth, We heartily endorse the idea of the managers of .the great fairs of the United States and Canada holding meetings for the purposes named in President Mitchell's address, and would recommend to this Delegate Board that they extend an invitation to the committee to arrange for the holding of their next annual meeting in December next at some place in the State of Indiana. Seventh, We recommend that a sufficient sum of money be appropriated by the Legislature to Purdue University to enable its faculty to carry on that great insti- tution of learning in such manner as to make it second to no other institution in the United States, organized for the same purpose. '/ 91. ' PKOCBEDINGS. ^9 Eighth, We most respectfully recommend to this Delegate Board that they make it their individaal basiness to see that the annual reports published by the State Board of Agriculture each year, are placed in the hands of men in their re- speclive counties where they will do the most good. Ninth, We recommend that our State Legislature pass such laws as will pre- vent, as much as possible, the adulteration of food and medicines, and provide snch penalties for the violation of the law as will serve to deter persons from en- gaging in such practices. Tenth. We also endorse the idea of compelling all persons that are engaged in the manufacture of any kind of goods by the employment of prison labor, to put upon their goods such a brand as will enable them to distinguish'it from that made by free labor. EUoenth. We most heartily endorse the suggestion of granting to the Woman's Department the entire control of the whole second floor of the Exposition Building, believing that they can so manage the exhibits as to make it more interesting than it has ever been before. Mr, Votaw — I suggest that two from the State Board and one from the Delegate Board be appointed to co-operate with Gen. Carnahan in making this display. Mr. Cumback — I would have one from the State Board, one from the Delegate Board, and one for the Women's Depart- ment. It is nothing but right that they should have an equal chance at this money in order to carry on the display in their department. Dr. Furnas — Dakota received $40,000 to carry on her'display, and Indiana has sent a Commissioner there with just enough to get defeated. I would like for Indiana to make an appro- priation of $15,000. On motion of Mr. Chamberlain, the convention proceeded to nominate candidates for members of the Board proper from the 5th, 6th, 7th, 9th, lOth, 11th, 12th and 13th districts. The fol- lowing named gentlemen were placed in nomination : Fifth Dittriet—W. A. Greer, Dearborn connty; T. W. W. Snnman, Kipley county. Sixth Distnet—Dick Jones, Bartholomew county; Will Cumback, Decatur county. Seventh Diitrict-^W, H Keesling, Henry county; J. L. Carson, Shelby county; W. — . Jackson, Henry county; E. H. Peed, Henry connty; George W. Wheeler, Hamilton county ; Nelson Bradley, Hancock county. BOARD OF AGRIOULTURB. NUuh DiMriet — H. LaToarette, Fountain county. IhUh District — Jasper N. Davidson, Montgomery county. BUscetUh District — John M. Graham, Delaware county. fycelfth Distrid — Jno. M. Levering, Tippecanoe county ; J. M. BoggA, Tippeca> 5 eoanty. Thirteenth District^W, A. Maze, Tipton county ; John Batliff, Grant county. The Board adjourned until 1:30 p. m. AFTERNOON SESSION. Wednesday, Jan. 7, 1885. Board met pursuant to adjournment, President Mitchell in -the chair. J. G. Kingsbury, of the Indiana Farmer, read an interesting ^flsaj on "The Destruction of Crops by Insects," which will be found elsewhere. Mr. Curaback moved that the paper be received with thanks of the Board, and with the request that it be published in the Ind.iana Farmer. Col. J. A. Bridgeland delivered an interesting essay on French* agriculture and breeding of Norman horses, which was listened to with great satisfaction, and accorded a hearty vote of thanks. It will be found elsewhere in this report in full. Mr. Lockhart, from the Committee on Rules and Regula- tions, to which was referred the rules and regulations, reported follows : Your committee beg leave to report that we have had the «ame under consideration, and do not see any reason for making any changes in the existing Rules of the Board as printed in the premium list of the year 1884. R. M. Lockhart, Chairman. Which was adopted. Mr. Johnson submitted the following : PROCEEDINGS. 9r Retolvedf That, in view of the great destruction of agricultural and boiiicKl- Uiral products in our State by injurious in^ectq, and recognising the importanee of a knowledge of their origin, habits, and the best means of eradicating them. Urn State ought to have a State Entomologist ; therefore, we ask that the Legislatawr provide by law for the appointment of such an officer, and that adequate be placed at the dit^poeal of t|ie proper authorities for the purpose of defiayi the necessary expenses of such an officer. Adopted. F. G. Wiselogel read paper on "Fertilizers and their relation to the growing plant," for which a vote of thanks was tender- ed by the convention. ' This paper will be found elsewhere \n this report. Mr. Cumbaok moved that each Agricultural and Indnstriat Society represented by any one connected therewith m tki» convention, be entitled to one vote in the election now to take place for members of the State Board proper, which was agreed, to, and the names of such representatives were ordered plaeed upon the roll. The hour having arrived for the election of eight members t4> fill the places of those whose terms of office expires with this meeting of the Board — the convention proceeded to elect, and the following named gentlemen were chosen to serve for the- term of two years next ensuing: From the 5th District — W. A. Greer, of Dearborn Co. From tlie Hth District — Dick. Jones, of Bartholomew Co-- From the 7th District— E. II. Peed, of Henry Co. From the 9th District — H. LaTourette, of Fountain Co. From the 10th District — Jasper N. Davidson, of Montgom- ery Co. From the 11th District — Jno. M. Graham, of Delaware Co- From the 12th District — J. M. Boggs, of Tippecanoe Co. From the 13th District — John Ratlilf, of Grant Co. On motion of Mr. Dungan, the convention adjourned untiB 8.30 o'clock to-morrow morning. 92 BOARD OF AORICULTURB. THIBB DAY. Thursday, Jan. 8, 1885, 8:30, a. m. Board met, President Mitchell in the chair. Minutes of yesterday's proceedings read and approved, 3Ir, Jones — Do I understand from the reading of the minutes that the resolution passed,- recommending the petitioning of the Legislature to appropriate $10,000 for the New Orleans Ex- position ? Several voices — Yes, sir, Mr. Jones — Then, at the proper time I will make a motion to reconsider that vote. Gen. Carnahan — I wish to say in a few words, to emphasize what I said yesterday, in regard to the members of the State Board of Agriculture here, representing not only this Board but various County Agricultural Societies, the importance of your doing something in this matter now. I do not come to you beg- ging, but I appeal to the pride you have in your county and State. Don't go home and say it will do to look after this in three or four weeks, but get to work at once. If anything is worth do- ing at all, it is well to do it when it is needed. We don't col- lect for a demonstration op the 4th day of July, on the 5th or 6th, that is the point I make. I want those articles sent at once, as they have to be in New Orleans before the first day of^ February, or you are cut out. On my own personal applica- tion I had the time extended from the 16th of December to. the Ist of February, in order to get our collection ready. Ship all you can to me at this place by freight. Express will. cost three times as much as freight. I don't care how much yon send. I want to advertise Indiana, so they will come or send here to buy your wheat, wood, stone, clay and manufactured articles, etc. I put all grains up so they can see them and handle them. The grain buyers are coming every morning to look at the PBOCEBDINGS. . 93 bulletin of our grain market It is better to advertise it in this way than to put it in sacks. Every man and county shall have credit for the exhibit that is made. Gibson county has sent dov^n a county exhibit, and it is put up as Gibson county ex- hibit, and there is no other county in the United States that can beat Gibson county. Mr, Lockhart — Would it be worth while to send apples ? Gen. Carnahan — Yes, sir. The Horticultural Society is go- ing to do all that is possible in that direction. Mr. Johnson informed me this morning they were only able to collect two barrels. I had made arrangements to make a fine display of apples from Indiana, but will close in with a part of that con- tract with the addition of the two barrels of Mr. Johnson. Mr. Johnson — I am in favor of making an exhibition of ap- ples at the Exposition, and our society resolved to do so with considerable opposition. The Secretary and myself were ap- pointed to make the collection. We wrote our letters and sent them over the State, and got responses without any encourage- ment. We had no encouragement to exhibit at the State Fair, and another thing, we had no money, as the Legislature failed to give us an appropriation. Mr. Custer — Did not our Treasurer report between three and four hundred dollars in the treasury a month ago ? Mr. Johnson — I do not remember the amount on hands; but we have done what we could, and send two barrels of apples. Mr. Lockhart — I think I realize the situation of Mr. Carna- han. A few years ago there were but few apples in Indiana. I made an exhibit of 300 apples at the State Fair from Dekalb county. We have got apples now in Dekalb county as good as any in Michigan. Mr. Hargrove, from the Committee on Fair Grounds, re- ported as follows : The Committee on Fair Orounds would respoctfallj submit the following: After having examined the Exposition building we found the lower roof on either •ide of the building to be in very bad repair, and recommend that said portion be le-roofed, and, also, that the down spouts on said portion be enlarged, so as to freely carry off the water therefrom, and thus ayoid damage to the walls, as is now the case. 94 . BOARD OF AORIGULTURB!. We also find that the middle aod the two western towers need re-roofing, being at present in bad condition, and doing continual damage to the building. We further find that the roof of Agricultural Hall is in the same bad condi- tion, and recommend that it be re-roofed. Also, that the roof of the section of horse stalls on the east side of the grounds needs repairs, and recommend that the General Superintendent be authorized to make said necessary repairs. We further recommend the carrying into effect the recommendations of the Superintendent of the Honse Department to remove the old muBic stand. Also, the Huggestions ef the General Superintendent concerning the old boiler house. We also recommend the adoption of the suggestions of the Superintendent of the amphitheater to remove the gate at the west end thereof. Further than this, we find the buildings and grounds in good condition, and that the management and care of the same by the General Superintendent has been entirely satisfactory to your committee. Samuel Hargrovk, Jasper N. Davidson, John Q. A. Sieg, Hezkkiah Steelman, A. G. BiLLMEYER, Ja6. N. Citamberlain, The report was received and concurred in. Mr. IJelson, from the special committee to which was referred the draft of an act prepared by the State Veterinary Associa- tion, for the prevention and suppression of pleuro-pneumonia and other contagious and infectious diseases, reported the following: Your committee, to which was referred the bill proposed to be submitted to the Legislature^ iu relation to the suppression and prevention of pleuro-pneumonia and other infectious diseases common to domestic animals of the equine and bovine Hpecies, have had the same under consideration, and notwithstanding some im- perfections in the bill, your committee has concluded to recommend it as it is, trust- ing to the sound judgment of the legislative committee, to whom it may be submit- ted, to rectify such errors as may appear on a more critical examination than we have been able to give at this time. We certainly regard it as a move in the right direction. Mr. Robe offered the following : Resolved, By the State and Delegate Board of Agriculture of Indiana, That we enter our protest against the order of the French Government of February, 1881> prohibiting the further landing of American salt pork in France, upon the false pretense of sanitary causes, and until a more generous spirit is manifested toward us, we demand, through our Congressmen, a proper retaliation. We ask the co-op- eration of all the agricultural associations of the United States in this demand. PROCEEDINGS. 95 Mr. Lockbart moved the adoption of the resolution. Mr. Johnson moved to amend by erasing the words " we demand through our Congressmen a proper retaliation," and substituting therefor " we ask our Congressmen to adopt such measures as will tend to remove such restriction." J-'resident Mitchell — We can retaliate, but not say retaliate. We can exclude their goods as they do ours. If they exclude our meats, let us prohibit their imports on the same ground that they meet us. However, if the resolution is just as you want it, it is before you. Mr. Robe — It seems to me that there has been soft words enough said already, and we might say just what we mean. I am in favor of the resolution. The amendment was adopted, and the resolution as amended was then adopted. Mr. RatlilF offered the following : Whejeleas, The Indiana State Board of Agriculture is laboring under financial «mbarra88ment, owing to its bonded indebtedne8» ; therefore, Beaolcedf That a committee of five be appointed by the President to lay the matter before the General Assembly, by memorial and otherwise, to the end that re- lief may be afforded and the debt liquidated. Mr, Ratliff — I think when we present these facts to the Leg- islature they will have some value. We have an assessment on nine hundred and seventy millions of dollars, and perhaps two- thirds of the personal property is that of the agricultural pop- ulation of the State. These are not official figures, but it is near that. Forty thousand dollars will liquidate this debt, and if that amount can be raised we had better not let it stand. It is the duty of the Legislature, as it represents the farming in- terests, and perhaps four-fifths of the wealth of our State. I think if this is set properly before the Legislature we will get the money. This appropriation we are asking for now is to pay interest on the debt. We failed to get this a few years ago, and we have been paying the interest out of profits. This help asked for is to wipe out the debt so we can run it our- selves. If this debt was removed I see nothing in the way for a successful continuation. 96 BOARD OP AGRICULTURB. Mr. Nelson — ^If this debt was removed I think we can do better. We used to do it before this debt was. made, and with the annual appropriation of $1,500 there will be no trouble at all. The resolution was adopted, and President Mitchell named as the committee, his successor, President of the Board, and Messrs. Crim, Heron, Nelson and Davidson. Mr. Enos B. Reed, editor of "The People," read a paper on "The Fish Interests of Indiana," which is published in this volume. On motion of Hendry, the thanks of the Convention were tendered to Mr. Reed, and a request made that the paper be furnished for publication in the annual report. Dr. Jno. N. Hurty, analytical chemist, read a paper on "Food and the Adulteration of some Articles of Diet/' which will be found in this volume. On motion of Mr. Davidson, the thanks of the convention were expressed to Dr. Hurty for his highly interesting paper. Miss. Lulu A. Davidson, of Montgomery county, read a paper on "Farmers' Recreation and Amusements," which will be found elsewhere in this report. A rising vote of thanks was heartily given to Miss Davidson for her essay, on motion of Mr. Seward. Mr. Johnson moved to request a copy of the address for pub- lication in the Indiana Farmer, deeming its subject matter of such value as to justify a widespread circulation. Mr.' Seward objected for selfish reasons, believing that such live matter was just the thing to prevent the appellation of "musty" to our agricultural reports, and he desired that it should make its first appearance there. The motion of Mr. Johnson was not agreed to. Mr. I. N. Cotton read an essay on Fish Culture, its profits, etc. This paper will be found elsewhere, and, together with the discussions that followed, will be found interesting to those in pursuit of knowledge on this subject. Mr. Seward, from the Committee on Finance, made report: PROCEEDINGS. 97 Toar Committee on Finance,' to whom was referred the accounts of the Secre- tary and Treasurer, would report that we have examined the same, and have care- fully compared the vouchers and rc^ceipts on file with the books, and find them all correct. W. B. Seward, Jno. M. Graham, Dick Jones, Gerard Reiter, Will Cumback, Committee, On motion of Mr. Dungan, the convention then adjourned. MEETING OP THE STATE BOARD— (Old Board.) 2 o'clock p. m. Agreeably with call of the President the Board met, President Mitchell in the chair^ and all the members present. On motion, the reading of the minutes of the morning ses- sion of the Delegate Board was dispensed with. On motion of Mr. Seward, the Board adjourned sine die. The President called a meeting of the new Board instanter. ORGANIZATION OP THE NEW BOARD. New Board met. On call of the roll the following members responded to their names : Messrs. Mitchell, Hargrove, Sieg, Seward, Greer, Jones, Peed, Dungan, LaTourette, Davidson, Graham, Boggs, RatliflF, Custer, Banks and Lockhart, being a full Board. On motion, Mr. Sieg was called to the chair. 7 — ^Agriculture. 98 ^ BOARD OF AGRICULTURB. Mr. Seward moved that the Board now proceed to the elec- tion of officers, which was agreed to. On motion of Mr. Dungan, the election was held by ballot without nominations, and resulted as follows: President K. M. Lockhart, Waterloo, Dekalb county. Vice-President Dick Jones, Columbus, Bartholomew county. Secretary • • • Alex. Heron, Indianapolis, Marion county. Treasurer Sylvester Johnson, Irvington, Marion county. General Superintendent . Fielding Beeler, Indianapolis, Marion county. On motion of Mr. Seward, it was agreed that the ballot for Executive Committeemen be in the same manner as for the above officers, and that the four persons receiving the highest vote be declared elected. The following members were thus chosen Executive Com- mittee : Messrs. Davidson, Mitchell, Dungan and Seward. On motion of Mr. Jones, Mr. Mitchell was appointed to con- duct the newly elected President to the chair. President Lockhart addressed the Board in a few appropri- ate remarks, and thanked them for the honor conferred. On motion of Mr. Ratliff", the committee appointed to memo- rialize the Legislature in relation to the bonded indebtedness of the Board, be authorized to also take charge of the matter of the appropriation of $10,000 asked of the Legislature to aid in the State's exhibit at the World's industrial exhibition at New Orleans. On motion of Mr. Seward the time for the next meeting of the Board was fixed lor February 10, 1885. On motion of Mr. Mitchell, the Secretary was authorized to pay the annual dues of $10.00, to the Liternational Association of Fairs and Expositions — headquarters at St. Louis, Mo. On motion of Mr. Jones, all unfinished business was referred to the February meeting. Mr. Seward moved that the salaries of officers for the ensu- ing year be the same as for 1884. Adopted. The Board then adjourned. mDIANA STATE FAIR FBEHIUM AWABDS, 1884. HORSES. J. N. DAVIDSON, BUPBBIKTENDENT. BOOK 1— Heavy Draft (Where State is not given Indiana is implied.) FRENCH DRAFT. Stallion, 4 years and over, Dillon Bros., Normal, 111 $40 Second, J. G. Graham, Bichland, Rush county 20 StallionB, 3 years old and under 4, Dillon Bros., Normal, 111 30 Second, Indianapolis Importing and Breeding Stock Company, Indianap- olis • 15 Stallion, 2 years old and under 3, Dillon Bros., Normal, 111 .' . 20 Second, E. D. Morse, Eewana, Fulton county 10 Stallion, 1 year old and under 2, Dillon Bros., ]^lprma], 111 10 Second, Indianapolis Importing and Breeding Percheron Stock Company 6 Mare, 4 years old and over, Dillon Bros., Normal, 111 25 Second, Indianapolis Importing and Breeding Percheron Stock Company 12 Mare, 3 years old and under 4, Dillon Brop., Normal, 111 20 Second, Indianapolis Importing and Breeding Percheron Stock Company 10 Mare, 2 years old and under three, Dillon Bros., Normal, III 15 Second, J. B. Ludlow, Irvington, Marion county 7 Mare, 1 year old and under 2, Dillon Bros 10 Second, Indianapolis Importing and Breeding Percheron Stock Company 5 « >« *" 100 BOARD. OP AGRICULTURB. BOOK II— Clydesdale and English Draft, Stallion, 4 years old and over, Henry L. Hernly, New Gaflile $40 Second, Clark Hosiel, Greensboro, Henry county 20 Stallion, 3 years old and under 4, Door Prairie Association, Door Prairie, Laporte county 30 Second, E. H. & Wm. Peed, New Castle 15 Stallion, 2 years old and under 3, Door Prairie Association, Door Prairie, Laporte county 20 Stallion, 1 year old and under 2, Door Prairie Association, Door Prairie, Laporte county 10 Mare, 4 years old and over. Door Prairie Association, Door Prairie, Laporte county 25 Second, J. B. Ayers, Danvers, McLain county. Ill . 12 Mare, .3 years old and under 4, £. H. & Wm. Peed, New Castle 20 Second, Door Prairie Association, Door Prairie, Laporte county .... 10 Mare, 2 years old and under 3, Door Prairie Association, Door Prairie, La- porte county 15 Mare, 1 year old and under 2, David Fisher, Goodrich, Ontario, Canada. . . 10 Second, David Fisher, Goodrich, Ontario, Canada 5 Sucking filley — first premium, E. H. <& Wm. Peed, New Castle 8 Second, Door Prairie Association, Door Prairie, Laporte county • 4 BOOK Ill—Heavy Draft Grade Horses. Stallionfi, 4 years old and over, Dillon Bros., Normal, 111 $30 Second, David Firiher, Goodrich, Ontario county, Canada ....... 15 Stallion, 3 years old aiiti under 4, W. F. Christian & Son, Indianapolis ... 20 Second, Diivid Fisher, Goodrich, Ontario county, Canada 10 Stallion, 2 years old and under 3, David Fisher, Goodrich, Ontario county, Canada 15 Second, David Fisher, Goodrich, Ontario county, Canada. 7 Stallion, 1 year old and under 2, Abram Smitli, Goodrich, Huron county, Canada 10 Second, Charles A. Berry, New Castle 5 Stallion, sucking colt, R. S. Miles, Baleigh, Rush county .8 Second, Ji. S. Miles, Raleigh, Rush county 4 Mare, 4 years old and over, R. S. Miles, Raleigh, Rush county 20 Second, J. B. Ayers, Danvers, McLean county, 111 10 Mare, 3 years old and under 4, R. S. Miles, Ruleigh, Rush county 15 Second, E. H. & Wm. Peed, New Cattle 7 Mare, 2 years old and under 3, E. H. & Wm. Peed, New Castle 12 Second, J. W. S. Graves, Carmel, Hamilton county 6 Marc, 1 year old and under 2, David Fisher, Goodrich, Ontario county, Canada. 10 Second, E. H. & W. Peed, New Castle 5 PBEKIUM AWARDS. 101 Sacking filley, R 8. Milefl, Raleigh, Rash county $8 Second, R. 6. Miles, Raleigh, Rush county 4 Gelding, 4 yean old and over, Francis Oary, Carmel, Hamilton county ... 12 Gelding, 3 years old and under 4, Albert Jeffries, Westfield, Hamilton county. 10 Second, Albert Jeffries, Westfield, Hamilton county 6 Heavy draft team, J. B. Ayers, Danvers, McLean county, 111 20 Second, A. L. Johnson, Muncie, Delaware county 10 BOOK IV— General Purpose, Stallion, 4 years old and over, Hyatt Bros., Knightstown $40 Second, Lindley Gilbert, Dublin 20 Stallion, 3 years old and under 4, Thomas Levi, Noblesville 30 Second, Joseph R. Williams, Martinsville ' , 15 Stallion, 2 years old and under 3, Hyatt Bros., Knightstown 20 Second, Pleasant Almond, Plainfield 10 Stallion, 1 year old and under 2, J. T. Gray, Star P. O., Rush county .... 10 Second, Door Prairie Association, Door Prairie, Laporte county 5 Stallion, sucking colt, Door Prairie Association, Door Prairie, Laporte county. 8 Second, S. S. Granger, Fisher Station, Hamilton county 4 Mare, 4 years old and over. Pleasant Almond, Plainfield 25 Second, S. S. Granger, Fisher Station, Hamilton county 12 Mare, 3 years old and under 4, Door Prairie Association, Door Prairie, La- porte county 20 Second, W. P. Swaim, Bel Imore 10 Mare, 2 years old and under 3, Sandusky & Stearns, Fairmount, 111 15 Second, Hyatt Bros., Knightstown 7 Mare, 1 year old and under 2, Jas. M. Prichard, Jolietville 10 Second, Door Prairie Association, Door Prairie, Laporte county 5 Sacking filley, L. H. M. Brown, Indianapolis 8 Second, W. P. Swaim, Bellmore 4 Gelding, 4 years old and over, Levi & Munter, Indianapolis 25 Second, Lee Forts, Knightstown 12 Gelding, 3 years old and under 4, H. Jackson, Mooresville 10 Second, Allen Jackson, Plainfield 5 Gelding, 2 years old and under 3, J. T. Gray, Star P. O., Rush county .... 8 Second, Hyatt Bros., Knightstown 4 Pair geldings or mare, John A. Bridgeland, City 20 Second, W. D. Wiles, City 10 BOOK V— Light Harness, Stallion, 4 years old and over, James Hasleton, Logansport $30 Second, S. 6. Granger, Fisher Station 15 Stallion, 3 years old and under 4, S. S. Granger, Fisher Station 25 Second, Geo. W. Scott, Haughsville, Marlon county 12 102 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. Btallion, 2 years old and under 3, D. L, Thomas, Rusfarille .' $14 Second, Thomas Beeves, Columbus 7 Mare, 4 years old and over, Thomas Levi, Noblesville 15 Second, Hyatt Bros., Knightstown 7 Mare, 3 years old and under 4, D. W. Searight, Shelbyville 14 Second, Plesant Almond, Plainfield 7 Mare, 2 years old and under 3, D. L, Thomas, Rushville 7 Second, C. A. Berry, New Castle 5 Geldings, 4 years old and over, C. L. Clancy, Edinburg 15 Second, Buford & Keeney, Danville 7 Gelding, 3 years old and under 4, G. C. Bailey, Andersonvllle 14 Second, J. H. Steiner, Indianapolis 7 Gelding, 2 years old and under 3, Geo. W. Scott, Haughsville 7 Second, D. L. Thomas, Rushville 3^ Stallion, gelding or mare, any age, John W. Fort, Indianapolis Id- Second, J. H. Steiner, Indianapolis 7 BOOK VI— Sweepstakes on Horses. Stallion of any age, draft, Dillon Bros., Normal, 111 $50 Stallions of any age, except heavy draft, Thomas Levi, Noblesville. 50 Stallion showing 3 best sucking colts of his get, R. S. Miles, Raleigh, Rush county 40* Mare of any age, draft. Door Prarie Association, Oakwood, Laporte county . 30 Mare of any age, except heavy draft, Sandusky & Stearns, Fairmount, 111 . . 30 Brood mare with sucking colt at foot. Door Prairie Association, Oakwood, La- porte county 40 Herd of 5, consisting of 1 stallion and 4 mares, heavy draft, to be owned by one exhibitor, Dillon Bros., Normal, 111 100 Second, J. B* Ayers, Dan vers, McLean county, 111 50 Herd of 5, consisting of 1 stallion and 4 mares, except heavy draft, owned by one exhibitor, Hyatt Bros., Knightstown 100 Second, Samuel S. Granger, Fisher Station 50 BOOK VII— Jacks. Jack, 3 years old and over, J. T. Gray, Star postofBce, Rush county $20 Second, J. R. Hernley, New Castle 10 Mule, 4 years old and over J. M. Perry, Columbus 12 Second, Perry Tully, Plainfield 6 Mule, 3 years old and under 4, Levi «& Munter, Indianapolis 10 Second, Jas. M. Prichard, Jolietville 5- Mule, 2 years old and under 3, J. M. Perry, Columbus 8 Mule, 1 year old and under 2, Thos. Levi, Noblesville *. 7 Mule colt, Wm. P. Swaim, Bellmore 6 Second, Wm. P. Swaim, Bellmore S Pair mules, 3 year old and over, J. M. Perry, Columbus 20 Second, Owen Lindley, Paoli, Ind 10 *»* iWi ■ I I PREMIUM AWARDS. BOOK VIII- -Sweepstakes on Jacks and Jennets. J. R Hemley, New Castle ." $20 Jack showing 3 best colts under 1 jear of age, W. P. Swaim, Bellmore ... 20 BOOK IX—Speed List. THRBE-YEAR-OU) TROT — PUBSE, $150. B. F. Buford, Danville 80 Second, T. C. Sheppard, Brookville 50 Third, David Searight, Shelbyville 20 2:37 PACE— PURSE, $150. E. D. Morse, Chicago, 111 80 2:37 TROT— PURSE, $200. Arnold Hanes, Paris, 111 100 Second, John McGannon, RockvlUe 75 Third, Samuel Antrobus, Greensburg 25 THREE-MINUTE TROT— PURSE, $200. U. J. Hammond, Indianapolis 100 Second, Frank Armstrong, Indianapolis 75 Third, W. A. Jones, Terre Haute 25 RUNNING RACE — ONE MILE AND REPEAT — FOUR YEARS OLD AND OVER — PUR.SE, $150. Mrs. Jennie St. Clair, Indianapolis 80 Second, Greenville Wilson, Waldron . . 50 Third, Thomas Levi, Noblesville 20 FREE-FOB- ALL PACE— PURSE, $150. Ben. Davis, Indianapolis 75 Second, K D. Morse -50 Third, Geo. Cutainger 25 2:30 TROT— PURSE, $250. J. R Brumfield, Terre Haute 125 Second, W. A. Jones, Terre Haute 75 Third, D. W. French, Crawfordsville 50 STALLION TROT— PURSE, $120. Samuel Antrobus, Greensburg 60 Second, John McGannon, Bockville 40 Third, none. BOARD OF AORICtrLTCKB. FRBE-FOR-ALL TROT — FDB8E, {136. AbinhHQTnes,LUton, Ohio $S» Second, W. J. Hammond, Indianspolis 3S Third, BeO' Davie, Indianapolis 2t irOHSOUTIOK FTIBSE OF S60 FOR Aid. RONNBHS THAT HAVE KOT WON DI PRB- W. A, Cos, Brightwood SIS 6S Second, Thomas Levi, Noblesville 10 Sfi Thin), a. Wilson, Shelbyville 16 U O. B. STUART, BtrpBRrNTKNDBKT. BOOK X— Short Honu. Bull, '.i vear- old and 0»er, C. C. Walker, New Madieon, Darke county, Ohio . tM Si^oond, Thoe. Wilhoit, Uiddietown, Henry county IS Bull, 2 years old and under 3, Eira Swain, Noblesville 25 ^coTid, Harvey Sandusky, Indianapolis IX liull, 1 yenr old and under 2, Thomas Wilhoit, Middleloirn 29 f?(v..ii,l. Thomaa Wilhort, Middletown 10 Hull i>:ilf, l:..he« Miller, West Liberty, Iowa 10 St'toii'l. Thomas Wilhoit, Middletown 5 Cow. :i yi.'ir.H old andover.Robert Miller, West Liberly,Iowa. 30 iSccunii, Harvey Sandusky, Indianapolis '. IS Cow, 2 yearn old and under 3, Thomas Wilhoit, Middlelown 2S Secoin!, Robert Miller, West Liberty, Iowa 12 npil<-r, 1 Mirold andunder2, Thomas Wilhoit, Middletowu. 20 Si'iLil. ilnrvey Sandusky, Indianapolis 10 Mclfdi ill 1 1 nrvey Sandusky, Indianapolis . .- 10 Siiri!,! Uobert Miller, West Liberty, lowo S BOOK XI—Berffordt. l!ulK 2 yLLirs old and under 3, Indianapolis Blooded Stock Co O IS'::imi], Indiauapolis Blooded Suwk Co ' 13 Itiillri. I yi^iir old and under 2, Indianapolis Blooded Stock Co 20 Scoond, Indianapolis Blooded Stock Co It PREMIUM AWARDS. 105 Bull calf, IndianapoliB Blooded Stock Co $ld Second, Indianapolis Blooded Stock Go 5 Cow, 3 yean old and over, Indianapolis Blooded Stock Co 30 Second, Indianapolis Blooded Stock Co 15 Cow, 2 years old and under 3, Indianapolis Blooded Stock Co 25 Second, Indianapolis Blooded Stock Co, 12 Heifer, 1 year old and under 2, Indianapolis Blooded Stock Co 20 Second, Indianapolis Blooded Stock Co 10 Heifer calf, Indianapolis Blooded Stock Co 10 Second, Indianapolis Blooded Stock Co 6 BOOK XII- All PoUed Breeds, Bull, 3 yean old and over, Anderson & Findley, Lake Forest, 111 $30 Second, Indiana Blooded Stock Co., Indianapolis 15 Ball, 2 years old and under 3, Indiana Blooded Stock Co., Indianapolis ... 25 Second, Anderson <& Findley, Lake Forest, 111 12 Bull, 1 year old and under 2, Indiana Blooded Stock Co., Indianapolis' ... 20 Second, Anderson & Findley, Lake Forest, III 10 Bull calf, Indiana Blooded Stock Co., Indianapolis 10 Second, Indiana Blooded Stock Co., Indianapolis 5 Gow, 3 years old and over, Indiana Blooded Stock Co., Indianapolis., . ... 30 Second, Anderson & Findley, Lake Forest, 111 15 Cow, 2 years old and under 3, Anderson & Findley, Lake Forest, 111 25 Second, Indiana Blooded Stock Co., Indianapolis 12 Heifor, 1 year old and under 2, Anderson & Findley, Lake Forest, 111 ... . 20 Second, Anderson & Findley, Lake Forest, 111 10 Heifer calf, Anderson & Findley, Lake Forest, 111 10 Second, Indiana Blooded Stock Co., Indianapolis 6 BOOK XIII— Jeneye. Bull, 3 years old and over, Peter Baab, Indianapolis $30 Second, W. A. Ketcham, Indianapolis 15 Bull, 2 years old and under 3, W. £. Higgins, Meltzer, Marion county .... 25 Second, O. W. Mathews, Irviugton 12 Bull, 1 year old and under 2, W. A. Ketcham, Indianapolis 20 Second, Garretson Bros., Pendleton 10 Bull calf, W. A. Ketcham, Indianapolis 10 Cow, 3 years old and over, Garretson Bros., Pendleton 30 Second, Garretson Bros., Pendleton 15 Gow, 2 years old and under 3, W. E. Higgins, Meltzer, Marion county ... 25 Seco&d, W. A. Ketcham, Indianapolis 12 Heifer, 1 year old and under 2, W. J. Hasselman, Indianapolis 20 Second, Garretson Bros., Pendleton 10 Heifer calf, W. R Higgins, Meltzer, Marion county 10 6eoond, Peter Raab, Indianapolis • 5 106 BOARD OF AGRICULTCRE. BOOK XlV~-Denmt. Bnll, 3 7eara old aod over, Irving Yorh, Cuatown, Ohio 930 Second, Whilmore & Younger, CRGslown, Ohio 15 Butt, 2 jean: old nnd under 8, W. B. Higginx, Meltzer 25 Second, Irving York, Brock, Oiiio 12 Bull, 1 yenr old »n(i under 2, J.J. ScarffA Son, New Carliele, Ohio 20 Second, Whilmore & Younger, Castflown, Ohio 10 Bull calf, Whitroorc A Ydunger, Canatown, Ohio ■. 10 Second, Whitmore A Younger, Canatown, Ohio & Cow, 3 yearn old and over, Whltroore & Younger, Cawtown, Ohio 30 Second, J, J. ScarffASon, New Carlisle, Ohio 15 Covf, 2 years old and under 3, Whilmore & Younger Casstown, Ohio 2a Socond, Irvin York, Brock, Ohio 12 Heiter, 1 jear old and under 2, J.J. 8carir& Son, New Carlisle, Ohio . ... 20 Secnnd, Whitmore & Younger, Casslown, Oliio 10 Heifer calf, Whitmore & Younger, CaaHtovn, Ohio 10 Second, Irving York, Brock, Ohio S BOOK XV—Ap-Mra. Bull, 3 yeare old and over, Wm. Fairweather, Erie, Peon '..... $30 Bull, 2 yenru old and under 3, Wm. Fairweather, Erie, Penn 26 Bull, 1 year old and under 2, Wm. Fairweather, Erie, Penn 20 Cow, 3 years old and over, Wm. Fairweather, Krie, Penn 30 Second, Wm. Fairweather, Erie, Penn 16 Cow, 2 years old and under 3, Wm. Fairweather, Erie, Peon 26 Heifer, 1 year old and under 2, Wm. Fairweather, Erie, Penn 20 Second, Wm. Fuirweatlier, Erie, Penn 10 Heifer Calf, Wm. Fairweather, Erie, Penn .,...,. 10 BOOK XVI-HoUleina. Bull, 3 years old and over, W. 0. Jackson, South Bend $30 Second,J. W. Siilwell ACo.,Troy,Ohi« 15 Bull, 2 years old and under 3, W. O. Jackson, South Bend 25 Bull, lyearold and uuderS, J. W. Slilwcll, Troy, Ohio 20 Butlcalf, J. W. Stilwelt, Troy, Ohio 10 Second, W. O. Jacknon, South Brnd 5 Cow, 3 years old and over, J. W. Stilwell, Troy, Ohio 30 Second, J. W.Slilwell, Troy, Ohio 15 Cow, 2 yearn old and under 3, W. O. Jackson, South Bend 25 Second, J. W.Slilwell, Troy, Ohio 12 Heifer, 1 year old and under 2, J. W.Slilwell, Troy, Ohio 20 Second, J. W. Stilwell, Troy, Ohio 10 Heitereaif, J. W.Slilwell, Troy, Ohio 10 Second, W. O, Jackson, South Bend 6 -I /'if PRBMIUM AWARDS. 107 BOOK XVIJ. SWEKP8TAKES — BBBF BREEDS OF CATTLE. > Ball of any age or breed, Thomas Wilhoit, Middletown $40 Cow, any age or breed, Indiana Blooded Stock Company, Indianapolis .... 30 SWEEPSTAKES — MILK BREEDS OF CATTLE. Bnll, any age or breed, W. O. Jackson, South Bend 40 Cow, any age or breed, Garretson Bros., Pendleton 80 HERDS— BREEDS OF BEEF CATTLE. Herd of 5 head, consisting of 1 bull 2 years old and over, 1 cow 3 years old and over, 1 heifer 2 years old and under 3, 1 heifer 1 year old and under 2, 1 heifer calf under 1 year old, Thomas Wilhoit, Middletown 300 Second, Thomas Wilhoit, Middletown 100 UERDS — BREEDS OF BEEF CATTLE. Best young herd of beef cattle, to consist of 1 bull and 4 heifers, all under 2 years of age, Thomas Wilhoit^ Middletown 100 Second, Indiana Blooded Stock Company, Indianapolis 60 BOOK XVIII. MILK CATTLE — JERSEYS AND AYRSHIRE8. Herd, consisting of 1 bull 2 years old and over, 1 cow 3 years old and over, 1 heifer 1 year old and under 2, heifer calf 1 year old, W. E. Higgins, Meltzer $200 Second, Wm. Fairweather, Erie, Pa 75 HOLBTEINS AND DEVON8 Herd, consisting of 1 bull 2 years old and over, 1 cow 3 years old and over, 1 heifer 2 years old and under, 1 heifer 1 year old and under 2, heifer calf 1 year old, J. W.StilwellA Co., Troy, Ohio 200 Second, W. O. Jackson, South Bend 75 V I / ' 108 BOARD OP AGRIGULTURB. SHEEP. T. W. W. 8UNMAN, SUPERINTENDENT. BOOK XIX— Fine Wool Sheep, to include Ameriean, Spaniah and French Merinos, Buck, 2 years old and over, E. Campbell, Pittsiield, Ohio $14 Second, Cook & Morse, Kaymond, Ohio 7 Buck, 1 year old and under 2, Taylor Bros., Waynesville, 111 10 Second, Taylor Bros., Waynesville, 111 6 Buck lamb, £. Campbell, Pittfifield, Ohio 8 Second, E. Campbell, Pittsfield, Ohio 4 Ewe, 2 years old and oyer, CkyohA Morse, Raymond, Union county, O. . . . 13 Second, Taylor Bros., Waynesville, 111 6 Ewe, 1 year old and under 2, C. M. Fellows, Manchester, Mich 8 Second, C. M. Fellows, Manchester, Mich 4 Ewe lamb. Cook <& Morse, Baymond, Union county, Ohio 8 Second, Taylor Bros., Waynesville, III 3 Five lambs. Cook & Morse, Raymond. Union county, Ohio 10 Second, Taylor Bros., Waynesville, 111 6 BOOK XX — Long Wool Sheepy Cotswcldsy Leicester or Lincolns, Buck, 2 years old and over, W. D. Privett, Greensburg $14 Second, T. Morgan, Camargo, 111 7 Buck, 1 year old and under 2, W. T. Woodford & Son, Paris, Ky 10 Second, W. D. Privett, Greensburg . 5 Buck lamb, W. T. Woodford & Son, Paris, Bourbon county, Ky 8 Second, W. D. Privett, Greensburg. 4 Ewe, 2 years old and over, W. T. Woodford & Son, Paris, Ky 12 Second, W. D. Privett, Greensburg 8 Ewe, 1 year old and under 2, W. T. Woodford & Son, Paris, Ky 8 Second, W. T. Woodford & Son, Paris, Bourbon county, Ky 4 Ewe lamb, J. A. Heavenridge, Liberty 8 Second, W. T. Woodford & Son, Paris, Bourbon county, Ky 3 Five lambs, J. A. Heavenridge, Liberty 10 Second, W. T. Woodford & Son, Paris, Ky 8 PRBMIUM AWARDS. 109 BOOK XXI—Southdounu, Buck, 2 yean old and over, J. Q. Bjers & Sod, SimpsonviJle, K7 $14 Seoond, Frank Wilson, Jackeon, Jacknon county^ Mich 7 Back, 1 year old and under 2, J. G. Bjers & Son, Simpsonnlle, Ky 10 Second, J. G. Byers Si Son, Simpflonville, Ky 5 Back lamb, Uriah Privett, Greensburg, Decatar county 8 Second, Uriah Privett, Greensburg, Decatur county 4 Ewe, 2 years old and over, J. G. Byers Si Son, Simpeenyille, Ey 12 Second, Uriah Privett, Greensburg 6 Ewe, 1 year old and under 2, J. G. Byers A Son, Simpsonville, Ey 8 Second, J. G. Byers A Son, Simpsonville, Ey 4 Ewe lamb, Uriah Privett, Greensburg 6 Second, J. G. Byers A Son, Simpsonville, Ey 3 Five lames, Uriah Privett, Greensburg, Decatur county 10 Second, J. G. Byers & Son, Simpsonville, Ey 5 BOOK XXII—OxfordskireSy Shrvpthirei and HampshircB. Buck, 2 years old and over, E. S. Butler, Bidgeway, Ohio $14 Second, F. C. Galdsbrough, Easton, Talbot county, Md 7 Buck, 1 year old and under 8, F. C. Galdsbrough, Easton, Talbot county, Md. 10 Second, Thompson & Privett, Greensburg 6 Buck lamb, Thompson & Privett, Greensburg 8 Second, Thompson Si Privett, Greensburg 4 Ewe, 2 years old and over, Thompson A Privett, Greensburg 12 Second, Allen & Son, Archie, Vertnillion county. 111 6 Ewe, 1 year old and under 2, T. F. QaldHbrough, Easton, Talbot county, Md . 8 Second, Thompson & Privett, Greensburg 4 Ewe lamb, Thompson & Privett, Greensburg 6 Second, Allen & Son, Archie, Vermillion county, 111 3 Five lambs, Thompson & Privett, Greensburg 10 Second, Allen & Son, Archie, Vermillion county. 111 5 BOOK XXIlI-Swwpiiakes on Fine Wool Sheep. Buck, Cook A Morse, Raymond, Union county, Ohio $20 Ewe, any age, E. Campbell, Pittsfield, Ohio 20 Flock, consisting of 1 buck and 2 ewes, 2 years old and under 3 ; 2 ewes, 1 year old and under 2, and 2 ewes under 1 year old, Cook & Morse, Raymond, Ohio 30 Second, R Campbell, Pittsfield, Ohio 15 1X0 BOARD OF AQRIOULTURB. BOOK XXIV—Sweepstaketh-Long Wool. Buck, W.T.. Woodford & Son, Paris, Bourbon county, Kj $20 Ewe, of any age, W. T. Woodford & Son, Paris, Bourbon county, Ky . . . . 20 Flock, consisting of 1 buck and 2 ewes, 2 year.* old and under 3; 2 ewes, 1 year old and under 2, and 2 ewes under 1 year old, W. T. Woodford & Son, Paris, Bourbon county, Ky 80 Second, W D. Privett, Greensburg 16 BOOK XXVSweepslakea'-MiddU Wool, Buck, E. a Butler, Ridgeway, Ohio $20 Ewe, any age, Thompson & Privett, Grcensbarg 20 Flock, consisting of 1 buck and 2 ewes, 2 years old and under 3 ; 2 ewes, 1 year old and under 2, and 2 ewes under 1 year old, Thompson & Privett, Greensburg 30 Second, Allen & Son, Archie, Vermillion county, 111 16 HOGS. W. A. BANKS, SUPBRINTBKDBNT. BOOK XXVI—Berhihires. Boar, 2 years old and over, D. W. Todd, Urbana, Ohio $14 Second, Heck & McGolley, Waldron 7 Boar, 1 year old and under 2, Alex. M. Til ford, Bel Air, Md 12 Second, W. A. Maze, Sharpsville 6 Boar, under 12 and over 6 months old, I. N. Barker, Thomtown 10 Second, James Riley, Thomtown 6 Boar, under 6 months old, Heck & McColley, Waldron 6 Second, J. N. Barker, Thorntown 3 Sow, 2 years old and over, Heck & McColley, Waldron 14 Second, D. W. Todd, Urbana, Ohio 7 Sow, 1 year old and under 2, Alex. Til ford, Bel Air, Md 12 Second, John Taylor, Waynesville, III 6 Sow, under 12 and over 6 months old, Alex. M. TUford, Bel Air, Md .... 10 Second, John Taylor, Waynesville, 111 6 Sow, under 6 months old, W. A. Maze, Sharpsville 6 Second, I. ^. Barker, Thomtown 3 PREMIUM AWARDS. Ill Five shoatB, ander 6 months old, I. N. Barker, Thorntown $12 Second, Andrew Martin, Muncie 6 Sow and not less than 5 suckling pigs 12 Second, Heck & McColIey, Waldron 6 Pair pigs, under 5 months old, Heck & McCollej, Waldron 10 Second, James Biley, Thorntown 5 BOOK XX VI I^ Poland China, Boar, 2 years old and over, Davis & Frazier, Mooreland $14 Second, T. M. Reveal, Clermont 7 Boar, 1 year old and under 2, Mngg & Hargrove, Centre 12 Second, Beveal, Brown & Hinshaw, Rural, Randolph county 6 Boar, under 12 and over 6 months old, T. M. Beveal, Clermont 10 Second, Mintz Bros., Mt. Comfort, Hancock county 5 Boar, under 6 months old. Reveal & Clark, Clermont 6 Second, Mugg & Segraves, Centre, Howard county 3 Sow, two years old and over, W. C. Williams & Co., Knightstown 14 Second, Mngg ozen turnip radishes, John Marvel, Royalton 2 Second, DanM Elwanger & Son, Haughsville 1 I>)/.en long radishes, John Marvel, Royalton 2 Second, Daniel Elwanger & Son, Haughsville 1 IMsplay of onions in variety, quality, H. T. Adams, Onward 2 Second, Daniel Elwanger & Son, Haughsville 1 1 118 BOARD OF AORICDLTUBE. BOOK XXXV—Potatoen, Peck White Star, John Marvel, Royalton $2 Second, W. A. Ennis, Clermont 1 Peck Dunmon's Seedling, John Marvel, Boyalton 2 Second, W. A. Ennis, Clermont 1 Peck Early Rose, S, H. Hays, Elizabethtown 2 Second, W. H. Ilartman, Indianapolin 1 Peck Snowflake, H. T. Adams, Onward 2 Second, S. H. Hays, Elizabethtown ' 1 Peck Early Ohio, W. H. Hartman, Indianapolis 2 Second, S. H. Hays, Elizabethtown 1 Peck Shaker Kussets, H. T. Adams, Onward 2 Second, S. H. Hays, Elizabethtown 1 Peck early Vermont, W. H. Hartman, Indianapolis 2 Second, S. H. Hays, Elizabethtown 1 Half bushel sweet potatoes, Charles Shoeneman, Indianapolis 2 Second, Daniel Elwanger & Son, Haughsville 1 Peck early potatoes, any kind, S. H. Hays, Elizabethtown 2 Second, John Marvel, Royalton 1 Peck late potatoes, any kind, H. T. Adams, Onward 2 Second, W. A. Ennis, Clermont 1 Peck Beauty of Hebron, Charles Schoeneman, Indianapolis 2 Second, W. H. Hartman, Indianapolis 1 Peck Blue Victor, W H. Hartman, IndiauapoliK 2 Second, Santford Enni^, Clermont 1 Peck Burbank seedling, Theo. Watson, Indianapolis 2 Second, John Marvel, Royalton 1 Collection Irish potatoes, not less than 6 varietie.*, W. A. Ennis, Clermont . . 6 Second, W. H. Hartman, Indianapolis 2 BOOK XXXVI— Grains and JSe,'(U. Half bushel early Dentfield com, in ear, John Marvel, Uoyalton $5 Second, J. A. Ileavenridge, Liberty, Union oonnty 2 Half bushel yellow corn, in ear, J. W. Apple, Oaklanden 5 Second, James Riley, Thorntown 2 Half bushel white com, in ear, J. A. Heavenridge 5 Second, Geo. Eubank & Bro., Broad Ripple 2 Half bushel com, any color, James Riley, Thorntown 5 Second, George A. Dunn, Lawrence ... 2 Half bushel hominy com, J. Hutchison, Worthington 2 Second, Otha Hays, Elizabethtown 1 Half bushel pop-corn, John Marvel, Royalton 2 Second, W. A. Ennis, Clermont 1 PREMIUM AWARDS. 119 Display and greatest variety of com, all kinds, not less than one-half gallon' of each variety, John Marvel, Boyalton $10 Display and greatest variety of wheat, all kinds, not less tJian one-half gallon of each variety, James Riley, Thorn town, Boone county 10 Half hnshel white wheat, Frank Wilson, Jackson, Mich 5 Second, W. A. Ennis, Clermont, Marion county 2 Half bushel, red wheat, Frank Wilson, Jackson, Mich 6 Second, Poke Walker, Harrison, O 2 Half bnshel Spring wheat, Oliver H. Ennis, Clermont 5 Second, Santford Ennis, Clermont, Marion county 2 Half bushel rye. Poke Walker, Harrison, O 2 Half bushel oats, J. A. Heavenridge, Liberty, Union county 2 Half bushel buckwheat, Frank Wilson, Jackson, Mich 2 Half bushel barley, James Riley, Thomtown, Boone Co 2 Half bushel flax seed, W. A. Ennis, Clermont, Marion county 2 Half bushel millet seed, John Marvel, Royalton . .* 2 Half bushel timothy seed, Frank Wilson, Jackson, Mich 2 Half bushel orchard grass seed, W. A. Ennis, Clermont 2 Half bushel Hungarian gprass seed, W. A. Ennis, Clermont 2 Half bushel Kentucky blue grass seed, John Marvel, Royalton 2 Half bushel English blue grass seed, W. A. Ennis, Clermont 2 Half bushel red-top grass seed, W. A. Enni^, Clermont 2 Half bushel red clover seed, Wm. Sigerson, Winamac, Pulaski county. ... 2 Half bushel English clover seed, Wm. Sigerson & Son, Winemac, Pulaski county 2 Sample 10 pounds broom com, A. S. Huls, Traders' Point 2 Collection of grains and vegetables by any county or local society, Lawrence District Fair Association 25 Second, Pulaski County Society 12 BOOK XXXVIl— Butter, Che&ie and Honey, Five packages creamery butter, not leas than 26 pounds each, A. Jordan, Indi- anapolis $15 Second, Geoige F. Davis & Co., Dyer, Lake county ft Three packages dairy butter, not less than 15 pounds each, A. Jordan, Indian- apolis 10 Second, C. M Coats & Co., Indianapolis 5 Five factory cheese, not less than 30 pounds each, A. Jordan, Indianapolis. . 15 Second, C. M. Coats & Co., Indianapolis ft Three dairy cheese, not less than 20 pounds each, A. Jordan, Indianapolis . . 10 Second, C. M. Coats & Co., Indianapolis & Comb honey in the most marketable shape, not less than 20 pounds, Samuel H. Lane, Whitestown, Boone county 4 Second, Dougherty & McKee, Indianapolis 2 120 BOARD OF AGRIOIJLTUKE. Extracted honey in the moRt marketable shape, not less than 20 pK. R. T. HKOWN, SUPEKINTKNDKNT. FLI-rTCHKR M. NOE, AHS'T SUPERINTENDENT. HOOK XUIl. General collection of fossils, Dr. A. J. Phinney, Muncie $8 Second, Fletcher M. Noe, Indianapolis 4 General collection of minerals, Fletcher M. Xoe, Indianapolis 10 Second, (t. K. Greene, New Albany 5 Collection Mound Builders' < Stone Age I implements, Fletcher M. Noe, In- dianapolis 10 Second, Willie Green, New Albany 5 Collection of stuffed and mounted birds, animals and reptiles, illustrating the natural history of the Slate, Fletcher M. Noe, Indianapolis 20 Second, Ed. Bonge, Cumberland 15 Collection skinned birds and animals, Fletcher M. Noe, Indianapolis . Diploi PREMIUM AWARDS. 125 Collection diumal lepidoptera, Fletcher M. Noe, Indianapolis $5 Second, F. A. BiedenmelBter, Indianapolifl 2 Collection nocturnal lepidoptera, F. A. Biedenmeister, IndianapoliB 5 Second, Fletcher M. Noe, Indianapolis 2 Collection innects, Fletcher M. Noe, Indianapolis 3 Second, Mary Fairfield, Indianapolis 2 Collection botanical specimenB, Nettie M. Duzan, Indianapolis . . Diploma and 6 <'o] lection American woods, not lens than 2.5 varieties, Mary F. Fairfield, In- dianapolis 10 Second, Mrs. ('. Rcjbbins, IndianapoliK 5 <.'ollection coins and medals, Fletcher M. Noe, IndlanapoliK 5 Second, R. D, Robinson, Indianapolis 2 Collection of curiosities, to consist of relics of the late war and of historical interest, Fletcher M. Noe, Indianapolis 5 WOMAN'S DKPARTMP^XT. MRS. A. >I. NOK, SUPERINTENDKNT. HOOK XL/ V— Old huUrs IhpfirhnenL All-wool coverlet, Mrs. Dr. .\bbett, Indianapolis $2 Cotton coverlet, Mff^. Margaret Kennedy, Shelby ville 2 Worsted quilt, Mi-s. C. Morrison, Indianapolis 2 Second, Mrs. Ann Shopp, New C'astle 1 4'alico quit, Mrs. A. M. Kern, Indianapolis 2 Second, Mrs. Nancy Jackson, KnightvStown 1 Kug, Mrs. Woodard, Anderson 2 Second, Mrs. I. T. Brown, Sht4byville 1 Counterpane, knit, Mrs. Nancy Jackwjn, Kni^htstown 2 Second, Mrs. J. A. Lemon, Astoria, 111 1 Pair silk mittens, hand knit, Mrs. II. Gisey, Columbus 2 Pair silk stockings or socks, hand knit, Mrs. (.'. Morrison, Indianapolis ... 2 Pair woolen stockings or socks, hand knit, Mrs. H. Gisey, Columbus 1 Pair cotton stockingii or iocks, hand knit, Mrs. II. (lisey, Columbus 1 Pair linen stockings^ hand knit, Mrs. Margaret Kennedy, Shelby ville .... 1 Hemstitching,. Mr«, Wm. Matthews, Arlington 2 SeooDd,.Mra» Marj^ret Kennedy. Shelbyville 1 iTil .-. V ■ • '•*-..J. ' U- ' 126 BOABD OF AGRICULTURE. ^ A- •"• r<- - =i'*; t ■ •) P&ir worsted mittens, fancj kDitting, Mrs. L. K. Trickett, Edinbnrg $2 Second, Mrs. Johnson, Indianapolis 1 Table cover, crazy patch, Mrs. L. K. Trickett, Edinburg 2 Second, Mrs. E. J. Kemper, Muncie 1 Lace display, hand made, Mrs. H. Gisej, Columbus 3 Second, Mrs. E. ^. BitteuhouHe, Indianapolb 2 Embroidery, display, Mrs. £. J. Kemper, Muncie 2 Second, Mrs. S. Lee, Indianapolis 1 Embroidery, silk specimen, Mrs. Cornelia Ellis, Indianapolis 2 Second, Mrs. E. J. Kemper, Muncie 1 Embroidery, worsted specimen, Mrs. E. J. Kemper, Muncie 2 Second, Mrs. H. Gisey, Columbus 1 Fancy articles, display, Mrs. Tillie Shera, Indianapolis 2 Second, Mrs. I. T. Brown, Shelbyville 1 Collection of household relics, Mrs. James Blake, Sr., Indianapolis S Second, Mrs. S. K. Uoshour, Indianapolis 2 BOOK XL V^KniUing and Crochet Work. Infant's knit or crochet shirt, Mrs. E. B. Kirk, Shelbyville $1 Infant's knit or crochet sock<«, Miss Jennie Swift, Connersviile 1 Pair silk mittens, hand knit, Mrs. P. D. Stagg, Greensburg 2 Pair silk stockings, hand knit, Mrs. P. D. Stagg, Greensburg 2 Knit or crochet shawl, Mrs. Ella Wills, Lebanon 2 Knit or crochet hood, Mrs. E. B. Kirk, Shelbyville 1 Thread crochet baby cap, Miss Mollie Howe, Princeton 1 Knit or crochet fascinator, Miss Jennie Swift, Connersviile 1 Crochet child's sacque, Mrs. E. B. Kirk, Shelbyville 1 Crochet cotton tidy, Miss Helen Johnson, South Bend 1 Afghan, Mrs. Emma Shellaberger, Indianapolis ' 3 Second, Mrs. S. A. Edwards, Cicero 2 Afghsn, infant's, Mrs. P. D. Stags, Greensburg 2 Second, Mrs. S. Groves, Anderson 1 Display fancy knitting, Clara Dexss, Haughsville 1 Display crochet buttons, Mrs. M. F. Owens, Indianapolis 2 Counterpane, crochet, Mrs. M. Posz, Shelbyville 1 BOOK XLVI'-Laee Work. Point lace, display, Miss B. C. Alexander, Paris, 111 $5 Second, Mrs. Dr. Day, Shelbyville ft Point lace, specimen, Hattie Hopkins, Columbus 3 Second, Miss Mollie Gall, Indianapolis 2 Darning on net, specimen, Miss Annie DeCamp, Shelbyville 2 Second, Miss Ida James, Indianapolis 1 a % PREMIUM AWARDS. 127 Applique lace, specimen, MIfs R. C. Alexander, Paris, 111 $2 Second^ Mrs. M. Posz, Shelbyville 1 Crochet lace, display, Mrs. Lena Becker, Indianapolis 2 Knit lace, display, Mrs. Hattie Hopkins, Columbus 2 Tatting, display, Mrs. P. D. Stagg. Greensburg 2 Netted guipure lace, display. Miss Mollie Howe, Princeton 2 "Macreme lace, display, Susie Martin, Indianapolis 2 Second, Mrs. E. B. Kirk, Shelbyville 1 Featheredge, specimen, Mrs. Ella Wills, Lebanon 2 BOOK XL VIl— Embroidery, • Embroidery, with linen floss, Mrs. M. Posz, ShelbyTille $2 Embroidery, cotton display, Mrs. A. A. Condit, Mnncie 2 Embroidery, silk, child's dress, Mrs. C. B. Muchmore, Shelbyville 2 Embroidery, cotton, child's dress, Mrs. J. H. Taylor, Indianapolis 2 Embroidery, napkin set, Mrs. J. Cambern, Kushville 2 Embroidery, bed set, Mrs. Dr. Stewart, Anderson 2 Embroidery, handkerchief, Mrs. P. D. Stagg, Greensburg 1 Embroidery, silk, specimen, Mrs. Stewart, Anderson 2 Second, Mrs. J. Cambern, Ruhhville 1 Embroidery, silk skirt, Miss Eudora Trickett, Edinburg 2 Embroidery, silk, infant's shawl, Mrs. Lizzie Cannon, Indianapolis 2 Second, Miss Jennie Swift, Conuersville 1 Embroidery, skirt, worsted, Mrs. S. Grove, Anderson 2 Embroidery, table cover, Mrs. James Swart, Indianapolis 3 Second, Miss Jennie Swift, Conuersville ^ 2 Embroidery, ottoman cover. Miss R. C. Alexander, Paris, 111 2 Second, Mrs. Ella Wills, Lebanon • 1 Embroidery, chair cover, Mrs. Ell a Wills, Lebanon 2 Embroidery, sofa cushion, Mrs. M. Popz, Shelbyville 2 Second, Mr^. T. E. Griffith, Indianapolis 1 Embroidery, toilet cushion, Mrs. M. Po'sz, Shelbville 2 Second, Mrs. T. E. Griffith, Indianapolis 1 Embroidery, slippers, made up. Miss Jennie Swift, Connersville 2 Embroidery, infant's cloak, Mrs. A. Clark, Indianapolis 2 Embroidery, applique, white spec., Mrs. C. B. Muchmore, Shelbyville .... 1 Embroidery applique, colored specimen, Mrs. P. D. Slagg, Shelbyville .... 2 Second, Miss Mollie Landers, Indianapolis 1 Embroidery outline, display, Mrs. E. B. Kirk, Shelbyville 2 Embroidery, Kensington, specimen, Mrs. J. B. Parker, Indianapolis 3 Second, Miss Mary Kariden, Indianapolis 2 Embroidery, tapestry, display, Mrs. Van Riper, Evansville 3 Second, Mrs. C. B. Muchmore, Shelbyville 2 Embroidery, tapestry, specimen, Mrs. M. Posz, Shelbyville 2 .V / 128 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. Embroidery, art in colore, diBplay, Miss Anna M. Snively, Indianapolis . Diploma Embroidery, art in colors, specimen, Misfl Anna Snively, Indianapolis ... $3 Second, Mrs. A. G. Selman, Indianapolis 2 Embroidery, chenille, Miss Kate Sims, Columbus S Seeond, Mrs. M. E. Greenstreet, Indianapolis 2 Embroidery, araseue, specimen, Miss Fredona .Allen, Indianapolis 3 Second, Miss Eudora Trickett, Edinbnrg 2 Embroidery, ribbon, specimen, Mrs. T. E. Griffith, Indianapolis S Second, Mrs. Henry Cilley, Indianapolis 2 Embroidery, rickrack work, display, Mrs. C. B. Muchmore, Shelby ville ... 1 Embroidery, firescreen, Mrs. A. B. Gates, Indianapolis 3 Second, Mrs. A. M. Robertson, Indianapolis 2 BOOK XLVIILSewing—MMhine and Hand. Machine work, 3 articles, Mrs. W. J. Crisler, (Sreensburg $2 Machine work, shirt, Mrs. Ella Wills, Lebanon 1 Dress, worsted or silk, Mrs. M. J. Fitch, Indianapolis Diploma and 5 Second, Mrs. S. (irove, Anderson 3 Ladies' business suit, Mrs. M. J. Fitch, Indianapolis Diploma and 5 (ienU^ cloth coat, Mra. Emma Ross, Indianapolis -; 5 Pair pants, Mrs. E. M. Homer, Knightstown 2 Vest, Mrs. Emma Ross, Indianapolis 1 Boy's suit, Mrs. E. M. Homer, Knightstown 2 Quilt, white, hand sewing, Mrs. Ella Wills, Lebanon 2 (^uilt. velvet, Mrs. T. E. (iriffith, Indianapolis 2 (^uilt, silk, needle^'ork, Miss Vogle, Shelbyville 3 vSecond. Mrs. O. B. (Jilkey, Indianapolis 2 Buttonholes, display on different materials, Mrs. Ella Wills, Lebanon .... 2 Second, Mrs. W. J. Crisler, Greensburg 1 Hemstitching, specimen, Mrs. W. J. Crisler, Greensburg 2 Drawn work, Mrs. S. Groves, Anderson 2 Infant's wardrobe, most sensible and neat, Mrs. .1. E. Cobb, Indianapolis. . . 5 Pillow shams, Mrs. Lizzie Stout, Indianapolis 2 PREMIUM AWARDS. 129 MISCELLANEOUS. HOOK XLJX. Wax flowers, Mrs. L P. Smock, ADdenon $2 Second, Mrs. C. Morrison, Indianapolis 1 Wax fruit, Susie E. Martin, Indianapolis 2 Wax work, ornamental, Mrs. Klla X^prman, Indianapolis 2 Second, Susie E. Martin, Indianapolis . . . .* 1 Handkerchief box. Miss Kat€ Sims, Columbus 2 Second, Miss .Jennie Swilt, (bnnersville 1 Glove box, Mrs. Allen Sammons, Indianapolis ] Sea moss collection, Mrs. P. E. Tyner, Greenfield 2 Skeleton leaves and fern>, Mrs. A. Lloyd, Indianapolis 2 Fish scale ornaments, Mrs. E. M. Homer, Knightstown 1 Feather work on cloth, Mrs. .\. A. Cond it, Muncie 1 Toilet cushion, not embroidered, Miss Jennie Swift, Connersville 2 Second, Mrs. F. H. Robinson, Crawfordsville 1 Sofa cushion, uot embroidered, Mrs. Ida Brandenberger, Indianapolis .... 2 Second, Mrs. E. B. Kirk, Shelbyville 1 Lamp mats, fancy, Mrs. Lizzie Maples, New Castle I • Toilet mats, Mrs, T. E. GriflSth, Indianapolis 1 Picture tapestry work, .Janet M. Monroe, Indianapolis 2 Chair stripes, Mrs. Jennie Parr, Crawfordsville 2 Lamberquin, window or mantel, Miss Susie Todd, Indianapolis 2 Tidy, not crochet, Mrs. P\ H. Robinson, Crawfordsville 2 Second, Mrs. T. L. Griffis, Connersville I Mineral collection, named, Alice E. Fairfield, Indianapolis > Butterflies, collection, named, Mary F. Fairfield, Indianapolis ■> Stuffed birds, collection, named, Miss Luvinia Winscott, Cuml)erland, Marion county 8 Second, Mrs. Jessie M. Hrayton, Indianapolis 3 Upholstery work, chair, Mrs. A. M* Xoe, Jndianapolis 8 Laundried shirt, collar and cuffs, by a woman not in employ of a laundry, Mrs. W. A. Ford, Indianapolis 1 Exhibit in silk culture. Miss Neata Wilson, Rnsseilville 3 Second, Mrs. C. Robbins, Indianapolis 2 Kindergarten work, Mrs. E. A. Blaker, Indianapolis Diploma Ten yards rag carpet. Miss Mary Custer, Indianai)olis 2 Rug, Mrs. Rose Ramsey, Indianapolis 2 Second, Mrs. M. R. Robertson, Indianapolis 1 Fur rugs, Mrs. A. M. Noe, Indianapolis 3 Crazy patchwork, Mrs. T. Ij, Downard, Indianapolis 1 9 — AoRicui/ru RE. BOARD OF AGRICULTURK. BOOK L—Dry Goods, MiUinery, Etc. Display hair goods and work, Miss M: Phelan, Indianapolis Diploma Wig, made by exhibitor, Miss M. Phelan, Indianapolis Diploma BOOK LI— Decorative Art Work. y "■ V ' Carved wood work, display, Mrs. Wm. Matthews, Arlington $3 Alto relievo work in clay, display, Miss Sue Ketcham, Indianapolis 3 Etching on cloth, display, Miss Mary Rariden, Indianapolis 1 Modeling in clay, display, Mrs. A. £. Ferry, Indianapolis 5 Second, Miss Sue Ketcham, Indianapolis 3 Pottery painting limoges, display, Miss Moilie Landers, Indianapolis .... 3 Second, Misis Sue Ketcham, Indianapolis 2 Pottery painting limoges, specimen, Mrs. A. E. Ferry, Indianapolis 2 Pottery painting, bisque, display, Miss Sue Ketcham, Indianapolis 3 Pottery painting, bisque, specimen, Mrs. A. E. Ferry, Indianapolis 2 Painting on china, display. Miss MoUie Landers, Indianapolis 5 Second, Mrs. A. E. Ferry, Indianapolis . . 3 Painting on china, specimen. Miss Sue Ketcham, Indianapolis 2 Etching on china, display, Mirts Sue KeU ham, Indianapolis 3 Painting on tiles, water, display, Miss Sue Ketcham, Indianapolis 5 Second, Mrs. C. J. Colgan, Indianapolis 3 Painting on wood, display, Miss Mary Robinson, Indianapolis 5 Second, Miss Sophia Dithmer, Indianapolis 3 Painting on wood, specimen. Miss Mary Robinson, Indianapolis 2 Painting on silk or satin, display, Miss Mary Rariden, Indianapolis 5 Second, Miss Lizzie Waldo, Indianapolis 3 Painting on silk or satin, specimen, Miss Libbie Murray, Indianapolis. ... 2 Painting on velvet, colored, display, Mrs. A. R. Thompson, Indianapolis. . . 3 Painting on velvet, colored, specimen. Miss Mary R. Heron, Indianapolis . . 2 Painting on velvet, white, display, Mrs. A. R. Thompsou, Indianapolis ... 3 Paintiuc: on velvet, Kensington, di(^)lay. Miss Sue Ketcham, Indianapolis . . 2 Painted fan. Miss Bertha E. Clauson, Indianapolis 2 Painted toilet set, Miss Mary R. Heron, Indianapolis 2 Second, Mrs. A. R. Thompson, Indianapolis 1 Painted fancy cards, display, Mrs. Chas. Railsback, Indianapolis 3 Second, Miss Mary Robinson, Indianapolis 2 Painted fire screen, Mies Mary Robinson, Indianapolis 3 Second, 5^rs. A. E. Ferry, Indianapolis 2 Original design for decoration, in oil, Miss Mary Robinson, Indianapolis. . . 3 Second, Miss Retta Matthews, Arlington 2 Original design for decoration, in water colors, Mias Retta Matthews, Arlington 3 Second, Mrs. C. B. Ingraham, Indianapolis 2 PREMIUM AWARDS. 131 Pencil drawings, original display, Mise Mary Eobinson, Indianapolis .... $3 Second, Miss Mary Rariden, Indianapolis 2 Painting 'in pair panels, water colorf<, Mrs. 8. A. Leet, Indianapolis 3 Painting in pair panels, oil, Miss Mary Robinson, Indianapolis 3 . Second, Miss Martha Gerstner, Indianapolis 2 BOOK LII—Art W(yrk. Amateur. Crayon drawings, display, Miss A. M. Wiles, Indianapolis $3 Pastel le painting, display, Miss Edith Fountain, Indianapolis 3 Second, Mrs. Mary R. Heron, Indianapolis 2 Painted plaque, display, Miss B. M Jameson, Indianapolis 3 Second, Miss Mary R. Heron, Indianapolis 2 Flowed painting, in oil, display. Miss Cora B. Campbell, Danville 3 Second, Miss MoUie Landers, Indianapolis % Flower painting, water colors, display. Miss Lizzie Waldo, Indianapolis ... 3 Fruit painting in oil, Miss Cora B. Campbell, Danville 3 Second, Miss Mary R. Heron. Indianapolis 2 Landscapes in oil, display, Mit-s Mollie Landers, Indianapolis 7 Second, Mrs, H. S. Tucker, Indianapolis 3 Landscape in oil, specimen, Miss Mary R. Heron, Indianapolis 3 Portraits in oil, specimen, Mrs. H. S. Tucker, Indianapolis 5 Second, Mif^s Mary Redmond, Indianapolis 3 Sketch from nature in oil, Miss Cora B. Campbell, Danville 3 Second, Miss Cora B. Campbell, Danville 2 BOOK LIII—Ari Work, Prqfeaaumal. Portraits in oil, display, Mrs. C. B. Ingraham, Indianapolis $10 Portraits in oil, specimen, Mrs. A, E. Ferry, Indianapolis 6 Landscapes in oil, display, Miss Sue Ketcham, Indianapolis 8 Landscapes in oil, specimen. Miss Sue Ketcham 3 Fruit painting in oil, specimen, Miss Sue Ketcham, Indianapolis 3 Flower painting in oil, display, Miss Sue Ketcham, Indianapolis 5 Second, Miss Retta Matthews, Arlington 3 Flower painting in oil, specimen, Miss Retta Matthews, Arlington 2 Flower painting, water colors. Miss Sue Ketcham, Indianapolis 5 Second, Mrs. S. A. Leet, Indianapolis 3 Flower painting, water colors, specimen. Miss Matthews, Arlington 2 Study from life, in oil, Miss R. Matthews, Arlington 5 Second, Mrs. A. K Ferry, Indianapolis 3 Study from life, water colors, Mrs. A. E. Ferry, Indianapolis 5 Second, Misj Mollie Landers, Indianapolis 3 Paetelle painting, specimen, Mrs. J. L. Fletcher, Indianapolis 3 Second, Mrs. A. R. Thompson, Indianapolis 2 ■V .-' 'I m m^ ^ > >• ■Si i« ' -^ ■ -s^' .•■.■■ ■ r»i '«, :v \ !i-^ ; 4* ♦^ 182 BOARD UF AORICFLTITRK. Plaques, display, Miss R. Matthews, Arlio^oii $.'5 Second, Mrs. A. E. Ferry, Indianapolis 2 Plaqae alabaster, Mrs. S. A. l^eet, Indianapolis 2 Oayon drawinjg, specimen, Miss Matthews, Arlington 3 Second, Mrs. A. E. Ferry, Indianapolis 2 Drawings from the antique specimen, Miss Retta Matthews, Arlington ... 2 if;-, ' ^^^ . K HOOK UV—Tnhk LumntH. Butter, 5 pounds, Mrs. M. B. Danley, Indiana{>olis §3 Second, Mrs. Harriet Stanton, Greenwood 2 Honey in comb, o pounds, in most marketable shape, Mrs. Tiizzie Stout, Indi- anapolis .'i Second, Mrs. W. A. Ford, Indianapolis 2 ^oney extracted, 5 pounds, in most marketable shape, Mrs. Samuel H. Lane, Whitcstown 8 Second, Mrs. Lizzie Stout, Indianapolis 2 Bread, loaf, wheat, yeast, Miss May Johnson, Indianapolis 2 Second, Mrs. E. Brandenburger, Indianapolis 1 Bread, wheat, salt rising, Mrs. Dr. Swain, Indianapolis . . . 2 Second, Mrs. M. B. Danley, Indianapoli.s 1 (iraham bread, yeast, Mrs. M. B. Danley, ludianapolis 2 Second, Mrs. Dr. Swain, Indianapolis 1 (rrahum bread, salt rising, Mrs. Dr. Swr^iu, Indianapolis 2 Second, Mrs. M. H. Danley, Indianapolis . .' 1 Fig cake, Mi-s. Wm. Mid«llesworth, Indianspolis 2 Layer cake, jelly, Mrs. H. B. Waybright, (rreensburg 1 Layer cake, cocoanut, Mrs. S. (irovo, Anderson 1 Pound cake, Mrs. S. (irove, Anderson 2 Second, Mrs. Darling, North In«Hana|)olis 1 Fruit cuke, Mrs. S. Grove, Anderson • • • ^ Second, Mrs. A. Pickle, OakUuidon 2 Chocolate cake. Miss Mary L. Fox, Indianapolis 3 Second, Mrs. II. L. Tliompson, Indianapolis 2 Crullers, Mrs. A. M. Noe, Indianapolis 1 Jellies, collection, Mrs. K. Speer, Greensburj; 3 Second, Mrs. M.J. Flick, Lawrence 2 Preserves, c<*llection, not less than 1 pint eacli, Mrs. E. Speer, Greensburg . . 6 Sc*con«l, Mrs. A. G. Selman, Indianapolis 3 Fruit butters, collection, not less than 1 pint eacli, -Mrs. E. SiH»cr, (ireensburg . 3 Second, Mrs. .M. .1. Flick, Lawrence 2 Pickles, railed, Mrs. A. Sammons. Indianapolis 1 €*ickles, cucAUuber, Mrs. A. M. Noe, Indianapolis 1 Canned.frnit, collection, not less than I pint each, Mrs. S Kail, ludianapiilis ■ 5 Second, Mrs* V,. Speer. Gret-n^burg 3 F"--. * • PREMIUM AWARDB. 133 Maple molasHea, half gallon, Mrs. M. L. Marvel, Royalton $1 Maple Bugar, five pounds, Mrs. W. A. Ford, Indianapolis 1 Tomato catsup, not less than 1 pint, Mrs. Dr. Minich, Indianapolis 1 BOOK LV—AgricuUural, etc. Largest display aiid variety of grain, Mrs. M. B. Danley, Indianapolis . . ■ $o Largest display and variety of vegetables, Mrs. M. J. Flick, Lawrence .... 8 Second, Mrs. M. B. Danley, Indianapolis 4 Largest display and variety of fruit, Mrs. M. J. Flick, Lawrence 8 Second, Mrs. M B. Danley, Indianapolis 4 BOOK LVI—ChiMrt,M' Department. Loaf wheat bread, yeast, L. Weaver, Indianapolis $2 Second, G. Cobnrn, Indianapolis .• 1 Pound cake, OUle Irwin, Indianapolis 2 Second, Gertie Darling, North Indianapolis 1 Fancy cake, Cora Bugbee, Indianapolis .' 2 Second, M. Fry, Indianapolis 1 Jellies, collection, Edith T. Beck, Indianapolis 2 Pickles, mixed, Mertie Walters, Indianapolis 1 Patchwork, plain, Nellie Price, Indianapolis 1 Patchwork, fancy, Pearl Mnchmore, Shelbyville 1 Handsewing, garment, Anna Posz, Shelbyville 1 Darning on old garment, Mary Kirk, Shelbyville 1 Buttonholes, display, different materials, Mertie Walters, Indianapolifl ... 2 Second, M. Ford, Indianapolis 1 Embroidery, cotton, Nellie Howe, Princeton 2 Second, Anna Posz, Shelbyville 1 Embroidery, darning on net, Lillie Homer, Knightstown 1 Embroidery, worsted specimen, Mary Kirk, Shelbyville 2 Second, Anna Posz, Shelbyville 1 Embroidery, ailk specimen, Anna Posz, Shelbyville 2 Second, Pearl Mnchmore, Shelbvville 1 Crochet work, display. Pearl Muchmore, Shelbyville 2 Second, Nellie Contant, Crawfordsville 1 Pair knit stockings, Louie Hughel, Anderson 1 Pair knit mittens, Louie Hughel, Anderson 1 Knit-lace display. Pearl Muchmore, Shelbyville 1 Doll's wardrobe. Pearl Muchmore, Shelbyville 1 Tidy, G. Coburn, Indianapolis 2 Second, Lillie Sammons, Indianapolis 1 Pin-cushion, Henry Brandt, Indi^inapol is 1 Toilet set, Pearl Muchmore, Shelbyville 2 Second, .Anna Posz, Shelbyville I 184 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. Painting, on silk or satin, display, Mary Kirk, Shelbjville Painting, on wood, display, Mary Ingraham, Indianapolis. Second, Maud Pierson, Indianapolis Painted plaques, display, Maud Pierson, Indianapolis . Second, Lillie Weaver, Indianaf*olis Pencil drawing, original, Ida B. Martin, Indianapolis . Second, Mary Ingraham, Indianapolis .... Pencil drawing, copy, L. Waldo, Indianapolis . . . Fret sawing, display, Eddie Homer, Knighstown . Fret sawing, specimen, Eddie Homer, Knightstown Carved wood- work, display, Eddie Homer, Knightstown Second, Henry Dithmer, Indianapolis Woods, collection, named, Walter S. liollins, Indianapolis Shells, collection, named, Harry F. Thompson, Indianapolis Minerals, collection, named, Harry F. Thompson , Indianapolis Butterflies, collection, named, Joseph Goldstein, Indianapolis Second, Asa Bloomer, Indianapolis Insects, collection, named, Garvin L. Payne, Indianapolis Moths, collection, named, Joseph Goldstein, Indianapolis Collection of Stamps, Clarence £. Coffin, Indianapolis . . Collection of curiosities, Walter S. Kobbins, Indianapolis Collection of old coins, Harry F. Thompson, Indianapolis 12 2 1 2 1 2 1 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 3 2 1 2 1 1 2 REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON SPECIAL KBITS 07 MCLES E8TEBED Dl BOOK A, AHD Exhibited at the Indiana State Fair for 1884. ON WHICH NO PREMIUMS WERE OFFERED, Detached Portable Engine, by Q, H, Zscheck & Vinton Iran Works, Indianapolis, fnd. This is an 8 jzlO eD^ine, runniDg at high speed ; is very simple and compact in construction, and of excellent workmanship. It has a novel form of bed in which the material is unusually well distributed to give strength and steadiness to the engine without itself being very heavy. The boiler is of the usual locomotive style, and of first-class material and workmanship. The engine is so connected to the skids as to occupy very little space on the ground, and be conveniently han- dled. It was successfully driving one of their pony saw mills. Portable Engine, by Springfield Engine and Thresher Oo., Springfield, Ohio, This Company exhibit a ten-horse power engine, which they claim has some points of excellence over others, the more prominent being that it is lighter, and conse- quently easier to get about over the country. They also claim that it works steam with superior economy, requiring less to do a given amount of work, and thereby saves fuel. The engine is supplied with the usual pump, worked from the cross- head, and also with an independent steam pump of simple construction, which is reliable in its action, and furnishes ample means of keeping up a supply of water, whether the engine is running or not. All joints are scraped and ground, so that no packing, is needed, and all parts are made interchangeable, so that any part that may be needed to replace a broken or worn out piece may be had from the Bhop that will fit and work properly without sending the engine or any part of it there. The material and workmanship are good, and it is well mounted on truck with wood wheels. .>■■. • •«• s « \ 136 BOAKD OF AGRICULTURE. / Seini-poi'table Eiufine, by Deeriny . This engine differs from others in general use mainly in the construc- tion of the boiler, which has a fire-l>ox and a large, direct Hue, 20 to 22 inches in diameter, through the lower part of the cylindrical part of the boiler, and the up- per part is filled with 2J-inch return Hues. It is claimed ^that this arrangement gives better steaming capacity to the boiler, making it easier to raise and maintain a head of steam, and adapts it to the use of all kinds of fuel, either coal, wood or straw. It is supported on a good truck, the rear axle extending around under the fire-box. The engine is a good one in all respects, and is furnished with an inde- pendent steam pump, which may be worked by hand when necessary. Traction Engine^ Peerlea^j by Geiser Manufacturing Company, Wayiiesbortmgh, Pa.; A, C. Hamilton, Agent, Indianapolij<. This engine is stylish and attractive in ap- pearance, and has some peculiarities worthy of special notice. The boiler is of the usual locomotive style, with open bottom fire-box ; but a notable feature in it is that it has an attachment to the crown-sheet that retains a quantity of water that can not run off of it in going down grades. This is regarded as a very important addition, as any exposure of fire surface not covered with water is at least very in- jurious, if not immediately dangerous. The engine is gotten up in the best style of workmanship, with all parts made interchangeable. Among noticeable points are that the cylinder, with one head, and the steam chest, are cast in one piece, leaving only two joints to make* There is also a new device for reversing, using only one eccentric. The driving wheels are very large, giving a large surface in contact with the ground; and, as it is intended to be used also for plowing, two additions to the wheels are provided which are readily attached or detached that make, when attached, a very wide faced wheel, adapted to pulling heavy loads oa ■^^ X -is» •^■- SPECIAL MERITS OF EXHIBITS. 137 ^t ground. Spur gearing is used in the compensating gear instead of bevel, as isi nsaal. A gang of plows intended to be operated by this engine was detained on > the road, and were not receive<1 in time to l)e exhibited. FoHabh' Encfimf by ^icA/>/x, iShepard d' Co., Battle Creek, Mich.; W. S. McMiUtn, Manngei\ Indianapolh. This engine has a locomotive boiler, with water front and bottom to fire-box, and extra lieavy flue sheets, and all made of the best quality of iron, with firstc-Iass workmanship. Copper thimbles are used at the flue ends in the fire-box, which, with the extra thickness of sheet, it is claimed, reduces their liability to leak to a minimum, and, consequently, avoids the deterioration that takes place so rapidly from corrosion on leaky surfaces. The ertgine is well con- structed of the best material, and is placed on the side of the boiler, on a good bed, in a convenient position for handling and caring for. It has a good pump, worked from the cross-head, and is provided with all necessary fittings of the best quality. Kriplml Engine, by Rice, Whilane <{' (>/., Vhwago, III. This is a new style of ver- tical engine, very simple in construction, and has few part to look after and keep in order. The cylinder is supported on trunnions, on which it vibrates. The piston- rod is connected directly to the crank, without the intervention of cross-head or connecting rod, and has no eccentric or rod. The admission and exhaust of steam is effected by the vibration of the cylinder by means of a valve which is connected to lower end of cylinder, which has a curved convex face, which is a segment of a circle concentric with tlie trunnions, and has openings, or ports, through it that (communicate with either end of the cylinder. A sort of steam -chest has a concave face, and makes a joint with the valve, and is held up to its place against it by isprings, and has a pipe, or opening, through it for admission of steam, whil6 an annular opening around the steam pipe allows the pa.ssage of exhaust steam. In operation, the rotation of the crank vibrates the valve on the end of the cylinder until, at thp proper time, a port is over the steam pipe, or opening, and steam is admitte<1 to one end of the cylinder, at the same time bringing tlie port of the other ond over the exhaust opening, which movement is alternated between the two sides of the i>ist()n-head as the crank rotates. Trariioii. Enjiiw, bit the Blrdmll (^mnpcLny, Auburn, X. Y., C\ E. MerrijitMi, Agent, Imlwnaiiolli. This engine differs from others in many i-espect**. The first to arrest Attention is the driving wheels, which are large, and made almost entirely ol wrought iron, being very strong and light; and a distinctive feature, not found in any other, is that there aiv openings through the tii-e, or face, which, it is claimed, enables it to hold better in slippery mud, wet grass or weeds, without extra attnch- ment. The entire weight of the boiler i** sui)ported on springs, which break the force of shocks received in going over rough places. The engine is well gotte^i up, and is placetl at the extreme forward end of the boiler, and has two steam pipes, one taking steam from the forward end, the other from the dome, enabling it to get dry steam from one or the other, with water fresh in the boiler, going either up or down hills. By a simple arrangement of a single eccentric a reliable revesBe movement is secured, avoiding the wear and complications of the link. The whole rig is well designed, is of good material and workmanship, and as light as is con- sistent with the rough, hard service required of it. v • -v. V». \ J t t * H / 188 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. Tr(jjdi(m Efigine, by NiehoUf Shepard & Co,j W, S, McMiUen^ Agent, Indianapolis. This engine is handsome in its design and finish, and has many points of merit in its arrangement. The boiler is supported on six ppiral springs, two on either side and two under the fire-box, and is made of only two sheets of iron, double riveted. The crown sheet is about four inches lower at the back end, over the fire door, than over the fiues, and has a fusible plug at the highest point. This slope of the crown sheet gives so great a' depth ot the water at the back end that it will not be likely to become bare of water in going down any reasonable grade. The flue sheet is half inch thick, and copper thimbles are used at flue ends. It has water front and bottom, and both pump and injector are furnished for supplying water. The engine is a first-class one in all respects, and uses the Hoag reverse pinion move- ment. It is furnished with all necessary fixtures, conveniently placed for use. The stack has an improved bonnet that guards very efllectually against danger from fire. Portable Engine, by Springfield Engine and Thresher Company, Springfield, Ohio. This is a good engine in all its appointments. It is mounted on a frame, and is not supported by the boiler, as is usual. The driving wheels are entirely of wrought iron, except the hub, and are so connected to the axle that one or both may be fastened to it, and all turn together, as in a locomotive, or either or both may be detached, and used as a portable. The forward wheels are pushed by the frame from the rear and not by the boiler. Steel springs are used in the compen- sating gear, which allows them to yield a little when the wheel strikes an obstruc- tion or has unusual strain from any cause, lessening the danger of breaking the gearing. The link motion is used for reversing the engine, which has all its parts conveniently arranged for handling or being cared for in running. Traction Engine, by M, &J. Rumely, Laporle, Ind. In this engine great care is taken to secure the best material and workmanship. The boiler is made of a su- perior quality of iron, with a very large dome from which steam is taken through a dry pipe, which secures dry steam under all ordinary circumstances. It has water front and bottom, and large flues, through which a better draft is secured than through smaller ones. The engine is placed well back to give weight over the driving wheels. Uses the link for reversing, with an extra long phosphor-bronze block, thus securing the best possible wearing properties in this kind of reversing rig. Uses the usual cross-head pump for supplying water. The driving wheels are large, and are driven by a straight train of gearing, with the usual compen- sating gear on counter shaft. The front wheels have an elevated ring or ridge around thd center to prevent lateral slipping. A good spark arrester guards against fire. It is conveniently handled by the engineer, whether at regular work or running on the road. As geared it will travel al)out four miles an hoar. J}raclion Engine, by Eagle Machine Worh, Indianapolis, This company have one of their traction engines on exhibition, which is a well-made, light, and yet sub- stantial machine, well adapted to the work it is intended to do. The boiler is well made otthe best quality of iron, with water front and bottom, and is hand-riveted. The engine is mounted high on the boiler, getting the band-wheel well up out of SPECIAL MERITS OF EXHIBITS. 139 the way of the front wheels. It has a novel arrangement for reversing, which is efiected by means of a spiral feather in the main shaft over which the eccentric slips and is revolved by it sufficiently for the purpose. It is easily operated. Water is supplied by the usual arrangement of pump under the cylinder. The wheels are all iron, the driving wheels having an internal spur wheel attached to lugs from their rims, by which they are driven. Has compensating gear. TrcuUion Engine^ by JSorthwestem Manufacturing and Car Vo.y StUltvatery Minn., J, B. Parker, Agent, Indianapolis. This engine is of the same style as their portable in all respects, except in having traction attachments. The boiler has a fire-box with water bottom and cast iron front, which may be removed to facilitate repairs in the fire-box, when needed. It is claimed that the large direct flue and smaller re- turn flues gives this boiler the heft steaming capacity with any fuel, and enables it to burn straw advantageously, which otiiers can not do at all. The engine is well constructed, and is difierent in some of its arrangements from others, the most noticeable being the friction clutch, or pulley, by means of which the engine may be instantly connected or disconnected from the traction wheels, enabling the engine to get under headway after being stopped in a difficult place, and thus enable it to move its load, which it might not be able to do otherwise. One of these friction pulleys carries a sprocket chain which drives a counter shaft carry- ing the compensating gear, and pinions that engage in spur wheels that are fast on traction wheels. There is also a novel arrangement of the eccentric for reversing, that is claimed to efiect all that can be accomplished with the link in a very simple manner, and is not afiected by wear as is the link. Traction Engine, by Frick & Co., WaynesborOy Pa. This engine is so well gotten up in all respects as to arrest the attention of the most casual observer. The boiler is well made of good material^ with waterfront and bottom, and has a large heating surface for the work it is intended to do. The main frame of the engine consists of two wrought iron sills, which extend from the front axle back of rear end far enough to support engineer's platform and water-tank. They are not rigidly con- nected to the boiler, though the rear end is supported from them by a wrought band passing around under the fire-box. The engine frame is also supported at the back end by these sills on vertical plates, which are riveted to them, while the forward end rests on the boiler, but is not rigidly connected to it. By the ar- rangement of these sills and engine frame, all strains from unequal expansion and contraction of boiler and other parts are avoided. Uses the link reverse on en- gine, and has an elastic compensating gear in its propelling gearing that serves a valuable purpose in breaking the force of shocks from sudden starting, striking obstructions or other cause. Traction Engine, by Qaar, Scott & Co., Richmond, Ind. This establishment ex- hibits one of their traction engines, in which the design, material and workman- ship are excellent. The boiler has the water front and bottom, and is well made of the best iron. The truck wheels are all iron, the drivers having an internal gear wheel, by which they are driven, attached to their rims, relieving the spokes of any strain. A spiral groove or corrugation in the roller on which the guiding chains ,*• > \ 140 BOARD OF AGRICULTT'KE. wind causes them to always wind alike, saving time in taking up slack in guiding, and holding it steadily in its course. The engine is comjiact and convenient, and is claimed to work with the greatest economy, and to devolpe unusual power in the field or on the road, being ample to go with its train through plowed fields or rough roads wherever desired. It is also claimed that it will go down any ordinary hill with safety to tlie crown sheet if water is carried flush. For reversing, the r^ular locomotive link motion«is used. Traction Engine , fry Robinson <{' Co., Richmond^ Ivd. This tirni exhibits their traction engine, which has many points of merit. Among these mny be noticed that it is very readily put out of gear, so as to be moved as a portable by horses when necessary. The boiler is supported on springs over the rear axle, *whicli break the force of shocks that are .so destructive to heavy machines paasing over rough places. The regular locomotive link is used for reversing, and the two eccentrics are cast together, so that when one is right the other must be. The arm of the rock-shaft is one and a half inches above the center of the shaft when the valve is on half stroke, by which arrangement it is claimed there is much less wear of parts, as the engine is always run in one direction in doing regular work. The general arrangement makes it very convenient to handle, and the material and workmanship are superior. Model of fjocomotire Engine^ by D, A. lieynoldsj Waveiund, hhd. This is a model made of wood by the exhibiter, who is a young farmer, and not a trained me- chanic, which is a very fair representation of a locomotive engine and tender- llie work was done with a very limited supply of tools, and gives evidence of good natural abilities a$ a mechanic, and shows the direction or bent of his mind. The work is highly creditable to him. (J, A. /j»ch^ch d' Vo.y and Vinton Iron Worka, Indian(ii*oli'■ >rr^ « t 142 BOARD OF AGRICULTURB. a piston head just as steam does in the steam engine. After it has made a stroke or plunge one way, a valve allows the water to exhaust, or rather leaves it free to return to the tank whence it came, and admits it on the other side for the return stroke. The plunger that forces out the clay is connected to and is in line with the piston, so that the pressure is directly in the line of motion, there being no lateral wear or pressure. A quick return of the plunger, after it has made a plunge, is produced by adding a piece around the piston that is equivalent to in- creasing its size to three-fourths the area of the cylinder, consequently only one- fourth as much water is required to fill that end of the cylinder, and the return stroke is therefore made in one-fourth the time required for the plunge. The tank is conveniently located at the side of the pug mill, and by a cock or valve in the pipe connecting it with the pumps, the speed of the mill can be regulated to any speed, from one plunge in three minutes to four or five in one minute. The stroke of the plunge is readily adjusted to anything under twenty inches. In the pug mill the shaft carrying the tempering blades is hung in a long bearing only at the top end, and goes no further down than the bottom of the pug mill, which is left entirely open for the free passage of the clay into the pressure box. The pug mill runs much faster than the plunger, and their relative speeds may be so regulated that any clay will be properly tempered before it gets into the pressure box- Another important attachment is a safety valve connected with water pipe that will raise before a breaking strain is reached from any cause. They also exhibit the Potts^ Geared Brick and Tile Mill. In this the pug mill is the same as the hydraulic. In working the plunger, power is transmitted by gearing to a shaft carrying a large eccentric, with a wide face, that has twenty inches throw ; and a rod from the eccentric strap is connected^to and drives the plunger. On thie eccentric shaft is a pair of 52-inch vertical spur wheels, one on either side of eccentric, and a pin that has a little play passes through both wheels, near their rims and the eccentric, and serves as an evener to equalize the strain between the two wheels. The band wheel shaft connects to shaft carrying the gearing that drives the eccentric shaft by a clutch coupling, and may be thrown out of gear and the pug mill run alone to temper a mill full to begin on, or to stop it if obstructions get in. All the gearing and bearings about this mill are up out of the dirt, in a convenient position for oiling, none of it being under the clay. They also have a Tile Table on exhibition. This is an endless belt, made in sections the length of a tile, with adjustable sides that may be moved out or in, to suit any sized tile, and are held in place by thumb screws. This belt runs over triangular pulleys, the axle of the one next the mill being supported by springs that bring the holder up to the tile at once, so as not to mar them. At the de- livery end the triangle sets the tile on end for removing. A very convenient way is provided for raising or lowering the table to the proper height to receive any sized tile. Disintegrator for Tile MUh, by Clayton and AU>ert PottSj Indianapolis. This is a new machine for preparing clay to be tempered in a brick and tile machine, and consiflta of a cast cylinder made in two-inch sections with steel cleats cast in their SPECIAL MERITS OF EXHIBITS. 143 faces that break up the clay perfectly and alco any stones that may be in it against an apron that vibrates to and from the cylinder. The vibrating apron is worked by a friction pulley. There is no gearing and no noise. Improved Tiffany ISle Machine, by N. Brewer & Co., Tecumaehy Mich. This is an "auger'' mill with a vertical pug mill, which is clain^ed to have some important points of excellence; a prominent one being that it tempers the clay in a superior manner. The clay in passing through the pug mill is cut up and worked by the knives in the usual way, when it is received by the auger that forces it out through the dies, which, it is claimed, gives it a double working. This is important, as good work can not be made of poorly tempered clay. Another claim is, that in this kind of mill no budge or bracket is needed, for attaching a core piece to, for forming the inside of the tiles, which necessarily splits the stream of clay, and where clays do not unite or ^'weld" readily defective work is often done. This machine produced beautiful work, is well and strongly made, and seems capable of standing any reasonable strain. Quaker Brick Machine, by Fletcher & Thomasy Indianapolis. This machine was on exhibition, but not having seen it at work, and being unable, after repeated calls to get any information about it, can say nothing about it, except that it seems to be a mud and sand machine, and in this respect differs from all others on exhi- bition. They also had their new Spiral Pug Mill in connection with brick ma- chine, but could get no information about it, except the certificates of a number of persons who recommend it as doing its work perfectly, dispensing with soak pits, and two or three hands that are required with the usual arrangements. The Force Feed Brick and Tile Machine, by the WaJUace Manufacturing Company Frankfort, Ind. In this machine a double screw feed is used, one over the other . the upper one is cleared of its clay by an automatic scraper connected to a piston which is operated by a crank, and forces the clay into the lower screw, making a positive forced feed. The core piece, for forming the inside of the tile, is on the end of the lower screw and revolves with it. They also exhibit their Tile Table, which is an endless belt, with rollers length- ways on either side of each section, with a belt around each pair that allows the tiles to revolve without twisting them out of shape. A.lso their Clay Crusher and Sttme Separator. This consists of a pair of chilled iron rollers running together, that have spiral grooves, or ribs, pitched either way from the center, like right and left hand screws, that works any stones that may be in the clay along the roller until it is discharged over the end, while the clay is crashed in passing through between the rollers. Brick and Tile Machine, by J. W, Penfield, WUloughby, Ohio. This is one of their No. 7 machines, which is a very strong, well-made machine, well calculated to stand the strains incident to this business. A four-inch steel shaft, that has four bearings, carries the knives in the pug mill, the cam that moves the plunger, and the wheel that drives them. The cam is used to drive the plunger, as it may be made to give a regular and uniform motion to it, and operates against steel fric- 'Vf^^V^rr^ .J' ■ ' ' . t ^ ^ , * 'wi *t c » - ; - ■// ir ^- - ' ' X' • 144 BOARD OF AORICl'LTl/RE. "* , - tion rollers in both forward and back movement. The cores for tile are self-center- ing, or doweled, and are placed well back, to give the split in the stream good room for thoroughly uniting. An improved table or carriage, in which the lags are cov- ered with wadding, overlaid with flannel, is claimed to be the best yet produced. GeiUenniul Brick and Tile Markitu\ bif Freij, Sdieckkr rf* Hooi^'j Bv4^yru»y Ohio. This is an "auger" machine which, it is claimed, is much improved and has ad- vantages over others. One of these is that the hop|)er for receiving the clay is only 37 inches high find very convenient for shoveling into. Two augers are used. A large propeller on the mill shaft forces the clay forward to near the die.s, where it is received by a smaller one running in the opposite direction, and at higher speed, \ . that has it** shaft running through the larger one.. It is also claimed that it will make larger tiles with the same clay than other mills. It is also capable of run- ning two or three streams of small tiles nt the same time. The machine is well constructed and accessible for repairs, the knives, being connected independently of each other, may all be taken off through the hopper and door, and the propellers are also readily changed. The perfection in tempering iheolay isa very prominent characteristic of this mill. • ^ Eureka Brick and Tile Machine^ by ChaiuUer eculiar manner of lubricating the dies enables them t(» make very smooth and perfect work. The mill is strong, well made, and well proportioned in all its parts, and, ^vith proper care, will not disappoint the reasimable exi»ectati(ins of those using it. Onr-hovAe Fmrer, by Enyle Machine CVi., Lahcasfer^ Ohio. This is a light and com- pact lever or sweep power, well adapted to use on the farm, or elsewhere, where the j>ower of a single horse is sufficient for the work. It is light and easily moved. '\ Exhaust Fanj<, Prn*j*urr Blmvers and V^entiUitorn, by Anyrtt SPECIAL MERITS OF EXHIBITS. 14& come in from either side, to supply the blast, from interfering with each other, and allows each side to do its own work. They have* the double discharge, though Qm form is a little different from the exhaust fan. The ventilator is intended to be used wherever it may be desirable to produce a current of air for any purpose, such as ventilating mines, hospitals, etc. It will force a current of air against a pressure of one-fourth pound to the square inch* It may be placed in any position, and piped to any place; is simple in construction, and requires very little power to run it Clover HiUlerj by Birdsall Manufg Ol»., South Bend, Ind. This is an improved machine, known as their ^*New Monitor Jujiior" clover huUer. It has a new tail- ings elevator, by means of which tailings are sent directly to the hulling cylinder without allowing them to be mixed again with tlie straw and chaff, as they would be if returned to the threshing cylinder as is generally done, and thus having to do over again what has once been done. This improvement greatly increases the capacity of the machine. The macliine has alno a rc-cleaning attachment that may be readily attached or detacUpd from the machine, that cleans the seed per- fectly, ready for market. It is provided with an undershot fan and an end-shake fihoe, having sieves of perforated zinc. The cleaned seed is delivered in one sack and the tailings in another. The cylinder is undershot, with an adjustable con- cave in three sections, and suitable blanks are provided to put in place of such sec- tions with leeth, as may not be needed in thre.Mhiug dry clover. The hulling i« done with a cylinder and concave that are covered with tempered steel rasps, that are claimed to do this difficult work in the best possible manner. Re.<*pectfully submitted, John M. Seward, Committee. N 10 — AOEICULTUBE. v'l Report of Committee ON of III B, AND EXHIBITED AT THE INDIANA STATE FAIR FOB 1884, On Which No Premiums Were Offered Wood Pumpsy by Gomstock & Coonse, Indianapolis. This firm have on exhibi* lion a good display of their wood force and other pumps, which are made of carefully selected material and in the best style of workmanship. They haye porcelain cylinders, and are non-freezing. By attaching a hose with a small nozzle they may be used for many purposes. They also have chain pumps of the most approved kinds, furnished with various styles of rubber buttons. Fountain Spray Pump, by JT. S. HUdebrandy Agent, Indianapolis, This is a chain pump that has a small discharge below the platform from which water falls a short distance on to a sort of a shelf or table, from which it returns to the bottom of the well or cistern in the form of spray, carrying with it the purifying influence of the atmosphere. Remington Force Pumps, by Remington Agricultural Company, Ilion N. K, Thom- ton & DameU, Agents, IndUtfuipolis, These are superior pumps, adapted to all pur- poses for which pumps are used. They can never freeze, never need priming, and work in the deepest wells. The pump consists of two brass cylinders, with the nec- essary valves, placed in the bottom of the well or cistern, and connected by roda with a lever or crank at top, by which it is conveniently worked. By attaching suitable hose and nozzle they can be made available in putting oat fires, sprink- ling grounds, washing carriages or windows, etc. SPECIAL MERITS OP EXHIBITS. 147 Force Pwmpa, by R E, Myers A Bro,, Ashland, Ohio. This is a doable-acting force pamp, simple in construction and very efficient in operation. It is adapted to way depth of well) and never need freesse. The valves are easily kept tight, so as to hold and force water against very great pressure, and will force it through hose sixty feet from the nozzle. These pumps are also made in a form that adapts them to use in drilled wells of any depth. Pumps of this character do not seem to be as generally apprecia^ as they should be; they cost but little more than the com> mon lift or suction pump and would often furnish adequate means of eztingui<^h- ing fires that destroy valuable property before a fire department can get to work, and would be especiallj useful in country places, where help can not often be had in time to be of much service in an emergency of this kind*. R, JR. i2ousf, IndiaTiapoliSy makes a large display of various machines, tools and fixtures in his line: Erri98on^ Caloric Pumping Engine, This is designed mainly for the purpose of pumping or elevating water from wells, cisterns or reservoirs, to upper floors or tanks for domestic use. No steam is used, and it can be safely managed by any one, as it is not liable to derangement. Gas is better adapted for use as fuel in it, though any other kind may be used. Seam Pumps, He has a variety of these of the best makes and all capacities, well adapted to the uses for which they are required. Driven Well Supplies and Tools. Th«^re is a good display in this line that rep- resents the latest improvements. The long experience and genius of the exhibitor has enabled him to overcome all the difficulties heretofore met in driving wells, and to make improvements in everything pertaining to them, until he is now in advance of all his competitors in this business. He alpo haa adjustable stocks and dies on exhibition. These are not so clumsy as many others, has no guides to carry about and look after, as the bushing can be adjusted to any variation in the sizes of pipes. They work easy, and the cuttings can not work in and clog or bind the dies. Also, a new adjustable pipe wrench, which is an improvement on this much improved tool. It is made of steel in the best manner, and will hold pipes, rods, or anything of this kind in a very satisfactory manner. Also, a great variety of specimens of light drop-forgings, neatly arranged on a large card,, that were handsomely executed. HaTid Hoisting MachinCj by B. F. JoneSf Indianapolis. This is a remarkably compact and well designed arrangement of gearing, by which heavy weights may be raised by hand power, and is especially adapted to handling heavy stone in quarries, bridge building or other similar use. The machine possesses great merit but is noTeasily described. Ideal Caligraph, by H. T. Conde, Indianapolis. This is claimed to be an im- proved type-writing machine which is fast coming into general use, as it furnishes a ineans of very rapid writing that is aa legible as any print, and copies as well as pen work. 1. *• 148 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. • Bemington Type Writer^ by C, C. Koemer, Indianapolis. This machine has been before the public for several years, and, as now improved, is claimed to be a superior instrument for the purpose intended. They are compact, simple and durable in construction, and accurate and noiseless in operation. Various styles of type are furnished as desired. The work copies well, and the art of using it i» readily acquired by any one. Teetor^a Combined Scourer ^ Polisher ^ and Brushy by C, H, WalcoU^ Manu/aclurer, Indianapolis, It is evident that any dirt or impurity left on the wheat before its reduction to flour, must injure it; and that it can not afterwards be removed. This machine, it is claimed, does the work of cleaning the wheat in a very perfect man- ner, removing all chaff, dust, and fiber by rubbing one grain against another, which b done in the scouring chamber. It then passes to the brush machine} which is claimed to be the most perfect yet devised, and from which any impurities liberated are carried away by a separate air current, leaving the grain with a clean crease,, and free from fibers at the end. Also exhibited the Ogbom WhecU Separator j which is a very compact, well-gotten* up machine, for use on the farm in cleaning seeds and grain of all kinds. It does very perfect work, and occupies very little space. Also, a cnAe of Dufour & Go.^s Anchor Brand BoUing Cloths and Grit GaugCf im- ported from Switzerland, comprising the finest and best qualities made. Also, a line of Steel Pulleys, This is a comparatively new material for pulleys, and possesses advantages not found in other material used for this purpose, the prominent ones being their great strength and lightness. It is also claimed that the belt adhesion is 15 per cent, better than on cast iron. These qualities must make this a favorite pulley, if it is furnished at reasonable cost. Hand Traversing Mo/chine, by Valentine Foland^ Indianapolis. This is a little traversing planing machine that in conveniently worked by hand, and may be put to many uses in almost any wood-working establishment. It may be used for a great variety of work, and executes whatever it does in the very best manner, though it is necessarily slow as compared with power machines. Respectfully submitted, John M. Seward, CommiUee, Report of Committee ox of IQ I ON WHICH NO PREMIUMS WERE OFFERED. Raun- Blade Seiswrs^ by Joseph N. Goddard, Agent Indianapolis. This Ib a •tjle of scissors, made in all sizes and styles to suit the different purposes for wfaicb they are nsed, and seem to be the only attempt at improvement of this indispensa- ble implement. In this the lower edge is similar to the old style, but has a piece connected to its side that forms a slot into which the upper blade passes in cutting. The upper blade is a thin piece of steel with a sharp, keen edge connected to what may be called a frame by a tenon, and held in its place by a set screw. These cai^ ting parts are readily detached for sharpening, or replaced by new ones at little expense when needed. They cut remarkably easy, and will go through seTeral folds of cloth as easily as the common scissors will a single one, as the operation i» a " cutting " one and not what is understood as a ^'shearing" process. They an» well made, the cutting parte of the best steel well tejnpered. Richmond Star Lavm Mower ^ by the I>iUe & McGuire Manvfaeturing Company, Riek- mond^ hid. This is a well designed machine for the purpose intended, and is well made. Among the points of excellence claimed for it are, that it will work well over rough ground or down terraces ; tKat the driving wheel runs on the eat graas^ not breaking down that that is standing, and that it never slips while cutting. Also, that the knives have higher speed and are self-sharpening, and that ibe machine runs lighter and has no side draft. Lamps and AttaehmentSy by F. P, Smith & Co., Indianapolis. This firm had s good display of lamps and fixtures on exhibition, but called several times without ing any one to give any particular information about them. >1 , k^' ■' /. ■» 150 BOARD OF AQRICULTURB. Safety Gate for Railroad Orossinggj by Benj. Atkijison^ Indianapolis, This gate u lowered by means of a crank, operating a pulley, on which a wire cable winds and liolds it down until it is released, when it raises itself. An important feature of it ifly that it is so constructed that there is very little danger of its being prevented itom working by freezing or sleet. SUtle and Wood MarUdSj Gra/es, and Fire Places, by Will Terrell^ Tndianapolit, This display consisted of a fine assortment of these goods in great variety of styles, irooi. which persons in want of any of them m^^htexpect to find something to suit, vhether taste or economy were the dominant influence in making a selection. Herm Shoes, by Will J^koff, Danville, III. This is a splendid display of hand- shoes, handsomely arranged on a card, in a great variety of forms, that adapt to curing or relieving as far as it can be done by shoeing, all the defects of the horse^s foot, whether natural, or from disease or accident. There is also all iciiuU of shoes needed on horses for different kinds of service from the heavy draft iione to the speed ring. These shoes furnish indisputable evidence of the skill of Ahe workman making them. Hone Shoes, by Moloney Bros., Indianapolis, Ind. This firm exhibits a handsome <&rd of hand-made horse shoes, comprising a great variety of forms intended to predated, as it is not easy to describe them. Specimens were laid to represeni some of the nses for which they are so well adapted, as hearths, floors, etc. These tila are made of various shapes, sizes and colors, and may be laid in an endless variety of ornamental designs, and their great hardness makes them practically indeBimci- ible by wear. They also had a good display ef wood and marbleized slate mantels, and fine specimens of figured woods. Harden Hand Grenade, by Fire Extinguisher Company, Chicago, III., A. M. Ah der. State Agent, Indianapolis. This is a glass globe, or vessel, filled with chemicaW in fluid form, that when thrown into a fire generates a gas that instantly ezlin- guinhes fire that is enveloped in it, as combustion cannot take place in it for want of oxygen to sustain it The material does not injure flesh or fabric of any kin^ does not deteriorate with age or freeze at any temperature above twenty degrees below zero. The grenades are always ready and reliable, are of convenient nsfr and form, and may be used by any one. Some tests on the fair grounds demon- strated their efficiency and reliability in extinguishing fires in a very satisfactorf manner. ' Respectfully submitted, John M. Seward, Cemmiiief^ I ■ < REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE TO WHICB WRRR BRPRRHED BOOKS C, E, AND J ALL UK THRSK B00K8 RMRRACKD ARTIOLKS IN THK SPECIAL MERIT DEPARTMENT. I. C V LTI V ATI NG I^I PLEM KNT8. Fockkr Bro8.y Eaat Dubuque, JU. Exhibited the Clipper Press Drill. This beisf A press instrument, it is claimed that all the wheat is drilled the same depth. Th% pressure lever is in reach of the driver. It has a cutter for sowing in sod ground, and this also prevents trash from bothering. It is claimed that an average of 7) bunhels more per acie can be produced by using this drill than by using any other ID the maricet. T!i»e Avery Planter Company^ Peoria, III Exhibited a force planter. The deptk Is n^gulated by a lever. This lever not only enables the operator to plant at any det'ired depth but will lock the planter out of the ground. It has reversible rnniierfl, and shoves all trash out of the way. Ylso, the Pitman movement check rower. It works without springe or oog«, anil is therefore a positive movement. Also, the Avery tongue cultivator. The operator guides the plow by means of a pivoted wheel. It has rod fenders which let the pulverized earth through to the <»m. Also, the tongueless plow, which never falls down, and turns very short by jnesLSs of a castor and a wheel and a balance arch. Alflo, a planter with a drill attachment. The drill is very simple. ^ SPECIAL MERITS OF EXHIBITS. 15S^ Tfc« Newark Mackiiie Company^ Newark, 0.; Branch Office, Indianapolis, Tnd, Ex- kibited the Newark drill. The levers are in reach of the driver; it has a swinging foot rest and an adjuptable seat to suit anj sized man. It has a spring hoe lies back to its place whenever it strikes an obstruction. Also the Monarch fan. This fan is the only self-bagger in the world. It make four separations at one operation. The shoe is supplied with screens in the bottom that have an independent motion to that of the shoe. The screens are ad- justable up or down to suit the condition of the grain. The shoe also has a pivoted^ tail-board which cIofcs tight against the upper sieve, which prevents the blast from carrying out light seeds. This fan can be placed on the ground, as everything falls- into sacks and boxes. The Superior Drill Company^ Springfidd, 0. Exhibited a fertilizer drill wltk* force feed on the fertilizer. No cogn are used to change the quantity of grain of- fertilizer, and the change is made by a very simple device. The hoes are lifted^ from the fn)nt, and there are no chains, and consequently no tangling. AUo, the shoe pressure drill. It has a roller, which presses the Gcround dow% and the shoe will run through trash. Also, the front-lift common plain drill. The hoe pressure can be regulated wo- the drills will run any desired depth. The Seed Drill Regulator Co., Jjem/mt, Center county, Penn. Exhibited the Seed^ Drill Regulator. It is attached to any drill and regulates the depth of the grain. It i» claimed to produce from 25 to 75 per cent, more plants than any other drilL It rolU the ground and leaves the ridges intact. It is aUo claimed that the plants- will have from two to three times the root surface, and correspondingly larger tops and consequently will not freeze out. Also, that one-third of seed can be saved, and that the draft of the drill is lightened one-third. Also, that by this appliance - the plant gets more benefit of the fertilizer than by any other drill, and that ihc plant is forced up quicker, and wheat can be sown two weeks later than it ordinarily is sown, thus escaping the fly. It is also claimed that there will be no weaklj^ plants. I'he Weir Plow Co.^ Monmouth, 111. Represented by their Indianapolis braDdt--- house. Exhibited a timothy sod breaking plow. This is a superior sod plow^. light draft, easy handled, and strongly built. Also, the Scotch Clipper Snlkj Breaking Plow. This is a life-size show plow, silver-plated, rosewood tongue, and' double tree. This plow cost $700. Also, a general purpose 3-horse walking plow,, with a wood l^eam. Also, the same, except with a steel beam. Also, a stalk and stubble plow, witk^ wood beam. This plow is made of the best of steel. Also, a combination steel and chilled 2-horse plow, strongly built, heavy malle* able standard and wood beam. The shears are interchangeable, with either steel sr cast This plow is intended especially for the Ohio and Indiana trade. AlsOp^^. an iron beam, double shovel, and wood beam, iron shank, and an entire wood- beam. These are first-class double-shovels, for Indiana and Ohio trade. Also^ iron harrow, strongly built, with f-inch square steel teeth. \ \ I ■ f 1&4 BOARD OF AGRIOULTURB. Aleo, a Scotch harrow, with 40 f square steel teeth, wood frame hinged in th« middle, and is claimed to be the best harrow for the money in the market Also, a three-sectioned harrow with 45 teeth, also | inch. Also, a patent reversible tooth harrow, which is made in two or three sections, and by reversing the hitch the teeth are changed from a straight to a slanting posi- tion. Also, a patent three-horse equalizer ; light, durable, and a perfect equalizer. Also, an adjustable arch iron beam tongueless cultivator, which always stands up at the ends when turning. Wood beams furnished if desired. Sixteen thou- sand of these cultivators were sold in the year 18S4. Also, a stiff arch, two-horse waJking cultivator, with double-acting spring, and easily handled. Also, a combined walking and riding cultivator, built with steel rail, steel arch, and iron beam, and is a model combination cultivator. It is easily handled as a rider or a walker. Also, an adjustable arch two-horse cultivator, which can be ad- justed to suit any width of row. It is excellent for potatoes. AIno, fifteen or twenty varieties of walking steel plows, both wood and steel beam, made of choice material, which this company always use. P. P. ^f(^8t & Co,, Springfiddy 0. Exhibited a spring-pressure shoe drill, with roller pressure. The roller attachment works independent; the roller always fol- lows in the wake of the shoe on account of a castor arrangement. A castor wheel in front takes the weight off the tongue. Aim, a glass feed fertilizer, free from corroding and sticking. All the deposits are in view of the operator. Also, a spring-pressure drill. The pressure being on the back end of the hoe it is not r( quired to be more than one-half as great as it would be otherwise. There is a gauge on the hoes to regulate the depth, and all grain is sown an even depth. Also, a spring-shovel walking cultivator. It has a front spring to regulate the pressure on the beam. This anti-friction spring either puts the pressure on or off the lK*nin. It has an adjustable coupling for regulating the space. Also, a combined riding and walking cultivator, with spring shovels and plain beam. Also, a spring-tooth harrow or cultivator, running any desired depth. Also, the Buckeye three and five-hoe wheat drill for sowing in corn. It has a roller cantor and pin-hoe drill, and spring-hoe attachment for stumpy ground. Also, a little two-horse engine for the purpose of exhibiting the goods. }LiU ii- Mv^tardy Glen JBaily Ind., exhibited a flexible cultivator. It has a direct hitch and independent action of beams. The hitch has no connection with the tongue, and a short, quick turn can be made without interfering with the action of Uie plows. The hitch also prevents the horse pulling the wheel to the ground. It is voiii of tongue draft and side draft, and is simply constructed. fk^^rc ., exhibited butter ladles, dairy thermometers, milk testers, and butter coloring. This coloring is claimed to be strong, free from rancidity, and extensively used. Johnson, A Bennett^ Indianapolis^ Ind.y exhibited the Missouri Steam Washer. The garments are not rubbed, but washed by steam. It is simple and is warranted. Perry & Co., Albany, N. F., exhibited the Argand and Century coal stoves. They claim cleanliness and economy and have a full combination of nickle and tile orna- ments. Also, the Happy Home and Brighton ranges. Also, an assortment of stoves for wood burning. Also, the Lyman gasoline stove. Its generating principle is simple, and it ean be lighted as a gas jet. Wilmotf OoMsell & Co., Rochester, N, Y,, through R, H. Jones, Indianapolis, Ind., exhibited the Arnold Automatic Cookery. It consists of a tin vessel for steaming vegetables and meats. It is very complete ; it is cheap and greatly improves the quality of some articles. > \ \ 166 -BOABD OF AGRICULTDRB. Pursell & MedskeTf Indianaj)oli8f Ind.^ exhibited the Splendid base heater in square* And in round style. The top gas escapes; it has a sectional fire pot and the foul air is drawn off. Also, the Art Jewel. This stove has a round fire pot and is verj beautiful. Also, the Banner Franklin. This is an open-front stove and the heat comes out on top. Also, the Jewel Star, which is a soft coal burner. Also, the Venus and Estate, both open grate stoves. Also, the Jewel base heater. This is a poft coal burner with a radiating apparatus inside and is very complete. Coi'bin & Wallf IndiaTiapoliSy 7nd., exhibited the Patent ironing table. The board attaches to a table ; it is adjustable to any table, and it has a solid fastening by means of a simple device. It is padded and covered ready for use. Seward & Co., Bloomington, Ind.y exhibited a sorghum evaporator. It has a self- bkimming pan, and the metal is extra heavy. H. T. Condtf IndianapoliSj Ind.f exhibited the Favorite washer. It is on the washboard principle, and is easily operated. Shepley Frey, Acton, Ind,, exhibited the Dairy Queen churn. It works by a. treadle, and is tin lined. Also, the Acme creamer, with butter cooler attachment It uses no ice, the butter cooler being entirely surrounded by water except on top. The milk can be kept in the coldest weather without freezing. It is a top skim, and therefore no* Bodiment is left in the cream, and it has two sets of cones or lids. This is an ad- mirable apparatus. The Flint Cabinet Creamery Company^ Flint, Mich,, exhibited Wilson's Cabinet Creamery. It has a narrow can with a large cooling surface, and a tin cover which retains the condensed steam and prevents it from running back into the cream. Tbe water is introduced under the can, and rises, stopping the bottom to the water lank. It is cleaned without removing the cans, and the cans are skimmed without removing them from the tank. Also, Wilson's Barrel churn. The pressure of the cover is by a screw and lever, for which reason the cask will last longer. Also, the New Htrainer, which strains without cloth or seive, or with both. G. M. Citstar, Tare Hauie, Ind,, exhibited Custar's farm gate. It is f. j' I Also, a Burry and a carriage and a park wagon for pleasure. Extra qaalitiea are claimed, and the work of this firm is extensively shipped to Europe and other foreign countries. Tlie David Bradley Manufacturing Co., IndianapoliSj Ind.y exhibited ten jobs, in- eluding avariety of springs, among which was the Mulholland spring, which claims all the advantages of a side-bar, with its disadvantages overcome. All the wheels are dipped in boiling oil. Also, the Stratton jump-peat, which is adjustable to one or two seats, and is easily changed. Also, a surrey with the Mulholland spring. Also, a platform spring pheeton. Respectfully submitted by the committee. Samuel J. Tomlinson. • * ^. REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON THE SPECIAL MERITS OF EXHIBITED AT THE SEPTEMBER, 1884. 8EPARAT0RA. Tht Northwestern Manufacturing & Car Cb., Stillwater ^ Minnesotay exhibit one 10- horse Beparator, " Minnesota Chief." The leading characteristics of this machine are general simplicity of construction, and adaptability to threshing all kinds of grain and seeds ready for market. This machine has a separating table, or rack, reaching the entire length and width of the machine. It is constructed of tight slats running crosswise in the machine, overlapping each other, with openings be- tween, so that a complete ^separation of the grain and chaff from the straw is se- cured. The separating table is pivoted to reciprocating crank arms, which im- parts to the table an upward and backward movement, thus tossing and agitating the straw in such a manner as secures a very complete separation from the grain. The capacity of this machine for rapid work is only limited by the amount of power and the .amount of grain that can be handled by the men attending it. By a change of seives it is adapted to threshing flax and timothy seed. It has, also, a clover hulling attachment. ■W-^j k-i'^ '*•: -. ■ '' ■ . 1. > •^" *'* * ■ ■■(. w* ■*^; . • ■ •-•Av • •* . Z." ■ ft K-*^ >v< ^.^> -> • . !"^' ^ .'••'» < ■ e, : : 1 '•" .-+.. V •..:•.' . '- .1 '.,/ 170 BOARD OF AGRICULTUBE. RobtTison & Co.f Richmondf Indiana, exhibit one of their ten horse Bonanaa Sepa- rators This machine uses riddles of large surface, the width of which is in excess of the length of the cylinder. The straw is carried from the machine hj pickers extending from the back of the cylinder to the front of the machine^ equalizing the straw as it passes away from the machine. It has a patent device for preventing the heating of the cylinder journalsi and an arrangement for putting on the main belt without unlacing it. The throat is peculiarly constructed — affording the cylinder an excellent '^suck/' making the machine easy to feed, and quite free from dust. It has patent pickers which work into the straw from above, and to all appearances do the work in an admirable manner. It has large riddle surface, and extended tailing spout, to which any grain that may be carried or blown over the stacker i» returned and carried up by the elevator. This machine has clover huller attach- ment. It requires but a few moments to change for hulling clover, which is done by regulating the concave adjuster without stopping the machine. The machine ia of low speed, and remains steady while in motion without brace or prop. Eayle Machine Worhf Indianapolis^ Indiana^ has one of their Oscillator Separa- tors on exhibition. By its its construction it is impossible to throw grain from cylinder back into the straw. Extended riddles and internal agitators; runs with one belt. Double cylinder used for hulling clover seed, as well as all kinds of grain in plain threshing. A little back of the cylinder is arranged a revolving deflector^ throwing the straw and grain from the cylinder onto the oscillating floor, making* draft which takes the dust from the feeder. This oscillating floor is divided into four t^ections, each moved by an ingenious contrivance of cranks, giving them * double motion to which is added the aid of carrying or lifting fingers, thus assur- ing the passage of the straw from the mac!iine, and a complete separation from the grain. Any amount of straw, either dry or damp, that may pass through the cyl- inder can not possibly choke or obstruct the oscillator, and will always be separated from the grain. The same firm exhibited. one of their Victor grain threshers. This machine ia strong, durable, and of lar:ge capacity, and on general principles a good machine » Nieholsy Shepherd & Co.y Battle Creek, Mieh., exhibited one of their Vibrator separators. This machine has two vibrators, one over the other, hung on suspen- sions rods, and have a forward and backward motion in opposite directions. The upper vibrator allows the grain to pass through transverse slats onto the lower one. The lower shaker extends from under the concave to the riddles, and has a tight floor, over which the grain passes to the riddles. The back end of this floor ia perforated so that the grain is equally distributed over the riddles. Over the upper shaker are six sets of fingers, which are inserted in a transverse bar which is con- nected by a leather strap to the frame work. The motion of the shaker gives sd up and down motion to the fingers. The grain on leaving the cylinder passes to a beater, which throws it up on the upper shaker, from whence it is taken up by the fingers and so thoroughly shaken as to completely separate the grain from the straw. This machine has clover huller attachment ranking well up among machinee of that class. V.' ..i f. . SPECIAL MERITS OF EXHIBITS. 171 The Ckise & Willa/rd Manufacturing Companyj of Battle Oreek, Mich.j exhibited one of their Advance eieparatorfl. This machine has Rome points worthy of especial note. It embraces a combination of principles pomewhat different from any other machine on exhibition at the Indiana State Fair this year. The cylinder is •about one foot nearer the ground than in the average of threshers, thus affording the convenience of lower tables. The cylinder has two center supports for the bars. The heads are solid. The shaft is of steel, one and three-fourths inches in diame- ter. The teeth are made of steel. The sides of the cylinder frame are of iron. The separator being wider than the length of cylinder enables all pulleys for belts on the cylinder shaft to be on one end. The pulleys for the main belt to the en- gine run inside of the yoke and box. This yoke is bolted to the posts. The belts ^hich drive the separator are outside of the yoke and box and close to the side of the machine. This novel arrangement of the belts, pulling in opposite directions, saves a large amoant of friction on the bearings and boxes of the cylinder shaft. By a simple device both ends of the concave are raised and lowered at the same time by one motion. This machine has folding tables, which are not removed irhen moving the machine from place to place. The cylinder teeth, instead of be- ing at right nngles with bar, are bent at the shoulder so that they incline back- ward, thus tending, it i^claimed, to feed easily without bunching or choking. The machine is strong, steady and durable, possessing a wonderful capacity for rapid and efficient work. .« The Springfield Engine and Thresher Co., of Springfield, 0., exhibit one of their New Springfield " separators. This is a beautiful machine of superior symmetry and workmanship. While upon general principles it has justly merited a place among first-class threshers, it has some points worthy of special mention. It has straw rakes of positive motion. The rakes are thrown down with the same speed as they are thrown up, striking the straw again before it reaches the pan. One- half the straw has an upward motion while one-half has a downward motion, by which means the grain is thoroughly separated from the straw. No cog wheels or pinions are u^^ed on the machine. The concave adjuster is positive both ways. Roberts & TJyyrpe, of Three River*, Mich., by C. K, Merrifield, Indianapolis, Ind., •exhibit one of their ''Invincible'' threshers. This machine is of extra length and width, affording a broad surface for separating and cleaning. It is claimed for the "** Invincible " that it is light running, easily operated and very durable. The beater is placed a little in rear oi the cylinder and so near to it that the straw is closely combed from it — leaving little chance for straw to choke orjwind around the cylinder. The alternate motion of sheet iron shaking pans, operated by double pitmans, not only produce a counterbalance, but hurries the separated grain rear- ward towards the shoe. This separator is built diverging from the cylinder to the discharge end, so that by thns gradually widening the separator a greatly increased separating capacity is given. The cylinder is constructed with heavy cast heads and wrought iron bars, twelve in number. The concave is made in three sections and is adjustable from front or rear, and is perforated, the holes distributed in such a manner that a large amount of grain passes through and is separated at once. ^ *• ■ 172 BOA Br OF AGKICULTURB. The Ouiser manufacturing Co., of Wayne^}oro, Pa., exhibit one of their separators, ''The Gaiser." Thb machine has been on the market for a quarter of a century, but from time to time many valuable improvements have been added, nearly all of which ai^ patented and belong exclusively to this company. The^Guiser'' separator is put together without mortices or tenons, being lapped and fastened with bolts. When in motion it remains steady without brace or blocks. Th« chief points made on this machine are that it is strong and adapted to all kinds of threshing. Qaar, Scoti & Co., Ri^mmyd, Ind,, exhibit one of their New Peerless threshers. This is a handsomely proportioned and well constructed machine, with some new features in separating and cleaning. A reserve beater behind the cylinder lifts the straw upward instead of downward after it has passed the cylinder, leaving the grain an unobstructed passage to the conveyor and riddles without once becoming intermingled with the straw at all. Two distinct separations, and using a 'new combined end-shake chaff* riddle, outside shake shoe and cleaning riddle. The velocity of the straw is checked by the straw lifter, drawn upward and then thrown downward and spread evenly upon the first separating rack, from whence it is carried upward again in a thin sheet to the second separatitig rack— all the time having a vigorous vibrating motion. It has a secondary separation above the rid- dles by which all the trash and short straws are carried overboard, reducing the labor for the fan, riddles and elevator very greatly. All parts of the Peerless are driven by four belts. It has a clover-huller attachment, and threshes timothy, orchaid grass, etc. It is claimed for this machine that it is wider in proportion to length of cylinder than any other machine made. The machine is strongly put together, well braced, and bespeaks great durability. • RwMell & Co., Mnssilon, 0., exhibit one of their New Massilon threshers. This is an old maehince which its manufacturers have not allowed to fossilize or fall out of the line of progress, but have each year added some new and valuable im- provements. It has an ingenious device for separating grain from the straw. As soon as the straw and grain pass the cylinder they meet a sudden check at the first beater. This stops the mass for an instant, then pounds and beats the straw until it is placed on the notched strips of the table, and moves on, first surrendering the greater portion of the grain it has protected. The second beater, running at a little less speed than the first, in its turn pounds and whii>s the straw, compelling it to yield another quota of grain, while the ^* kicker^,** an original device of this company, "kicks up" such a commotion as to separate all grain from the straw that perchance may have escaped separation. The cleaning riddles are made of wire. This machine is simple and neat, very free from what may be styled '* trappy devices/* J. I. Case, Racine, Mich,, exhibits one of their Agitator threshers. It is claimed for the Agitator, in a general way, that it i^ a good and reliable thresher, and, so far as the committee was enabled to determine, its claims. are well founded. No especial points of merit are advanced by the manufacturer. SPECIAL MERITS OF EXHIBITS. 178 Fri4sk & Co.y Wayne^orOf Pa.^ exhibit their Vibrator thresher. The good quali- ties of this machine are of a general character. Its owners claim for it fast and dean work, simplicity and durability. No detailed points of special merit are put forward. The owners of this machine seem to direct special attention to the achievements of their machine rather than to its modus operandi. HARVEST MACHINERY. ♦ '^ '. .V •^.'»« *V .1 ' .'P-<^f . ■« ■* ? !■ ♦• :-• ",■.•■ ,*f1 > t-."' ■>■} A I .„' 1 • V TA« MinneapoliB Harvester Worhy of MinneapoliSf Minn., exhibit one of their Minneapolis Twine Binders. Thi« binder is very symmetrical in its proportions, . ^j and strongly put together, being ironed on the corners. The master wheel is very strong, has a wide face with malleable iron lugs, laid diagonally across the tire, afibrding great traction power, and tending to prevent the machine from jolting when on hard ground. The gearing is simple and strong, securely fastened in an iTon tie frame. The bearings are long, and the oiling facilities such that the fall length of the shafts can be lubricated. The reel is run by a detachable chain, and always at the same tension, whatever the position of the reel. The reel has a broad scope vertically or horizontally, and is managed by one lever. The cutter-bar is % made of iron, running the entire length of the platform. The guards are fastened to the bar in a way that the machine will cut within 2J inches of the ground. The grain wheel is of iron, cast in one piece, and runs in an iron sleeve. The back sill is of one piece. The driver can change the height of cut without leaving his seat, and while the machine is in motion, by means of a lever at his side. The adjust- able features of the knotter are such that lost motion can be taken up without re- placing the whole knotter. The Minneapolis uses the double packer trip. D. M. Osborne & Co,^ Aubumy N. K, exhibit one of their Osborne No. 14 Twine Binders, which is an improvement over the Osborne No. 11, used in the harvests of 1883 and 1884. The special points of merit claimed for this machine are lightness of draft, easy management, and durability. The Osborne Binder has been so long before the grain-growers of our country that any description of its general structure would be superfltious and a waste of time and space. The same company also exhibit four different styles of independent mowers, and one independent self- rake reaper. Walter A. Wood Moving and Reaping Machine Company^ of Uoomc Fallsy N. Y., exhibit one Wood's Binder. This machine has no side draft, is light running, well balanced, no weight on horses* necks, is easily controlled, all levers convenient to driver ; has a light, strong reel, which stops turning when machine is out of gear ; has malleable iron guards with steel leger plates ; guards secured lo iron cutter-bar with bolts instead of rivets. The sickle is driven from the end. The gear for the drive-wheel is on the outside of the binder attachment All machinery is in sight above the table. The packers are over the grain, and stop while the bundle is being bound. The discharge arms lift up, coming down behind the bundle, and effectually discharge it. There is attached to this machine a bundle-carrier, that places the bundles in winrows. ^ r . V / \ /• J^^^^^y ' ^\>-^■-■'• ^ ' ». >.. L.. t 174 BOARD OF AGRICULTURB. V William Deering A O?.,. (^ Chicago^ III., exhibit one of their Junior Deering Har- yesters and Binders. This machine claims special merit for lightness of draft, easj adjustment, and being well adapted to handling all kinds and conditions of grain. By the same is exhibiled a Deering Qiant Harvester. This is a large, strong binder ; no especial points of merit offered. The Piano Manufacturing Co., of Plano^ lU,, have on exhibition one of their Piano Harvesters and Binders. The points of special merit attaching to the Piano are light draft, no side draft, tight binding, gearing on outside of master wheel, and the reel effectively handled by one lever. Oeorge Ehierlif & Son, of White Water, Mich,, have on exhibit one Esterly Self- Binder. The representatives of this machine are quite modest in their claims of superiority over all other machines. Its leading points of merit are lightness of draft, a good balance, and simplicity of binder. The Esterly is a beautiful ma- chine, strongly built, with unique and simple machinery, having all the essential marks of a good general purpose self-binder. The Peerless Reaper Co., of Canton, Ohio, exhibit a Peerless Beaper with enclosed gearing. Ball, Pitman & Johnson rake. Hoover <& Gambol, of Mvamisburg, Ohio^ exhibit one combined table rake and mower, the Junior>Senior. This machine has strong merits in its ease of manage- ment and lightness of draft. By the same, one dropper and mower combined. The strong point of this ma- chine is its being well adapted to uneven ground. By the same, harvester and binder. Excelsior No. 3. This machine is easily manipulated, and so constructed that all improvements can be readily attached to old machines as well as new. It has a bundle-sizer and bundle-gatherer. The Dennett Harvesting Machine Company, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, Henry F. Ward, (jeneral Agent, Indianapolis, Ind., have on exhibition one Dennett harvester and twine binder. This machine exhibits several points worthy of special note. By its siiiiplicity of structure there is a saving of many pieces of machinery. The cutter bar is made by bolting a flat and angle iron bar together, combining strength and durability. The construction of the cutter bar enables the operator to run the sickle very close to the ground. The guards are made of malleable iron, and on the face of the guard, where the sickle plays back and forth, there is a steel leger plate riveted. The edges of these plates are ground sharp so that when the sickle is put in motion it acts like a pair of shears. The guards are bolted to the cutter bar, and one can be taken off and another put in its place with little delay or trouble. The sickle is raised or lowered by one lever, by the driver, without stop- ping the motion of the machine. It will cut stubble from four to twenty-two inches in height. The reel is large, and driven by a double sprocket whoel, giving it a fast or slow motion, as speed of horses or condition of the grain may require. The reel has a vertical and horizontal reciprocating motion, each independent of the other, and can easily be put into any position by the use of one lever under control of the driver: The master wheel is lai^ and broad. A cast iron sleeve runs through both nuts, so as to prevent binding on the shaft or axle. ^..; SPECIAL MEBITS OF EXHIBITS. 175 AuUman, Miller & Co., Akron, 0., exhibit their Buckeye Down Binder. This binder is low, narrow and light, and easily passed through an ordinary farm gate. The raiding and lowering of the machine is effected by means of a hand wheel directly in front of the driver, and can be accomplished without stopping the team. The driver has within easy reach the gear lever, for throwing the entire mechanism in and out of gear; the tilting lever, for dropping the points of the guards; the reel lever, for moving the reel to any desired position ; the trip adjuster, for regu- lating the size of bundles, and the foot lever, enabling the driver to bind the sheaf at any moment. The driver can perform any or all of the above operations with- out leaving his seat or stopping his team. The binder is automatic and has an ad- justable butter. The Buckeye Down Binder, it is claimed, is more especially adapted to small farms and hilly land. It is well suited for catting short wheat. By the same: One Buckeye Cord Binder. A.8 the cut grain is discharged from the elevator of the harvester it is taken by two armfl (driven by crankfl) called packers. These packers gather the Rtraw into a bundle, which, when it reaches the desired size, presses against a trigger- with suflScient force to release a catch and throw the tying apparatus into gear. The arms from both sides at once clo^e in upon the bundle of straw, compressing it tightly, so that at the moment of tying there is little tension on the string. By adjusting a set screw the binder can be set to bind a bundle of ftny desired size. The tension can be so altered as to bind as tightly as may be wished. When the binder has been set to any desired tension, the bundles will be uniform in size and bound alike tightly. The Johnson Harvester Cb., Baiaviay N. F., exhibit one of their Johnson harvest- ers. This machine can be easily run by two horses. Has improved knotter for 1885 ; is dispensing with plunger bolt, which disposes with 21 pieces formerly used, and doing the same work with 3 pieces. Wm, Aruon Wood, of Youngstown, 0., exhibits one self-rake reaper. The rake is run by worm gear. The pitman is counter- balanced ; is rtin by eccentric, with 4 pieces of gearing. One lever throws all out of gear by one motion. By the same, is exhibited one S. D. Locker's binder. This is a light machine, with a very simple binder. . Can cut from 2 inches to 14 inches in height, and 5} feet in width, with a 6-foot cutter bar. The elevator is open in the rear, thus pre- venting obstructions. The Russell HarvestinQ Machine Co,, Polo, lU,, and Indianapolis^ Ind., exhibit one of their Russell self-binders. This machine uses a double steel cutter bar, and in the binder uses an under compressor, thereby dispensing with ten parts formerly used. The weight is 1,140 pounds. The St, Faul Harvester Co,, Si, Paul, Minn., exhibit one of their St. Paul binders. The reel is supported at both ends. Has sloping elevator, steep deck ; discharges the bundles easily, which it is claimed absolutely prevents the binder from choking or clogging. Has short hitch, shifting binder, and does good work in all kinds of grain. '> * ^• « .» • 176 BOARD OF AQRICULTURB. *; The Toledo Mower and Reaper Company^ Toledo^ 0., exhibited their Toledo pUt- ?^ V " form twine binders. No weight on horses' necks; loose tongue; grain controlled ^' . by a rake inRtead of reel; bundles parted before being tied, which parting con> tinues until bundle is delivered on the ground. Registers 325 pounds draft while ■f^ ~ at work in the field. The McComiick Manufacturing Company, Chicago^ lU., exhibited one of their McCormick steel binders. The metal parts of this machine are all made of either steel or malleable iron. This machine is light, i^eat, compact and attractive. Sloping elevator; adjustable reel. All agents keep full stock of repairs. The binding mechanism of thit4 machine is reliable and simple — cuts off the twine close to the bundle, making a very durable knot. The special features of this ma- chine sums up as follows: Economy in use of twine; security of the knot; cer- tainty of binding every sheaf; ability to cut as high or low as may be desired ; even balance; lightness of draft; durability, and consequent freedom from liability to breakage. By the same firm, New Dropper. All lost motion can be taken up at will. Keel driven by cog and tumbling shaft. By the name, the Deering reaper. Tread extra wide. Rake under easy control of operator. No side draft. Weight 700 pounds. M0WER8. ^ 'The Eureka Mower Company,*, Utica N. K, exhibited one of their Eureka mowers. Drive wheel of extra size. Direct draft, does avay with double gear, pitman at right angles with knife. Alwayn in line. Draft of a six-foot mower as light as of «n ordinary four-foot cut. Grass not tramped. Walter A. Wood Mowing and Reaping Mnchine Company , Hoosac Falls, N. Y., exhibit one of their Enclosed Gear Mowers. Very'high wheels ; long axle ; cutter- bar carried on wheels ; the bearings are easily removed and renewed ; draft direct from horses to mower frame ; no weight on horses' necks when at work ; bolts se- cured with forked nuts and spring keys. « William Veering ct* Co., of Chicago, III., exhibit one of their Deering Giant Mowers. Strength, durability, ease of adjustment and lightness of draft embrace it« litrongest points of merit. By the same, one Deering Light Mower. This machine is very light, easily ad- justetl, with either rigid or flexible bar ; cuts very close to the ground without necessary obstruction. It has large cutting surface to the sickle. The Deering Light Mower is a close, clean cutter. The Johnston Harvester Compa7iy, Batavia, N. F., exhibit one of their Dennett Light Iron Mowers. All metal parts are made of either steel or malleable iron ; double geared, moving driving shaft at each end ; no crank shaft ; pitman is ad- justable in length, so that all wear can be taken up and sections made to center on the guards. .1 SPECIAL MERITS OF EXHIBITS. - 177 Tlu Cwtia Manufaeturing Company, Albion^ N, F., exhibit their New Home liower. Front cut, with floating draw-bar, which passes in and out of holes with- out cramping the knife, and with same ease as rear-cut mower ; free from pushing^ bars extending from main frame to wheel of machine tending to lift the trunk from the ground in hard cutting. . ^v^ «' .1 ■ F"1 •J The Toledo Platform Twine Binder Manvfaeturing Oompanyf Toledo, Ohio, exhibit a ^ ^ -^li Toledo Mower. A foot -lever raises the cutter-bar while turning the machine at ;^'^ will of the driver. No weight on horses' necks ; every, box a babbit ; carried on -.. ^ ' * « Awo forty -inch wheels ; flexible bar ; compensating and adjustable pitman. .. ■-» The McOormiek Manufacturing Company, Chicago, III, exhibit one of their McCor- ' '\;j mick No. 2 Mowers. The knife receives power from both wheels, and cuts squarely on any turn ; high wheels and broad frame; pitman connects with knife-head > without bolts ; center draft ; doubletree so attached as to remove all neck weight ; floating cutter-bar ; guards are pointed up while in motion, and lowers or raises ^. * ihe cutter-bar ; pitman protected by screen. • The Piano Manvfaeturing Company, of Piano, Illinois, exhibit their New Piano Mower. This machine has some strong points of special merit. It adjusts itself ^~ teadily to uneven ground. The cutter bar is easily folded up, and carries on - ^ \ inower axle. It is light draft. CIX)yKB HULLBBS, The Newark Machine Company, Newark, Ohio, exhibits a Victor Double HvUer - ; -Chver Machine. A double huUer, both cylinders are hulling cylinderb. Teeth cor- rugated or roughened in both cylinders and concaven. The separation peculiar alone to the Victor consists of toothed zentel bars secured by crank shafts at each ' •end, performing at one and same operation the carrying out of straw, and separa- tion of bolls and seed, and carrying unhulled balls back to the second or hulling ^ cylinder. From the second cylinder the chafT and seed is thrown out direct into the sieves where the seed is partially cleaned, and then deposited in a seed elevator on the outside of the machine, and by it carried to the recleaner where it is fitted for market By the peculiarity of its cylinders and concave this machine — it is •claimed — will hull clover when damp or frozen. Tfie Birdsdl Manufacturing Company, South Bend, Indiana, exhibit their Monitor Junior Clover Huller. This machine has an iron bar threshing cylinder, with iuljuRtable concaves. The clover passes from the cylinder bolt where the bolls are eeparated from the straw. The bolls pass down to the lower floor which conveys - " ' them to the hulling cylinder, which is constructed with steel rasp. The concaves are made of steel raspi*, and are adjustable so that they can be set to or from the ' huller cylinder. After hulling, the seed is conveyed to the main shoe where it is partially cleaned, from there it is conveyed to the recleaning attachment where it IS cleaned for market. * The tailings are conveyed and thrown upon the lower shake at the rear end of the machine, which conveys them back to the hulling cylinder, ^ thereby throwing the dust to the rear end of the machine. 12 — Agbicultubs. .t. '- ,.«l^ 178 BOARD OP AGRICULTURE. The Ashlandy OhiOy Mamtfacturing Co, exhibit one of their Eureka Glover Hal- len Drops lower concave hj removing two bolts, and, also, by displacing two , \i bolts the hulling cylinder may be removed. The tailings are emptied directly into ' '' the hulling cylinder. There are five bucket separators, and no two work alike. U. Both cylinders are driven directly by main belt. R. HAY BAKBB. Tht Newark Machine Co,, Newvrk, Ohio, exhibit a Newark Hay Rake. Has drop teeth, easily replaced if broken. The shafts or ihills are thoroughly braced ; an adjustable lock lever, completely under control of the driver; an overhanging cleaner, supported by well-braced posts The "weight of driver assists in the diunp- ing of the rake. P, P, Meat & Co,, Springfield, Ohio, exhibit their Sulky Hay lUke ; teeth not rigid, and very lengthy ; rake made of wrought iron ; foot self-dump, without cog gearing. J, H, Thonuu & Son, Springfield, Ohio, exhibit one Thomas Hay Bake. Iron seat rests on axle, and assists in dumping. Brass spring overcoil tooth, causing the teeth to slide instead of drag, and avoids breaking them. The teeth are extra length. Hanging-over cleaner, on rollers, for dumping the hay. A, W. CoaU & Co,, Alliance, Ohio, exhibits one Coats Back- Lever Hay Rake. It is simple and durable; easily managed by a back lever. The weight of the driver dumps the rake. The Knowlton Manufacturing Co., Bockford, Bl,, exhibits one Knowlton Sulky Hay Rake; 14-spoke wheels; wooden hub; double land and pi^ie box; double back lever, by means of which the teeth are raised perpendicularly, carrying the hay, and tending to avoid dust and trash. The Springfield Manufacturing Company, Springfield, O,, exhibits their sulky self- dump hay rake. Either wheel is a positive dump. A slight pressure with the foot on the chain locks the head to the wheel, and a |)artial revolution dumps the rake. It dumps every time, and any time, and only when desired ; easily balanced; no weight on horse. When used as a self-dump only short lever is used ; long lever dumps by hand. Wheels 54 inches in diameter. A truss rod prevents the head from sagging. Drop-tooth rake, independent teeth, turned wrought iron axles. By the same is exhibited one Springfield foot-dump rake; rapidity and accu- racy of motion; rake head under complete control of driver's feet; hands entirely free. Acme Hay Harvester Company, Peoria, HI,, exhibits one of their Acme hay raket; clean work, avoiding trash and old straw. Rakes without rolling and tangling straw. Wooden rake, teeth of hickory. SPECIAL UKRITS OF KXHIBITS. 179 The BttdU & Kdly Co., Troj/, Ohio, exhibiu one Tro; Cbampioa coil-lMith rnke. The cooglructioii of thU rake is a combination of the eelf-dump tuid lock-lever priDciplea, raises and lowers teeth in « vertical plane leaving ttub on the groiniii; back lever at will of operator; dumps bj shifting the draft; combioee the druft, and weight of driver with pressure of peg to throw up the teeth. Bj the same is exhibited one Drop-tooth Troy Champion hay rake. Teeth fasi- •ned with a cast cap, giving 3} inches bearing on axles, holding teeth at uniform distance at point. The tc«tb have depresBions where they pass through slotted bar ■fibiding additional spring where the greatest strain comes. The Jlhioa Maai^jtttiring Co. ASnm, MiAigan, exhibit an A.lbion Sniky Rnke. Height of drop 36 inches. Adjueuble draw iron enabling operator of an^ weight to dnmp the hay. Clover and timothy seed attachment. The Sterling Memi^aetmng On., SlerliTig, RlinoU, exhibit one Sterling Bevulving hay rake, self-dump boise rake. Simple and eaaity handled. No special poiutd advanced. David BrudJqr Slcmv/aebtring Co., Indianapolis, lad., exhibit one of their common horse rakee. This is a strong hand, dump-rake made of wood. By the same, a onu-boiM dump rake. No points of merit advanced. The Long d: AQitaiUr Manvfaelaring Cb., EamiUon, Ohio, exhibit one of tbeir Hamilton hay rakes, ateel tooth hand dump; strongest poinia of merit — superior strength and durability. Tin Oreensbarg lUkau/aeturing Cb., Oreen^urg, Ind, have on exhibltioD one of their Oreensbnrg hay rakes. This rake is a novelty in the line of agric^illiirul Implements, being the first revolving rake ever made that can be operated i-y Iho rider of the horse that draws it. A ten-year old boy can ride and do the »ork. It is made of wood, and is simply an icaprovement on the old fashioned haml luro over dump. It is revolved by mesas of a rope and rollers — one end of the rope being carried by the rider. The Belcher & Taylor AgrimUunii Tool Company, Chicopee FalU, Miua., exhibit one of their S. B. Nye's National Rake. The teeth are independent in action Bud Kelf- adjustabte on uneven surface. By the curving inward of the four end terth, bringing ifaem forward of those in the center, is formed what may be Eermtil a " barrel -shaped head," and as the hay works awa; from the wheels tow^r^l the center, Katlering and'riiping at the ends is prevented. Each tooth is supporlod u,t the aide by the guide, which operates with the tooth, aod is held down by n toiled spring within the tooth-holder, causing a yielding presnure upon the surfsLi^ S slotted treadle, operated by the toe of the driver, partly rotates a rod hnvm^ an eccentric or cam at each end, which acta upon a weighted pawl (dispensing nitli nil springs) and locks the rake-head to the wheels. This forma a dumping art )nge- ment, positive in action, responding promptly lo the light touch of the drivtr'i toe. The seat is placed on steel springs. The machine is built of white ash ; [otirtt.-en- spoke wheels. '^ 180 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. STRAW-STACKERS. Reeves &. Co., Columbus, Ind., exhibit one of their Keeve's Stackere. Self-oscillaW ing ; a stem-wioder ; does its own swinging about on the straw stack. It has no guy-ropes, derricks nr props to raise or fasten bj hand. Two men will set it up in working order in less than one minute, and take it down in the same time. Rope is attached to the shifter-wheel, and passes up to the top of the stacker, so that the operator has control and can throw it out of gear, move to any part of the stack and throw in gear again. The end of the stacker keeps the perpendicular from beginning to end, depositing chaff in the center of the stack ; has a safety-latch^ and the chaff-drive prevents the chaff from falling back. It has a cylindrical stacker-head, which prevents choff and straw from falling through the lower end of the stacker when elevate proved machine for the purpose, and ie so arranged that the weight on the knirei is easily adjusted, giving all, or any part of the weight of the driver and machine on the knives as may be required. The head is operated by springs, which gives an effective chopping blow of the knives. Ten Broeek Corn Shelter, by Howtand & Johnson, Indianapolis This is a very good sheller of the ordinary make and style, without any special novelty. Buckeye Com Sheller, by Hotidand <£ Johnson, IndianapolU. This sheller is in* tended to be run by power, and is geared with reference to being run by the Bock- eye mill power. It has a fan and a cob carrier, and will shell 500 bushels per day if properly attended to. It is a good one. Triumph Feed Steamer, by Rice, Whitecure & Cb., Chicago, JU, This is a well de- signed apparatus for generating steam in an economical manner for cooking feed for stock, or other purpose, where it is used under low pressure. It is a vertical boiler with a cast-iron base and dome, and has a row of water tubes around the outside of fire space which connect a hollow cast base-ring around the fire, with the dome above. The water is supplied from a barrel, or other reservoir, a little ele- vated, having a pipe near the bottom connecting it with the water space in the boiler. A pipe also connects the dome of boiler with upper part of barrel, giving a pressure of steam on the surface of the water in the barrel equal to the resist- ance, which allows it to flow as freely as though there was no steam. The supply of water is automatically regulated by a float, connected to a lever that opens or closes a valve as required to keep the proper supply. Any kind of fuel may be used. Feed CuUen, by Belcher A Taylor, Agricultural Tod Go,, Chicopee Falls, Mass, This company make three entries of feed cutters, which they exhibit and which are all well made of the best material, and adapted to the wants of all classes of feedersy whether for a few animals or a large number, requiring a power cutter. FirsL The Self Sharpener. This is a heavy machine with knives on a cylin- der, made for either hand or power, which, it is claimed, will do nearly double the work that most other machines will, and that it is easier sharpened than any other. They are made of siees requiring considerable power, that cut from one to two tons per hour, and are used in large stables and paper mills. Also, the Lion cutter. This is a machine with two knives attached to a revolv- ing frame, making a shear cut against an adjustable hardened bed piece, and will cut different lengths. All the working parts are secured in iron sides fastened to the frame, which is strengthened by them. All the working parts are secnrely covered to guard against accidents. They are made for both hand and power use. Also, the New York cutter. This is a lever machine, with either a straight or curved knife, as desired, and gauge plate. It is made of different sizes, and is a good, well-made, low-priced cutter. Dicf^s Feed OuUers, by Meal A Bradley, Indianapolis, Four of these machines are entered and they have some novelties not found in any other. They are intended to cut all kinds of feed, from com stalks with the ear on to fine hay. Two straight -♦.. • k'X SPECIAL MERITS OF EXHIBITS. 187 kniTes are need that are attached to the flj- wheel, which rnns across the front of the machine. There is also an attachment called a splitter placed jast hefore each knife, which is intended to split and divide the stalks and ears into small pieces aa the J are cut This splitter consists of a plate on which are two rows of steel blades alternating each other, and are set on circles concentric with the wheel, which split, cat or crush into small pieces com stalks and ears, or other coarse material, but are not needed in cutting haj or straw. It can be adjusted to cut from } to 2} inches in length, and is made of different sizes for use by hand or power, or two cranks maj be attached to a light power machine for two persons to work at. All the working parts are securelj coTered to preyent accidents Bein cr Cheek Line Holder^ by O. M, Ouatery Terre Hautey Ind, This ia a very simple, cheap and efficient contrivance for holding check lines, halter straps, or an J similar purpose. It consists of two jaws jointed to a plate in such way that they approach each other if moved in one direction, and separate if moved in the opposite. The jaws are so rounded as not to injure the material held. It is Tery leadily attached to a wagon box, or where needed. The harder the line is pulled ihe tighter it is held ; and is released by simply pulling back. Respectfully submitted, John M. Sxwabd, OormniUee. "^ REFOUT OF THE COI.«I^ITTBB Special Merits of Unpremiumed Articles, INDIAHA STATE FAIR, SEPTEMBER. 1884, WIND ENGINES. Flint, WoUing * Co., EmdolloUU, Irtd., exhibited the Star Wind Engine. The wheel is known ax the solid or loaeUe pattern, and is stronglj brnced in front hy heavy Iron braces connected to tha anus and to an extension of the ninin shaft. The rims in which the wheel slala are fitted are aa interlocked and boiled Ut the arma that the? form one continuous rim. The boxes are lined vith habhit metal, and have self-oiling cups protected bj caps. It also has an anlomaiic friction brake, that holds the mill still when not at work. It is so nicel; balanced that it will be run b; a ver? tight wind. Meal £ Bradleii, 79 We»i Wiuhinglim tlnet, IndianapolU, Ind., exhibit two wind engines manufactured bj the Iron Monitor Wind Engine Manufacturing (rompany, of Trov, Ohio. These mills are made entirely of iron, and are so construcled Lb&t the fans open or close to regulate the power or ilop the motion of the wheel. They are well made and perfectlj balanced. The Ameruan Well Warti, Aarora, lU., hare on exhibition a wind engine, hydraulic jetting tool, and a power earth-augur. The wind engine has an adjusta- ble stroke that can be lengthened or shortened at will. It has a wrouRht iron mast and aide Tane. The jetting tool is operated b; hydraulic pressure, and in boring or drilling a well a greater diameter can be given than the pipe through which it operates. Hie earth-boring augnr is very simple and of great capi^ity. ^.^i?^: SPECIAL MERITS OF EXHIBITS. 189 Tht Kirkwood Iron Wind Engine, of Elliott City, Md., on exhibition, haa more than ordinary wind surface, and, being made entirely of iron, is very strong and durable. Mast, Foos & Co., Springfield, Ohio, exhibit an iron turbine wheel of very great {>ower, differing in construction from all others, and has many points of excellence. FARM GATES. • \ D. B, Matlock, San Frandsco, Califamia, exhibited the California Farm Gate, patented March 4, 1884, and has many new and novel features. It operates ▼ertically, like a window, having weights to counterbalance the weight of the gate. The gate is raised by the driver pulling a cord ns the team approaches, and is latched at two heights — one for ordinary loads, the other for high loads. After the team passes through, the gate is unlatched by another cord, and descends gently fintil closed. It is a durable, practical gate, eanily operated, not affected by snow, and is as readily opened by a man on a load of hay as on the ground. The gate €xhibiteervioeable. To attempt a description of the working of the machine would require more space than can be allotted to it in this report. Cleveland & Darnell, Indianapolis, exhibited an iron post and barbed wire farm fence and grape trellis. This is a cheap, durable fence, very serviceable aa to turn- ing stock of all kinds, and is quite ornamental. Meal A Bradley, Indianapolis, exhibited an iron fence manufactured by the Champion Iron Fence Company, of Canton, O, that is a very handsome, strong and durable fence. Posts are made of four T shaped bars arranged around a cen- tral rod. It has a T shaped rail to which the pickets are fastened by malleable iron clamps, rendering it thereby easily adjusted to any angle of ground. -■ \ . •! J. ««- « / •v\ t- k V 190 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. Nehcn Fattghi and IL MUeSy of Pitifbarough, Ind.y exhibited a portable fence ol • wire and wood combined. This fence is bailt of timber locked together WHh wire, t ,,v ^ the ends of the timbers placed npon tiles to secure it from dampness, and firmlj >k' < anchored to the ground bj a patent anchor. It is a very cheap, serviceable fence. Thej bnild it in three styles. < KUer d King, 14 Virginia Avenue, TndianQpoli$, Agents for Hamiha Iron Fenet '' (hmpany, of Springfield, 0., made a very handsome exhibit of plain and ornamental iron fence in a great variety of styles. AH their fences are so pat together as to allow for expansion and contraction, a very essential feature in an iron fence. The picket is attached to the rail by means of a locking plate, which gives addi- tional strength to the rail. The Morris Combination Fence Company, 67} Weet WaeHingtcn Street, Indianapolu, exhibited a hand machine for making wire and picket fenoe. The machine works easily and rapidly, and the fence, when made, is light and durable. F. Bnmeman, Indiajiapolui, exhibited a good farm or garden fence of pickets fastened together with plaited wire. E, Over, Indianapolit, exhibited an angle iron fence post that is calculated to work a revolution in fence posts. This is a substantial iron post easily driven into the ground, and is comparatively inexpensive. He also had on exhibition a woven wire gate and iron gate hinge. The gate is made of wire woven together in open lattice work, making it cheap, light and orna- mental. The hinge is a very simple, cheap iron hinge with rollers. Thomas Huston, oj Kokomo, Ltd., exhibited a fence made of rails fastened to- gether with wire. A very serviceable cheap fence, well adapted for turning stock. E, Over, Indianapolis, exhibited two post-hole diggers of different patterns. Either of them are practical and simple in their operation. Cole & Fleming, of Springfield, 0., exhibited a speedy post-hole digger, differing from others in the manner in which it is forced into the ground, being driven in by a driving attachment. The dirt is easily and readily discharged. CORN STALK CUTrXB& David BradUy Manufaeturing Co., Indianapolis, exhibit a com stalk cutter in two sizes, for cutting either one or two rows. This cutter has straight knives, high wheels, and so arranged as to be easily weighted for wet stalks. Oeo, W, Brown & Co., Oalesburg, lU., exhibited a stalk cutter with wrought iron frame. The knife arms are fastened to an iron shaft which revolves in wooden rollers that move in circular grooves, thereby allowing the knives to adapt them- selves readily to any irregularity in the surface of the ground. BPEOIAL MERITS OF EXHIBITS. 191 Avery Planter Company^ Pe^mcty IU.f exhibit a spiral knife stalk cutter. These knives are spiral in form, and rnn diagonally across and aronnd the cylinder* and are so arranged that one or more knives are constantly on the ground, relieving the cylinder from any jar or concussion in itfi revolutions. CIDER MILUS AND PRBSSEd. The Superior Dnll Company, of Springfieldf 0., exhibited three sizes of hand cider mills and presses. These mills and presses are very strongly made. The millfl have adjustable throat and grinding rollers. The presses are made with iron beams and screwH. Two tube and a strainer board are furnished with each press. P. P. Most d Oo.j Springfieldf 0., have two sizes hand cider mills and presses. These mills and presses are very similar to the ones exhibited by the Superior Drill Company, of the same city. They are well made and of great strength. E. Over, Indianapotia^ had on exhibition a cider press on a larger scale than either of the others and of much greater capacity. It had the appearance of be* ing a practical press and easily operated. In connection with it he exhibited a mill for either hand or horse power that was a rapid grinder. The same party exhibited a stump puller of his own manufacture. It is sim- ple, cheap, readily moved on the ground, easily worked and of immense power. Also, a set of bob runners, very substantial and well calculated for bearing heavy loads. WAGONS. In the line of spring, farm and log wagons, the display was very large, and they were so uniformly well made and well finished that to attempt to draw comparison npon the part of your committee would seem to be out of place. Yet each ex- hibitor claimed and each article possessed some distinctive feature peculiarly its own. Meal & Bradley^ Indianapolvt, exhibited quite a variety of wagons manufactured by the Winona Wagon Company, of Winona, Minn. The distinctive features of these wagons are a self-oiling seamless skein, so shaped, it is claimed, that they are entirely relieved of side draft in the wheela. O, Shooerf 172 and 174 Ea9t Washington street, IndianapdiSf displayed a dandy wagon, log wagon and two farm wagons, that, in material, workmanship and styla of finish, were worthy of consideration. Nelson Fought and E. MileSf of P'Uttborough, Ind,, exhibited a 2-horse wagon, made by Helfrich & Danley, Indianapolis, with a patent bolster, which allows of the itandards being easily and speedily removed and the bed taken to pieces. This is a novel arrangement, and appears practical. / ■i. ■ M 192 BOAAD OF AGRIGULTURB. David Bradley Mawufaeturing Company y Indianapolis made a very creditable dia- play of farm, spring and delivery wagons. The farm wagons were supplied witb self-oiling cups and extra binding rods to the beds. Their platform, spring or de- livery wagon was a very meritorious one, solid, and substantially made. The fel* loes were riveted between the spokes, the ribs were cut out of solid board, ironed oa both sides with iron comers. All their wagons were well made and well finished*. Cherry, Morrow & Co., Nashtnlle, Tenn., exhibited three farm wagons that were- well made, well finished, with either iron or steel skeins. The Studebaker Brothers, of South Bend, Ind,, occupied a prominent place, and made much the finest display of wagons on the fair grounds. Their exhibit con* sisted of several stylen of farm wagons, spring wagons and side-bar buggies. In addition to several styles of wagons finished in the same manner as those regularly- turned out of their shops for the trade, they had on exhibition several wagoos- made and finished purposely for exhibition at the fair, that were artistic speci- mens, and did honor to the enterprise of the firm, and were a credit to the skill of their workmen. CORN 8HELLEB8. The Eagle Machine Company, Txmeaster, Ohio, exhibited a hand or power sheller^ that runs light, shells rapidly, and cleans and separates perfectly. Gete, Truman, Plait & Co., New York, exhibited a very meritorious handsheller runs light, se/^^arates and cleans well. BOAD 8CRAFBBS AI7D BOAD MACHINJS&Y. David Bradley Manufacturing Company, Indianapolis. A thirty-four-inch steel bottom scraper, wood sides and end. A goqd cheap scraper. E. Over^ Indianapolis, exhibited several diflerent patterns of road scrapers, hi» object being to meet the demands of the trade both in quality and price. Among: them was noticed a wheel-dump scraper, that is an excellent machine, easily handled and very speedy; the Slusser steel back, wood end scraper, with runners;, the Columbus scraper, all steel, without cut or seam — a very desirable scraper; the Empire, C and Haslet are good, low priced scrapers; McLane's scraper is steel and wood combined, well braced with rods, making it very strong ; the Victor dump i» a solid, cheap one-horse scraper. He also exhibits a surface grader that is an ex- cellent implement, and very convenient to farmers. B. E. Burk, Anderson, Ind., showed a four-wheel road machine, with wrought iron axles and steel skeins. The machine is readily adjusted by levers to any angle, and is easily dumped. Can not slide sideways. A very meritorioaa machine. SPECIAL MERITS OF EXHIBITS. 193 Tke FUmvng Manufacturing Cotnpanyj Fort Wayne, Ijid., exhibit the Boss road grader and leveler. This is a two- wheel machine, easily handled when at work, simple in construction and direct draft, the tongue being attached to the knife or scraper. An excellent machine. MISCEIXANEOUS. J. W. Buchanany IndianapoliSy had on exhibition a very fine looking coal cart. It had the appearance of being able to bear an immense load. L. D. Bailnback, Indianapolis^ exhibited a double-acting stone force pump, a aimple, powerful pump, anti-friction stone cylinder, and so constructed that the Talves may be easily and readily taken out. Tht Indianapolis Pump Company, Indianapolis, exhibit a double-acting pump, with rods innide secured from damage by binding or kinking. A good, durable pump. G. W. Hoitony Indianapolis, exhibited a safety wagon-tip tongue attachment, the invention of a lady. This is an iron tip to be placed on the end of wagon tongues, with a very simple and ingenious device for locking the neck yoke securely, so that it can not possibly slip off. It is inexpensive and practical. The McCoy Manufacturing Company, Indianapolis, displayed a great variety of doubletrees and singletrees. The pecular merit of these conf^ist in the clips, which are put on the wood cold. Each clip has two spurs, and are attached by a bolt, forcing the spurs into the wood, preventing them from slipping or getting loose. E. Over, Indianapolis, exhibited a lot of bolster springs. They are substantial steel springs, the center resting on the bolster, the ends outward and upward, springing the load from the center, whereby they claim the wheels will pass over obstructions with greater ease and less jar. Whitman Agricultural Company, St. Loui^y Mo,, exhibit a horse-power hay-yress. This is a rebounding? ^unger press, with steel shafts and bearings, continuous in its operation, and very powerful. John Fennimore, Orleans, Ind., shows a hay-press that is very simple and power- ful. One end of the press is filled while the other is being pressed, making it a rapid baler. M. Henley & Co,^ Monroviuy Ind.y exhibit four nest-boxes. A simple, ingenious arrangement, whereby the hen shuts herself in secure from intruders. They are boxes, slatted at the sides for ventilation, with the door attached to the nest, which rests upon a spring, so that when the hen takes her position upon the ncht her weight closes the door. The moment she steps ofi" the nest the door opens, and she is at liberty. 13— Agbiculture. ..J •*■ ^ ♦ 1. I. . 194 OOABD DP AQRICtlLTURB. The Moitilor Worki, Bdoil, Wit., eihibiteii a sample o( whm Ihpy terra " Harm- len Bnrb Wire." ll is mode of two wiren, wilh a revnlving spur bctwivii thtm ai K^lar intervals, in^lend of the fixed barb, tlint prickrE)IA.I^A. STA.XE FA.XS. FOEt 1S84, On Which no Premiuma were Offered. Aurora Jiifii Bttr, by Au;piit ErbrieJi, Indiimapoli*. This was a large and band- Bome diKplaj of bottled beer, in which the bottlce were artisticaltj built in the form of a pTramid, Rurmouiiled with a mammoth boot, represented as overflowtng witb the beverage. This beer ia reprceenled as being made on corm^t principlrs, and ■> being pore and healthful. Challcnije Fire ErlinguMer, by JWarciig Lane, Qli'mpo, This ix a fluid, put Qp in cylindrical -ah aped buttles, that when thrown, or got outo a fire in anj way, in- utanll; extingiilBhes it with the gas generated or set free, which eicludeti or dia- place« the atmospheres from which oivgen is obtained to support eombuation, and the fire dien ont instantlj, as it can Dot bnm a moment without oxygen to Fupport it. This floid does not injure cither Sesh or fabric when applied to them ; doen not deteriorate with age. and is not injured by any temperature above 2.5 degrees below teio. The nlility o( heeping at hsDd such means of extinguishing incipient fires U loo apparent to need argnment. Lightning Cteanring O/mpound, by A. M. Tyler, Sturga, MieL, Thomai K. Bar~ reU, Agati, Indiannpolin. This is n preparation of Qnilya bark, and ifi a«nperior article for remoTing dirt, grease, pitch, paint, etc., from fabrics of any hind, or from kid gloves or similar material, without injuring them or leaving a dirty ring aronnd the spot cleansed. It ia easily applied and satisfactory in its effect. 196 BOARD OP AQRICULTUEE. ^ The LiUy CSeantr, 6y J. L. Ctark, Indiaaapolit. This is claimed to be a very supe- rior arlicle for reraoving tar, greaw, pHint, oil or pitch from nn; kind of clolh, perfeclly, and witiinut injury to the goods. Il u e»«ily applied, and by iii use articlea may often be made presentable that would be ollierwine thrown Bside in consequence of accidents to ibem. PAjKteian's Offia Chair, J. H. dark A Co., Indianapolis. This chair Iiih arranpe- menls tor all adjiiMmenta that may be required in a n-'clining chair, and may be aiijuated at any angle with the patient on it. [t ii> a au|i«rim (he best maniifartTirera, ID all styles, from the most stylish to the more common for Indies' wenr, and from a jockey hoot, weighinj? only nine ouncen, to the morn sii Wan tial for men's use. This exhibit was notable for the taste displayed in its .irrnngement, which made it B conspicuous and attractive feature of the second floor, OKkalroiie, by Lander A Dnrin, Agm'i, In'Iianapotii, Thi« ii a musical in-^tru- tnent which, in general appearance and tone, is much likp n reed organ, and re- quires a paper web, properly perforated, to produce the music reijuired. Xo Irnin- ing or skill is required to piny it. It Is gotien up in a slyle lo make it mi orna- ment to the parlor, or wherever it may be desired to uac it. Munail laMramenU, fijr Eniil Wahchner, TndianapnlU. This exhibit consisted of three pianos, one organ, and a set of band instruments, which were all of the beet makes and of superior quality, both in tone and Snish. Royal St. John Seaing Hachirte, by K. E. Brtnen, Agent. hdiiviapili». This is one o( the many good machines claiming to be superior to all others, which has points of excellence Ibat make it worthy of careful examination by those wanting a sew- in); mHchine. Il is claimed that it does its work perfecily, i^ easily managed, runs light and without noise, and is simple and durable in construction. EMridgt Seining MaehiTU, by W. H. IdAingn, Agent, TiidianapiAit. This appears to be an excellent machine, and has some pecullarilie* Ufit found in others. The fly-wheel rung as a loose pulley, if turned backwardi>, making it impossible to run the machine backwards, but is used that way to wind buhbins. It has, also, a t=elf- threading tension, and keeps an even pressure all the time with uneven thread. It has, also, an adjustable automatic take-up, which in eaxily regulated for the light- est or heaviest work. In threading, the eye of the needle is the only hole to pass the thread through. The driviog-wheel alle is hung on adjustable centers, and has &D inside crank. The machine is well made in all reepectn. r SPECIAL MERITS OF EXHIBITS. 197 Ntv Hinu Semag Afa?%ia«, by A. F. Slnf^r. Indianapolit. This seems to be n Brat class tuRcFiine, and is claiinnl to pos^eut tunny point' oF superiority. Among these nre, that it ruos lighter, hns fewer worlting pHrin, sod being more simple, ia eaiiieT managed by inezprrienced pemonn. It has liitge npnx under the arm, giving good rcinru for any kind of work, and has n spring tension ah n tile that ban only one hole to threvl through, nnd the teuHion can be changed wilhont removing tlie Hbuttle ; thnt the feed works perfectly with heavy or liKht gonda, and keepa the same length of stiti.'h in crossing seams. Has automatic tension ibnt accommodates itself to any size of threail. which, when once adjusted, will seldom need attention. The workmanship in its nianafacture is superior. Oothing and MeiCa FuTnishings, by WIten (Jolhing Store, ladianapala, Iiut. This was a large and hiindaiimely arranged display of men's, youths', boys' and children's clothing and fnrninhing goods, of all styles and grades of goods, from the finest and more fashionable worn by the wealthy, to the plainer and cheaper, sdiipled to the wanlia and means of thoae in homhler circiimclances. They manu- facture their own clothing, and retail it at their store at the same price they Hell io dealerH at wholesale, giving the purchaseT of a suit or single garment the retajler'a Clothing and jHen'a FumitHrngs, by Modd CSoUiing IfoiUK, TndianapaiU, Ind. This was a very large and tastefully arranged exhibit of everything in the clothing line adapted to the wants and circumstanceB of persons in any position in life or society, from the extra fine, not generully kept by retail clothiers and only pur- chased by the wealthy, down in every grade to a suit that is sold for only a dollar and a half, Thtse giMjds were so urrjinged us to show their qualities to the beat advanlBge, and attracted marked attention trooi visitors. Me.n.'i Fu.rniiihinr)\ by R. R. Pirhr, /i'lia>Ktpoliii. This exhibit cooaisted of a number of men's shirts, made in the bettt xtyle nnd of the best material, without other special feature to diatinguiah ihcmthnu their superior quality nnd low price. Orienliii Shirl, 6j Fitiaa ShU Su-re, ladlanapolU. This is a new style of shirt thai is neither open at front or back. It is well made, bring reinfoiced where needed ; is made of good mati'riai, and is much more comfortable than the open back, as it thoroughly protects the body from the sun. Uespectfully RuUuitied, John M. Sbwarp, ContmilUc BEPOKT Oir Special Merits of Articles Entered in Book K, > EZHIBITBD AT THE INDIANA STATE FAIR FOR 1884, On Which no Premiumt wera Offerad. W. B. Bitiford, litdianapolU, huL,mtid» a lugeexbibitionin general lithograph;, ■howitig maiij o( the T&rioaa styles of work to which thin n.rt ie ipeci≪ applics- ble. There swdu to b« no limit to the possibililies of lithography ax a meaos of producing at > mioimani of coal, pictares and other works of art, of the ver; high- est decree of merit. The work produced bj Mr. Biirfocd is wcond to none in quality, and well deserres the higheit commendatioD. Bryat^t Btmttai ColUgt, /ndianapoiu, Ind,, made a. large and variad exhibition of penmannhip, coDaitting at pen pictures, generKl peniuanahip, etc. Specimens of rapid writing b; a student, Mr. E. J. Heeb, were very Gne, and a collection of pen- manship bj Messrs. Bryant, Hamilton and Hecb, was of very grenl excelleDce, showing to what degree of perfeclioo it is possible to attain by pyBl^m and practice, Q, W. BiS A Q>., iTtdianaptlit, Ind., made an exhibition of emblemB, showing mnch skill and taste. This firm is large]; engaged in making embkiuti, regalia, etc, for all the various societies having use for such thingn. It is an old and well established firm, and their work must commend Ihem to all intcrealed in the use of snch goods. DrawingM/rom ISiblie Sihoob, A large exhibition of drawings mode by the pu- pils of the Indianapolis Public Schools, was very fine, an'l was an attracllve feature of the fair. Moch of this work, while done bj amateura, nliowcd the skill and taste of experts. The latent talent thus btoaght oat in school childi«D, will, in (he end, rseult in produoiog artists of (he highest order. W^' -i BFECIAL MERITS OF EXHIBITS. 199 Tbe love for pictures is a part of tbe nature of everj one, nnd thone capable of making tbera have alirajs been hfld in the highest esteem in all agesof the world's historj, BO thai a Geld fur dislini:tion U here 0)>rn to everj one, and judging b? lb* apecimena on eibibilion not a few of those making these works of art, may attain inble d n at □' Purdue University, at Lafayette, Indinna, made a very creditable exhibition, and, an the Agricultural College of tbe Stale, was appropriately represented by the work of the students, in shop prnductinns and indiiHtrial dei'igni', which allracti^d much atlention. The management should be proud of tbe high rank thin loatilu- tion has attained, Bud the apricultura! comiounity can not too highly appreciate the great advantages lliere oBered to so educate and asnlsl the farmer in reducing sgricDitare to a science. COMMERCIAL FERTILIZEES. REPORT OF STATE CHEMIST. I Pdruub Univbrsity, Lafayette, Ino., Feb. 7, 1886. Alex. Heron, Seerelars SiaU Board Agriadlvtre ; Dear Sib — Fortj-aix B&mplesof ferliliiera fenf. b; manufacturers w«re aoalj'zcd in 1884, BB required by law. The percent»gfB ''dI soluble and reverted pbosphoric acid "'have been separately reported (as by my predeci>»SiO-lU9D-"d ,^ S^J^S? s^;^^n |;CS?i^ 5.s?=5ea jg ta»o J»d S .. 41 nmu |i.:. d ode wmni i-i^f^ tiS=; SiMi iiii: 1^¥ #11^ S HIM ■«««i. sssr; mil III! iif sas'^s ^-11 Sg?S3 .»>*af IIHs ssH -'"■^.l* Sills «-Lniei> a»>eH< a lax of lifty cents per ton on the fertiliiere Bold. The fees [laid by m.-imifactureni in Indiana are rather more than ten cents per ton. Our present law tbould be amended— 1. To provide for inspection of fertiliieni sold ; 2. To provide for the analysis of a reasonable niioiber of samples furnished b; farmers ; 3. To meet the extra eipenee thua incurred; and 4. To conform with auch plan of analysis aa may be generally adopted in other States. The primary object of Ihe fertilizer law is to protect the farmer by informing him of the character and value of Ihe gooda purthni^d; but with no oyslem of official in^peclion, the publlbbi^l results may be very misleading. There is no real guarantee that the fertilizcnt sold conform in cumpoiiitiiin to the samples analyred. The records tor the pHst year afford a means of ihtiiiinliDg the total quantity of commercial fertilizers sold in the State. It will be of interest to compare this amount with the annual requirements of the farm ; we m;iy thereby gather some profitable lessonB for the future. The most costly con»tilHep'i removed from Ibe soil by farming are phosphorit acid, l)olash, and nitrogen. The latter may be oblain«d indirectly from the atmosphere ; but every pound of potash or phosphoric acid taken from the soil leaves it permanently just so much poorer, nnleas an equal weight of the same is returned. The amounts of phosphoric acid and potash thai may be supplied to farmers is estimated as follows: The law requires that a label from thin ufBee thall be placed upon every package of commercial fertilizer oRereil for sale in the State. Sixty- nine thousand auch labels were issued during the yc»r ending Sept. 3(i, 1894. The sacks used hold either 100 or 200 pounds each. If, then, we rnuume that each label is attached to a 200-pound package, ten labels would be roquireil for each ton, and the tags issued represent 6,9lX) tons of the various frrtilitem. No larger amount can be sold in conlbrmity with the law ; while the pmbabillty is that some surplus tags will remain in the hands of dealers, and less iban Ihe estimated amount of fertiliien will be wld. Now, by calculating the aiuuunts of phot^phoric acid and potash in the whole quantity of each brand whose sale in authorized, we find that Ifihl tons of phosphoric acid aod 65 tona of potash may be supplied during the year in our commercial fertilizers, but the estimate in above rather than below the truth. An estimate of the total quantity of these important constituents drawn from the noil annually in the Stale was also computed, iimier my direction, by siudents in agriculture. In each case of doubt, the figures wcri? so chosen as to give a result below the truth, rather than atiove it. The aggregate proiluelion of wheat, com, oats, rye, barley, buckwheat, hay, potatoes, and tobnceo leiclusive of straw) was .1 4 1 CoyMtHCUL FERTILIZEBS. 205 for 1 HSO, 0 m'jvt^d frniu (he Bwine nnd «he«p, tral conBtiiueniB connunieil i were t.iken (njin Wolff'c mbli " Hanual of Cattle Feeding." thcBe Ggorea were coDibined H'ilh (he knnwo iti«e oF phoBphoric e.cid and pnlasb Ihus re- in like manner, from ihe total numbtr of hoi>eR, catlle, mni fixiliiig ■itandnrdi', an ealimale nun formed uf the min- ted in ilie [ncd of ihete animals. The pnnlj'tical dota, etc, iiiblee in J..hvon'B"HowCrop)>Grnw," and fn.m Armsbf'a Tbe rtBulta are given in the following COMPA H*TIVf TABLE ; PhawAnne AM. Poiaih. Drnnn rrnm thD fail by field crops . . 35.2nS tona 54,569 tool ConrniucJ in fetd of live »t™t 52,131 " S7,Hia " FiirnwhocliuDDintDcrcittlfortiliiB™ 1,081 " flS " ll muDt nol be understood ihiit tUnie large amounts are Innt 1o Ihe Stale, for the mineral cooHliluents iimltrgo a coM-'Unt rotalion from the eoil through the plant and animal bach to the Foil agiiin; th.e wheat, corn, Jiay, etc., are very largely' con- Blimed at home, and tinima1« in pnrtiire leave the undigested conKlituenln of their food npon the ground. In view of tiie inevitable loss bj eiport and by drainage, we may note Ihe following points : 1. The present mipply of plant food, an fnmiHheil to the .Stale in cnnunercial fertilizers, id losignilicant i3 compared with the amount removed from the soil in field crcipx. It iH probably but a Km:tll fraction of that which is exported in grain. 2. The artificial supply in lihewiae a very smalt pari of that which is con> Bumtd by live .ilock. 3. The potnuh pold in fertiliz^m ia utterly inadequate to maintain the fertility of our Boiln. In the eagvr demand fur ground bones, the value of potasFium com- pounds has bern almoHt overlooked. The total annual supply is ticnrcely one-lhird nl (he amount clipped with (he wool. 4. The greatest core should be lahen to return all bamy:ird manure to the fields, not allowing tbe liquid portion to drain off into the streamEi. ^V. wafate oi two per cent, (if (be matter discharged by our lire stock, would represent all the phosphoric acid and Lhtrty limes all the potaxli tuld in (he S(ate for fertilizing purpows, worth some (wo million dollars. The nctiiil waste is more likely to reach ten or twenty million dollars annually. 5. Considerable importatione of nalta from the German pota-sh mines will prob- ably be needful within a few years, and may prove advantageous at once. In lbs meanwhile, wood ashe« thould be applied lo worn fields, and when dry leaves ar« burned, the mbea ore particularly valuable, and should not be wasted. Very respectfalljr, EoBT, B. Wardkr, State Chemist. iZ/ BOARD OP AOB[0ULTnaB. TRE FiRMER AND HIGHER EDUCATION.* 1 Mr. (^irmait, fjodieeand QtiUltiMH: I a|ipreciii1e the privilege of beiag per- mitted to nddreas ao many men before me this Hfternooa, who repreeeat tbe farming lDtermt.< of our mtnte. While I have never been u prjclical farmer, yet, ofteotimee in mj Aludf, whi?u m; brain haa been wearied with Ihe philoBopbj of PUlo, and the benutiei) of Homer, or meditating on that eplendid "March of the Ten Thoa< sand " Bod kiiidreil lioee of tliought, in meaiorj' 1 go back tu the dnys of ray boy- hood, when, barefwted, I preaaed my feet in the iiofl, mellow, uplurued eanh and faesrd tlio bUokbirda aing and Baw them pluck the long slender worm frim the farrow. Ah h ih aiy privilege to addrefs you at thia hour I come with the thought, Tit Fanner unil I^gher Edaadwn. By higher education ia meant the education that Rome of your bo;ra and girla are receiving froLu the ooUegea and uniVeraixiefl of our Slate and other Slutcs, Bo- yond [he shadow of a doubt the Indiana farmeHA higher eduoJtion nhould come from the univcr->[tiea and Christian collegex of Indiana. These are of vital im- porunce anl ini.-s',imable value to the booh and daughters of our State. Consider Kra/. The tnrraer'a attitude toward the higher education. In iravtling over onr State from ni>rtb to south, and eaat to w«^t, there is ncarcely a nt^igbborhood in which you will net find the majority of our farmers in an attitude of practical in- difference towardti out college*. The farmer too often feels that the higher educa- tion siiiitainB no relationship to himself. It is ueceMiury for the mm who desires to be a doctor, a Governor of our State, or Prerfidenl of (he United Stales, but to biro, the man who plow's and gathers in tlie grain, \h\* higher ediicntion 'm of no appre- Be it Kaid to the credit of thoM whom I nddres* ibiB evening that there are many who m:iy uot be cloasified thus, and let there is a multitude of farmeni all over our Slate with whom you will have to reason and plead uurnfstly, if their aoaa are to take a college course, and thii9 secure the advantsgen of the higher •choolK of learning. To be really educated ilitro mnat be a well drilled and dutctp- Uaed mind. Nn man can claim to be an educated man, no matter how many H. D.n, U. U.H or LL. D.a may be attached to bin name, if he has not a disciplined intellect. He must also be in the poasession of knowledge. These two factors— a disciplined mind and an accumulated fund of knowledge —mark conapicuously the truly educated man. Mo matter where the discipline and the knowledge are ob- tained, whether in the work-shop, or in the ciiunting room, or on the farm, if he poBBesses thei>e two factors he is really an educated man. Another anBumplion alto- gether too prevalent among our farmers is thai the higher edncation does not con- • Read beforo lU ABnDal Airicaltnral ConveatioD January S, 1886. TBB FAJtHSB AND HIOBBR EDDOATIOS. 207 cem lh»r iiann and iliiughteni na farmers to b«. 1 have looked into the faces of Um young men gsihertd into our halls of higher education and have seeu there tba Sash pf intelliKt, and there hax riiieo before me a vivid conceptiun of llie po«»ibili- tiea before them, if iliey lun; give IhemselveH to the years of toil, and cnllan. Here h one who has in him tlie powers of ao orator, a logicinn, a eculpior, a chem- ist, ti metaphysician or mcciiauic He naturally asks himatlf : How long Hkall I be in college? I am going bacli to the farm again, therefore but liltle of ihia study coDcerDB me. TbuB he hu> caught and reflects the spirit of whii'h ire have epoken, that the higher education docs not coDcern (he farmer's son who exptcU to farm. On what groond doen he thna practically exclude from the farm ihe drilled intel- lect and the cultured mind anil the MgscioiiR spirit^the bpRt powem of mnnhood? la not the farin wonhy of mmh men, and does our country not need Hucb men on the farm? Thie qiiesiion is often ;i«kcti the teacher: Why is it that lbci0- '' cnpation ia both a Ecience and an art, a science in that it has to do with soil and seed and F^afon, an art in thai much that he does may be o delight to the eye, a slimulns to the imagination aud taste. Buch a farmer's barn will not be in front zOB board of AaBICDLTlIBE. ol bU house, his knee coraera will be free from thorn unil thicket, his com rows as ■traigbt as the eye cnn nin ihem, and his houK will not be an one seen this morn- ing from the pafeing train. It wna a well built huLii'e, elevnled on pillum about three feet high. Scarcelj a foot of soil was in that yard that had not been turned up by the nose of the savory pg. It was a landectipe of mingle* mud and mire. Such scenes as this science must certainly cundenin and the crudest anlsiic taat« fofbid The farmer, therefore, Deeds the higher education in order that he nay develop to the highest degree possible the useful and the beautiful in his own 1 T/iird. The farmer's obligation to support the Bchooli of higher education. If I were glfled with the tongue of eloquence 1 would stand before thin audience and plead wiih you, as representing the fiirmers oC Indiiina, uutil there would not be a county in our State thai would not have a score of young men and young women puniuing a course of study in Purdue UniverKity; until hsif of the studfots of Indiana Htate Uoiversity were tlie lunty hook and fair daughiers from the farms of our Stale; until every Christian college in our connucinvtfalth is thronged with eager studentH, the nobleitt and trueirB i* more at stalte than fat sheep, horses and cattle, and while these are valued highly us they deserve lo be, let each farmer not fail to be loyal to that higher education whone aim is ti> make bim a man more competent in all his chosen toil. No m:in, whether be be a farmer, or lawyer, or doctor, or of any other profeieion, has a ri^bt to esteem so lightly these powers of the soul— reason, eonscienee and ttie will— as the masaes of men esteem them. The farmer is above his profession. He i^ larger than hiHtoii, richer than his flocka, more beautiful than hi,< herda, more valuable than every possible development of his lands. The farmer's own intellectual, moral and spiritual devel- opment are concerns of such [ar^reaching interest that in eoniparimn with himself, his landa and his flncks, his houses and his crops, are but as the shadow lu the Rut>- ■t^ce, the garments lo the man. Realizing bis own value, recogniziog the fact that the higher education has to do with that in himseH which makes him of su- preme value, how can the farmer fail in an appreciation of and loyally lo ^ur insti- tutions of higher learning? Speedily may the day come wlien the youth all over our land shall be compelled to subject ihemselves to a much more rigir our State have not ihe advantages of a hi;,'her education, who will be retponsihle in that eternity whither we are all moving, and where mind and con- science and heart are measured and not lands and grain? I urge yon Iherefore lo be loyal and in earncal in the advancement of the higher education, for the good of the hoys and girls — that they may grow in their uiental [wwera and moral sensi- bilities. Then will they bring lo your old age the merited joy that life can bring — the privilege of seeing your sons and daughters noble and true ai you go down into the valley whence there is no more return lo earlli. The farmer is under obligation to support the higher education (or the sake of TOE PABMEB AND HIQHER KDUCATION. 209 tht perpetoiiy of our State. There can be no ooutinucd Bojoyment of freedom and liberly, no per|ietiiiiy of our nniion, that is not based on inlelligeo™ and con- BCience— on Uie enlnrgfraent of ail the powers of the aoul. The flag Ihal floats above ns, ah the njrnbol of our freedom, onghl to be rucogniied and revered in nil our great Stnle fnioi the lake lo ihe rivvr. Yon glory in the ponsi- bilitieA of Indiana, In its hiiln and valleyn, in it« rivers and rocka, in its plains and mines; and if yon Yalii6 ibexe refotirces and posBibillties ax you ought, you will niii with nil your ability, and keep ever in your thonghl the advancemeut of onr higher InstitutionB of learning. If you are neglect- ful here, in proportion to the neglect you will ever be at the mercy of him who aeeks not yon but yours. Bnt not snly inleJleclual development or power is neces- aary in onr individnal growth. There oinat also be ihnt subtle nomething which ig called character. X man must not only hnow, but he must be a po\cer iu the locality where he lives. There are three linndred thousand farm em in our State— more than they of all the other professicoH put together. When you remember this fuel, then will you underst-nd that juat in proportion as the higher education reaches ihe boys and girls growing up on onr f&rm^ and crystallizes into character, in Ihut proportion will there lie a, rational baais for expecting the continued prosperity, virtue and hnppineas of our Commonwealth. This character is built by discipline and knowledge, and grows in strength in proportion as these boys and girls Aall have the power and the courage U) say, "I will," and " I will not," in the inlerefltaot our great State, in the inleresta of liberly and humanity, in the interests of truth and their own souls. If the men and wo- men of our country have spirits lo^al and true, if they have trained inlellecta and a character ihat knows the true value of " I mil," and " I icUl not," if thsy are trained in a comprehensive kuowledgeof the domestic, political, and social problems of our time and Slate, there are not powers enough on this continent to sweep Indi- ana from her foundation of civil and religious liberty. The farmer, therefore, needs loeniphnsize to himself the necessity of arousing himself, if he does not wish to bo left behind in the struggle for [he highest and noblest in hie employment. If he doee not wish to lose tbal which is dearest and sweetest in hin toil anil in his talent, he must be iimonj; the number to lift up hia voice, take out hin purse and send )iis sons and daughters to oar Btate Inatitutions, and to the Oirt^tian collvgi:!* of oar Commonwealth. BOARD OF AQRICTILTFRE. A FARMER'S RECREATIONS AND AMUSEMENTS* 1 In all the diwussions relating (o agriCDltural inleretiCs in Stale nHBemtilies and tsmiers' instilulec, we have men no atlentfon givi'n lo the subject, ot how the Earmer and his family shall spend their leisure horire. Hours of improvement thej shniild sursly be. To me, it seems the key to the intellectuai pn^grefe, and beact^ tji tlic social btalus and (nture position of the farining c1aF« ; eo. let us pot aside fiflh, fowl, flocks and herds, and considar what U the proper employment of idle time. Poor Richard's almanac says: " Leitiore 'm the time fur doing som^ thing useful," nnd especially ia this true with ihoao vhone tabor in largely munual. Tired handsdooot neceswrily make a tired brain, and readiog comeBfirataa the best recreation. Jii4t here let me eiplain that [ ii!d Iwfors tho Daletcte aod Blste Board of Agrioultiiie. A FARMEKfl RECBEATI0N8. 211 mean MarTntiou of the mind i>r aaj ill the forces which help to make a [i^rfect be- ing. One of thotie Tut hiiRs will pay the bill, and if neceseary put Itin in tha Btomach and more in Ibe henij. 'thtre is no limit to newapaper llicriiiurc if voa exercise proper jitilgiueiit nnil can afford il. If the children ran lo h)M.'oiallifn, fos- ter thefc inclinntionB — the doclrina ot vocations is a good one. Fur ilie iiiai:liini»t, take a mechanic h1 gazelle, fur the numciau, a mnaical publication. i>tc. Eiicour- age« Ihem to be crBnks, you any ? Since this is the age of cranks, lot tne remind you that Fulton anil Franklin and Morse would be called cranks if ihcy lived now ; Joan ot Arc was one, KiliHon is one tO'day, and yet all have done great anil lasting good. To be flure BarLis says ; " Nothin's sure bul death jind ta.tej," :ind tame is a fractious aniniol in a large field, but let the children eiiler and caich him if they can. , Next we come lo the library. If it is full of stale agricultural rcpiirtti und religions debated »» some we knijw, take the former to the attic, [>lni:e ihe hiltcr on the top ahelf, and educate vp to them, leaching Cbristiunily by ■every duy work. Begin at the bottom, pul in histories first for the children and proRrewively np to concise staudanl works for adults, interspersed with good biographies and books of trnrel. The next shelf is for poetry and fiction, and we place caiitiim at your elbow Id make you put in only the besl. If yon don't, the whole family by dint of borrowing and exchanging will get hold of the Iraeby, "Salurdiiy Night" kind, and even yellow-back novelEt. We preaume every county has had a boy who tried to turn Bul^'alo Bill. It h said our impulsea spring from something within us re- BpoDsive lo a call from without, and we are largely dependent on literature fur our incentives. A good deed will call forth a good one; then let the tales of bravery and valor be of the best. Such books as David Copperfield, Ivanhee, ami onr owd peerless Ben Hur will educate and elevate. Scientific and religious treatises come □ezt in order, then the eucjclopediae and indlspeDsable dictionary. Compare a family thus supplied with one where Ibe tables are primly neat, with only a basket of work on them. Which one is Erst in bueinees and society? Whose childen are moat at ease in older company? Whose example ismost commendtnl, wlioxe advice moal aoughl ? Litter your hoiXfe with papers and bo<)k3. They are frrsh and clenu and will shut out tobacco and other ills aliendant. Two younj; men, rivals ia businesR, each recently filled up Ji library. One, in accordance wilti hi^ dignified bearing, placed over the entrance the tnotio, "Z*u»i fifimiui, nmmii;" which uh you know meaoB " while we live, Irt ut live," and learn, ought lo be addt'd. The other, a shrewd fellow wilh an eye to buiiness, in a few days placed over bis dour on the opposite aide of the hall, "Git a plenty when you're a gittio'." B»th are lo the point, and if you follow Ihem, thus getting qnality and quantity, be assured your winter houra of recreation will be useful and happy. As summer brings su much work on the farm, the idle honrs are more limited, bnt none the less enjoyable. There ia usually an extra horse which may be driven to the j>ostoSce or county seat. II there are errands to do, make it a pleasure in- stead of a, taxk. The plowman will ride for recreation, the one who drives much will relish a walk. Let quitting lime be at a reasonable hour. Tlie body must be refreshed for the next day's labor, or else in a week's time there will be laggiagand ^ 212 BOARD OF AaaiCULTl'RK. ■ligbting of nock. In nccal drives jou will see luurh to encourage yon in ihi.t couFHe. Your corn looks better tlian tliat of Dpiglibor Bmwn, who work-< from dve o'clock in ihe momiog until eight at aighl, vhu liired his tu^D 1o put iaeverr liour, except when eating or t-lceping. Uin labor is hnrd, he tnmA llie farm crnnk with hit* eyea abut, tbinking work iit work any waj, and does not realize lie is kvckiog off proGtB bere and tliere by :;ninlelljgent Ixbor. He plowH his ciiru loii deep, lil- erally lending it to death. He ban a light yield, and can't uodtrstand IL Hia family are lb in and Hickly in the fall, and be bun doctor bi1]p to meet. He whiailed and whittled laft wiuler away, and don't know any better. He has yel to learn that moderate and intelligent labor payii. The malher and daughlcr on their drives ■ee blue chicketu in Brown's yard where flowers ought 1u Ih.', the wRHbing jusl on the line at 4 p. ii. What did thej on through (he summer vary tbe programme. In the autumn comes the fairH. The in- lelligeDt man attends them to lenrn and to rent. The family have something to exhibit, and are interaiCed in the several departraenta. The whistler and whittler tnkea it in as a great nbow for bis benefit. He ia the man who patronizes the side abows and calch-penny games, if you admit Ibem; he learna more pmfanily and vulgarity, buya more lubacco and beer, goec home no whit the wiser, and thinks Ihe a»u>ciBtion is getting rich. The intelligent man iakca his family (u the city and Slate fair, or oxptwition, and with broader views of life they return (u the home as a rendeivous of rest. We have Slled the year with recreation which can not all be called nmnsemeni while all amut^ment \» recreation, and hence is secondary, but no leas the proper portion of (be well-regulated family. Games cnl«rtaining (o both old and young are to be found at the Kiorea at low priceii. The lime-honored backgammon and Chens have Iheir place, and legion only namefl the inslrcclive games for children. Authors and LiogomacJiy are always Kood, especially the latter, for poor spellers. Then, on account of their DUmerous diveri-ions, we admit plnyinRCarils, believing, contrary to popular prejudice, (bat in perverajon alone lies the trouble. Because ihey are (be gambler's tools, it does not follow thai cards contaminate. Because we abuse our uppetiles, Ihe blame should not (all on tbe inoffenaive food. Admit- ting, for the sake of argument, that they carry a little extra faiicination, i[ only atrengthcna my belief that the family should be acquaiuled with ibem, in order that templaiiona to excess may be curbed at home. Shut them out, and Ihe per- verse natore in every breast, which demands self-experience, and will not liatea to f A farmer's recreations. 213 another's Leaching, will drive ihe boys to hfty-mowR and vacaoi roocun. Haven't ■ome of yoii, in boThood, done lliis very thing, making a wrong by the deceptinti? The pruserbial profligacy of preachers' sons cornea from juat sui^b stringenl ruleH. Tbey are a whetstone to the morbid curiosity, which will be gralilifd. A light pa- rental rein makes an Uneasy, retllesis child, sure to break loose sooner or larer. A good leBBon of «;l(-gi>Ternment may be taught along with them gnme-i, and the dan- gerous fasi'lnation will wear ont before a boy come? to manhood, jii»it on a child's pleasure with a ne" toy. We have seen cards admitted in good ia.mili rollicking blind-man'R buH' nnd pusH-ia-tht-comer, so dear to childish hearLs. Of courae they are noisy and boisterous, but a little indulgence will not hurt you. Give lEie family the range of the house a few times each winter for parties, tafiy-pul lings, and the like. Do not frown or, these pleasures ; "give your neighbors' cliildrru a warm welc^otne and enter into the sport yourselves. Add ten yeiirs tii yriiir life hy being a boy again oncu in a while. Perchance in just such roguish play yuu Crsl saw t]>e rony face oi ihe wife wlio now watches your children with hiippy eyes. If you are bilious and blue, if cnips are bad and hogA low, call thi' funiily tngelhrr and have n hearty romp and laugh. You will see them groM'inK henllhy and stmog, anii the reaction will t« better than a doctor's prescription. For summer them are the out-door games of croquet, tenuis, ;ind \ixiie ball. If you use proper judgment, and know when enough's enough, no niument devoted lo healthful (exercise will ever be wasted. Your pay will come in (lie Tuht heart and willing hand* of your own b'ly, or the lad you may hire. Treated an men, ihoy will work like men. PaRsiOft over many thingi; vith mere suggestions. I want lo deal a lilile with genentliiieH. I feel a little out of place liere, being conscious thiit I addresa rrprt- sentativB men, who 1 can not believe come from homes illy supplied with the thiiign which make life enjoyable and progressivp. Yet I would tike you to think about it and talk it to your neighbors. AaaLtt those really unable bi procure rpiiding matli-r and ihcy will soon learn to help themselves. It must be an eicelienl coun- try where you can not find the whistiera and whitilera at every frjurth bona''. Doubtless you can think of boys within a mile of you, who spend iheir evenings ni the village store or show, where roughs congregate and spin foul y irns. Their sis- ters are foremost In the hugging and kissing bees yet held by this cliis.'. h'iillow these children home and melhinks you will atop at ueigllbor Brown's I'ollage, where the sources of pleasure are vested in two mongrel dogs and a wheesy cat. We have in mind a family of sad-eyed, lintless children whose educational advantages in (he way of school have been good, who have been reared in a Christian home, are reg- ular attendants at Sunday school and church, and yet are tifeleiei, aiuites-' and un- informed, lacking the vim and ruddy faces of hearty youth. The Inilh is the Christianity ittopped with the moral teachiag^lhe moral, mental nnd phy^cal de- velopment have been neglected and the germs of perfect man and womiinhnod have shrunken 'into a mere shadow. Their reading is ci>nfined to one ch.iuuel. their amnseaieDta to the mildeet games. Through mistaken kindness, the common laws 214 BOARD OF AflRICULTURB. of ]ie:ihh nre di*obe7ed and we find them lender Rnii delicnte. You may prpBck and teapli, hut hoje and girls will be bovs and girlRsu lonj; an time la^ti'. I.et jour frosty frown fHllon their natural desire i n mi you nip IheBtretiuth of will and body. A certain auiouut of pleasure is thabirtli-riKht ol n hearty ehild an mui;h as a gt>od supply of " creamre comforia," then let it be uuHtioWU ; devote efery leisure hour lo the culliralion of mind or maaele. ficiirccly B m>ntb patteea that we do nut 9iv article* on how to keep bnyn on the (arm. harping oo the low wngeit und tedious \Tor!c of town life. It Ik not the lighter work EK}iaiich as the various kinds of evening pleasure which draws Ihtm to the city. the lap-root of ili growth mual be struck, by supplying the tnrro tf far aa practi- cable with wLiil (hey seek in toim. Oiir city friends hure iht advantnge of ue bo fur US amusemcala and intellectual treaL-^ are concerned, and uiileas IhiTC i» a visi- ble effort at compenaaliouwith freqnent irip^i lo the city, tlie wife as wi'll as children nill rebel at Ihu " beapR of work " and liiUc pleasure. The mAciiline memlient of ibe household have the advantage of the others ns their frequent business ealls, serve to beep the coDfinemeDt from galling. This is not a plen fur Ceminine suprem- acy, but equality, and we can'l resist jogging your raeniorios. To illuqtrnte again, allow me logive you 3 time picture found in our own county. Withia a bIodc'b throw of each other, live two men, each owning considerable land. One of ihem recently said he made it a point never to hire a man who owned a horse or buggy, or anything from which to derive pleasure; that he never allowed Ihem to indulge in games, and dictated as (o how ihey nhuuld spend (heir Sundays. An a result, his whole farm is in a ataif of dilapidation, with fences down, gat«s hanging by one hinge, buildings out of repair and a general air of destruction about. The lubor he secures in that of a mere machine. No sympathy or inlelli- gance guides tliB hands which help him. The other man employs men owning horiiieN and buggies, believing it aa evidence oE their own thrift; he lets them off early in the eveaing, supplies Ihem with various kinds of amusements, and to-d»7 und residences af Montgomery county. He ia prominent iu social, bofinesa and political circlen. and his family do him credit. The other man we never knew ex- isted until a sh[;rt time ago. Scores of cuiOl examples might be given, and 1 can no't feel that I overestimate this great f:iuh of the (arnier. We hear of in aristocracy of lettem, of wealth, of the middle classes, with the farmer at the bottom, and unless you wide-awake men inaugurate a reform he it likely lo stay there. He has the strong body which can support a stroog mind, but the tatter demands Dourishment otitside of the onlinary educntion. And school life is but the beginning ; there we get Ibe outline which only years of a and study can fill and call the completed life. The somewhat isolated conditioi i I I FRENCH AGEICULTUKK. 215 Ifae fnmier gives him an oppartnnit/ ot jodginj; people lod thingi with unbiaaed mind, the source of the littlo common aenae in the world. If thii opportonitj wna anltiTaled and fostered, who shall aaj the next decade will not chronicle AN AlIBTOCRACT OF COKMOK SEKSE. A few have alrpad; prophesied that Ibe faiinere are the faturo aristocrala, bat long strides are to be luken ere we fulfill it. The treacherous " jiogliagof the guinea which helps the hurt that honor feels " must be overcome and blinded e;cB must be opcnifd. The Chstauqua Circle has proved a good thing in cities and townn. Would nut a »iinilitr plan be good for the country? Country chuicbes seem \o belong to new cuniitries, St anj rate the teudenc; now is for people to flock to the numerous rillHgeii for worship and general intercourse, making such an idea feaaihle. Can not this circli; be extended or this Stale produce a second Dr. Vin< cent, to arrange and perfect a plan for the intellectaal adrancement of the farmer? In conclusion let me any (h»t I have tried to present thingB as the; really exist. If I slipped off the aubjuci now and then, remember that that b a woman's way. If 1 fjiiled to properly provide for the farmer and his wife, it u because I believe that in providing for the children they will include themi-elres. You who think I dwtit on an imaginary evil, and begrudge tfae time I have taken, will begrudge the leisure hoan. You have but a mialy idea of the immortal future and uo conception of the chief end and aim of life. All right, farmer frienctx, Itt these men sleep on ; meanwhile 1«[ us develop onr higher and better instincts ne an inter pi etation of Gh>d's holy plan. The beginning of the twentieth century will find the Rip Van Winkles still asleep, while the farmer's craft with progressive crew floats on to a perfect hereafter.. Whitehvillg. Inc., December 30, 1SS4. FRENCH AGRICULTURE AND THE BREEDING OF NORMAN HORSES.* Mr. Prandenl, and (lenlUiaen c/ the Slate Board q/' Ajrieaittire : I have the honor to appear before you to-day, at your request through your honorable Secretary, to sulniiil a few remarks opon Ihe subject of French agricul- inre and the breeding of Norman horaes, and, with your permission, I will add a few remarks upon international commerce between the United States and France. The new part of France was ceded to Bollo, a leader of a band of Northmen, *An addroai delitorod boforo th« Delscate Stale Board of Atricnttara, Jaonarr T, 1885. ^ 2ia BQABD OF AGRICULTURE. who had bei^n accuetoned to invade and overruo liie coiinlry, by Kin^ Charlra, the Simple, and becnme a ducbj under the name of Normandv. The Duke of Kor- taflndy coniiniied (o rule the country, and the durlij became on? of the nioi'l proH- jieroiiH Hiid lowertul in France. William VI, Duke of NormanrfT, invaded and conquered EaglaDd in 1066, and became Kiog of thut counlry, while Htill relainiof; hifl diikcdoiii. His succewora in the dukedom wrre eoterpriHing and powerful Princes, nnd look an active part in the cruaade* and other warlike en icrprt'en. At the anme time they encouraged both agricuttiire and nByiE;alioD, and tlie people of their cca coast were the most daring and akillful amongst the navigators of that time. They (inducted an active traffic with foreign countries, and as earlv an the fourteenth ci'Dtarv established treaty ports on the coaxi of Africa, aod elsewhere. In the tiixtetitfa century they discorered the St. Lawrence river, and occupied ita shores; and slao established aettlenienls in Braiil and other parts of SoDlh Amer- ica. ThJH commerce neoesaarily called for the establiKhmenl of aeaports in France. The Jant im|j'>rtant of them ports was Havre, at tbt' moulh of llie Seine, founded by FranciSiiheGtstKiDgof Prance, aboull53.'i, the previous portofHurSeii, at the month of llint slrenia, having become ineligible on account of ihp filling up oFihe'lrenm by alluvium, similar to what has occurred at the mouth of t^e Misaiasippi and oilier rivers of itt; kind. The harbor has ever since l>een tnainiaiiied and improved at great exi>eaditiire of money, and its docks are tmu' murp eiienoive than those of any other |ioitezt«pt Liverpool, and itacoDimeroeE_>qiiuls, if not exceeds, thai of any French i>orl. During the growth of the eommereinl property (he agrii^ultural in- lereBt-i of Normandy made corresponding improvuueni, this being mninly ilue to the fact that, unlike England, the land, inatead of dnicending always in a body lo the elde><( fon, wna divided amonK >II the children, until the vhole country is held in small tracts. This slate of things have continued until thin day, and now nearly (he whole of France is owned by occupaniK of the soil, who Ibus have the greatest interest, as it is to their advantage, to bring and keep the name in the high- est Htate of ealtivation and productiveneaa. The lands are now in Mler condition than tliey were live hundred years ago, the policy of (lie formern being to replace Ibe drain n[H>u the aoil each year by ita equivalent in bam-yard manure. The ptoprielorH of land make it an invariable practice in renting to require ihe tenants to be skillful prodacer.-i of bam-yard fertiliiers. Ijuch tcnanLs have bnt liule diffi- culty in renting Ihe beat lands in Normandy. Mjiny of ih&H- lands are occupied by the fifth and sixth generation of tenants. Three-nr work boises waa'tFodly retrugraJing, seeing that a mania for trotters was makiii)!; r,i|, 1 found there omnibuses on the streets of that magnificent city wi'.h two Norman hormrs hauliai; from twenty to thiity pa^-icngcr^, at a swin!;inj> g^ir ^if irom eight lo ten miles an hour, with no brake to be used as we do to Binp liuih a load; but this wonderful horhc, known as the Norman, at the mere word uf hin driver thrown himedf back into the harness, with this wonderful load behind him, H'hich he slops mire readily than our most improved and powerful brakes coiitd 30 65,931.630 Cwn.bufheli SW52 «.280 716.889 829,804 341,704 836,350 Whom. biwlLli. . , . 39«0 259.063 902.458 8.207,901) 10«8,540 U.312,850 In view of these figures, France found that the balance of trade had turned against her, when, for many years, we had paid her large balances, as much u $56,UOO,000 in one year. The prohibition of salt pork and other articles by France THE ADULTEKATION 09 FOOD. 219 ti 4ii>iitdl, and demaniLi reprieal b; our gOTemmeDt, sad if our SUte Agricultural Aieocittttou will kindly wk the co-operation of the alher like anociaiion!i of our eoUDlr^ in dfomiidLag our rigbto through Congresa in international crtmniprr-p, the time IB not far distant wLeii nur HubstaDtialg will be refused in the poriN of Kraace knd GermaDj likewise, n> longer; should proper reprieais hj our country in the way of spurious wiafa,goirgawj, and the thousand and one articlea of foreign manu- facture, that are better pioituced at home, be required. In conclusion, Mr. fien- dent, peruiit nic to say that it is in the power of the Agricultural AnociatinnEi of the country to r^ulato the commerce we hold with foreign naliona, and If through Ifaeir various o^anizatioos they fail to instruct their Bepreeentativee in Congress ts lo the wiahoe of the gteat agricultural Interente of the ceuntry, it will be th^Jr own fiulC, and nhould not complain if all ports abroad are closed againxt thi^ir •orpins, which tiity hail better not produce unless they can find a foreign mnrket for il, as it can nut be produced for nothing. France has just revised her Inrifi^ discriminating largelj aiiainst ua and in favor of the farmers in Europe, ehnrging DS twice the duty on wheat of any other country. I ask you gentlemen, represent- ing as jou do the agricultural interest in Indiana, is this right? WiUi my beat wishes for the Society, I will close my remarks. FOOD, AND THE ADULTERATION OP SOME ARTI- CLES OP DIET* t. HURTY, OF IHDIANAFOUB. All mankind take interest in consuming food, desiring in ■ general way that what they eat be clean, pure, and wholesome, yet very few, comparaUxely, care lo ■Itidy and understand the subject What 18 a food? will be the first question to anawer, I tbink a consideration •f the causes whieh compel us to eat will give most light. Our bodicit wear away at every movement, however slight. To merely arise from sitting in a chair in- creases the hearl'H beats several to the minule. Greater exertion increaw>< the heart's action still further, until a certain limit is reached. The phcmimeonn of life is also accompanied with beat, which must have continual support. Inunmuch, then, aa our whole structure and its vital processes must be continually renewed and maintained, whatever material subserves that end would be a food. Il is aa (coential, in the animal economy, to destroy as to construct, and as both the^ pro- oefsea atop upon the withholding of food we infer that they depend upon the same aause for support. a of AgrisultDre soj:'*' ■■ ^ 220 BOARD OF AQRICVLTURE. Il in to be noteil that reparative and building niaterifil can not alone be [ermed ► lond, tor that lerm muBt include also all ^Jiibelances neoessar; to tbe roainteoalK* k of vital processes. According to this coijceplion, then, the air we breathe is ai y much a fond na the bread we eat. The water we drink undergoes no digeslive pro- l> ceeH, but is simplv absorbed into the bod; TincbuDRed. It, Is present in every part, yet can hardly be considered a tissue-forming material, being rather a, medium for carrying building material, and also for currving away wa£ti>. Water, however, is a food, aa it is neceasary to maintain vital pn>ci«s«i. Some roods are very rich in nutritive c|unliiit'a, and there are still others that increase vital action in a degree far beyond the amount of nutritive material which thiry supply. Some foods are identical nlth cerliiin slruclurefi of the body, and, being introdlKHid, may be incorporated with little or no change. Illustralive of thJH class is the oiinerul matter, neceuary fur the growth of bony structure, and water, the general necessity. Some foods are valuable, not «o mnch bi-ciiuse they !ire very nutrilious, but be- cause they arc easily and quickl; chao^red into the substances of the body; or again, because the; act quickly in sustaining tbe vital functions; such are cla^ised OK easily digested Hnd aasimilaled foods. I'oods are animal and vegetable; is a cliisaiScation of general character, but can not be considered bj the chemist, becausi! vegetable and animal matter are .' tjiniilar in chemicsl composition, an indissuluble bond seemingly existing. Plants derive their curboa from the air by decomposing carbonic acid gas, which bus been supplied to the air by the lungs of animals. Mineral matter, waler and nitrogen, plants derive from mother earth, the nitrogen proceeding from animal sourcts. The nniiDul consumes the plant, and after its material Iiqn served to buitd, re- I pair and sustain, he gives it to nature to be used over sgain (or pliiot food. Thus tlii're is an unbroken circle in the production of food from difli'renl sources. All vegetables contain water and mineral miitler ; so do meats of all kinds. The solid carbun and the gasses hydrogen, uiygen and uitrogea, make up the major composition of foods. Fleeli bus tor lis base of conatruclion fibrine ; vegetables lignine, two substances almost eznctly alike in chemical composition, subserving like purpoiies. Albumen is found alike in vegetable aod auinial foodt. Thus niav be traced the similarities of these two. Most foods require more or less preparation before they nre fit to be eaten. tJooking is an an is old as history, and yet, although of the greatest importance . and worthy of the attention of the best minds, comparatively no scieulific ntudy has been made of it Cooking is intrusted to that class in society known as ser- vants, and, us is wtU known, the/ do not posHcsa high iulelligenci:. The gastronumk; world is cognizant of the names ol numberless famo',:8 coolu, but the whole lirit probably contains only .'i very few who had the slightest idea of the changes efiectcd by heat on food materials. They only knew heat to be a melius for the acconplisbmeDt of an end, but an intelligent understanding was far from them. Count RumforJ's labors Id the art of cooking are well known, and the great Llebig's studies in ihe same line are of inestimable worth. THB ADULTERATION OP FOOD. 221 Dr. Mattieu Willinioj Liis recently written a work on "The OhemiKtry of Cuok- log," which U very complele, being written with a full knowledge ot the flubjfcl. Mia* Joliet CorHou was the first one to start cooking schools in this ooiinlry. hfr coLiFKe of iniitruciioD influding, beside emperical furmulLi and the miinipula- tions ntcessary to (heir sujoe^fal aiecntion, a resume of the chemistry of the Tli'>se who have given [ittle thooght will ask, Why does a cook need to know anything about tbe cbemisti^ of cooking? What good will it do them to knnu whether puch a atibtitancv ns albumen exists or not, ao they produce tbe renulli>? As igaornnt prejudice only would be likely lo ask such questions, nn answt'r would bea wastQof time. Innumerable diKcuiwinnri have taken place among scientific men as to the nnlurnl food of man. Too much iulportanL'e in, perhaps, attached to meat, but it is noir (generally accepted thol u i:iiied vegetable and animal diet is best, A coiumon vegetable food, such, for iiHtaucc, aa tbe potutoe, contains in 1,000 piirtx 7S0 of water, I'OO parts of aturch, iiild fonie mineral salts and nlbUQiinoua cuin|ioundF. In cooking the dtarch cells ubsiirb water, and the greater number oi them burvt, under- going also chemical chau);'-. This disintegration of tbe starch cells ir< preparatory and necessary to more imp^iTtant changes. Tbe starch in all vegetable Kubstancts must undergo a similar cbniige befure it can uilz with the various fluids developed in the mouth and the wiille of the alimentary caual. Some of the HiiidH, fiicb iis the saliva and pancreatic fluids, change starch into dextrine and then into "itgar, and thi* change apjieara ncoiiisary before the carbon and hydrogtn can bt o^vilized. Witboni the preliminary operation of cooking, this change would in all coseH be imperfet^t, and often impon-ible; and the thorough cooking o{ all starchy foudfl is ot ihe uiinoBl importance. When this ia iniporfectly done, the albmuinoid envel- ope which incloBes the starch granule baa to be dissolved by tbe gastric juice, which ia often difficult, and even linposaible. Much indigestion, probably, arJEitK I'ruuj the imperfect cooking ft Blurrliy foods. The chief constituents of animiil food are albiimen, fibrine, and fat, with juice and mineral snltA. The flavor of meat ix due to osmaxune, and wiiue lut'ihoda of cooking, such as roasting and l>oiling, appear lu increase the flavor. Albuai^n and librine form about one-fifth of ttie meat Tbe former alwaya coagulates )iy heat, and the expansion of the juices tend lo separate the solid fibtrp, and this wpiration depends very much upon tlie method of cook- ing. Albumen in la '■oni'tunt a cousiitueut of all animal food, as starch is of veg- etable, but these bodies diSer greatly in their chemical composition, and in the changes which they undergo in digestion. Plain cooking ia hcaltbitat, and in the long run gives greater enjoyment to the sense of laste. fligh seaHouing is pernicious, serving frequently to cover up poor quality In foods, aud agaiu disguising poor cooking. Its worst eSect if t(i benumb the aense of taste, aud unduly stimulate the stomach. Salt, in small qaantitiea, ia salubrious, bnt use^l in eiceia, scurvy and kindred ilU are induced. Bpices being uted largely aud liked by many, it ia deairable that they be pure and unadulterated. In tb# unground conditioa, a novice can form a good judgment of the quality and freshness of spices, but when pulveriied, the very eleat might be deceived. 222 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. The various priced miistardp found upon the market of itself tells the tale of sophistication. The fact is, that it is quite impossible to furnish powdered must- ard in an acoeptable form without slight admixture with some absorbent powder. Mustard seed contains besides a fixed oil, much albuminoid matter, which have the effect of spoiling the powdered article upon keeping for a short time, unless it be dried by admixture with some inert and absorbent powder. Simple drying by heat or exposure to air would not do, because that would cause the loss of the volatile oil, upon which the mustard depends for its piquancy and flavor. Low grades are produced by excessive admixture of absorbent powders, the piquancy being main- tained by addition of red pepper, and the color by various coloring agents. The absorbent powder used is generally fine and well dried corn flour, while the yellow turmeric is used to keep up color. The com flour is unobjectionable from a health standpoint, and turmeric is of itself a condinment highly prized by some ; so these sophistications can only be objected to upon the ground of deception. Our pepper is made cheap by admixture with ground cocao-nutshells, which furnish a powder in appearance quite indistinguishable from ground pepper. Powdered almond ahelli serve to adulterate powdered cinnamon, and ground roasted -peas are used for ad- mixture with ground allspice and cloves. Powdered spices of all kinds are exceedingly liable to deterioration. They all depend for their peculiar properties upon volatile matters, which are easily lost, upon the powder being kept for some time. I would advise housekeepers to supply themselves with a small, easily cleaned hand-mill, and grind their own spices, thus insuring freshness and freedom from adulteration. Our sugars are all pure. I mean by this that they are not adulterated, sophisti- oated, these terms implying the addition of foreign matter in order to cheapen. The lower grades contain much molasses, which is uncrystallized sugar, and gluooee in appreciable quantity, also coloring substances, together with dirt particles. These articles all occur naturally in raw sugar, and according to grade only ia their removal claimed. Some time since, when grape sugar, dry and white, waa first made cheaply, from starch and sulphuric acid, it was tried by sugar merchants as an adulterant of cane sugars. It promised well, but trial found the impossibility of so using it. One of, its prominent characteristics is caking or lumping, and it was found that when mixed in any proportion with cane sugar, the whole mass soon lost its pulverulent form, becoming one solid chunk of dough-like appear- ance. This fact unfits it for sugar adulteration, and we need have no fear of it The experiment cost its projectors many thousand dollars, as they were compelled to take up the mixture at great expense and supply in ita place the true article. In days gone by the market aflbrded but two kinds of molasses — New Orleans and sugar-house. New Orleans molasses was simply a dense solution of uncrystal- lizable sugar, which was formed in large quantity, owing toth^crudeand imperfect method of sugar making. This was separated by draining the portion that crys- tallized, barreled and sold. Sugar-house molasses was of the same chemical nature, but was minus the color, flavor and dirt. In the process of refining the raw brown " sugar, more of the uncrystallizable kind was formed, but this always after color, durt and flavor were removed, and it waa t-his article which, being separated by drain- ing from the white crystals, constituted sugar-house molasses. THE ADULTEJUTION OF FOOD. 22S Now the grtx.'er coufroiiU ub with such euphoDtoQB naiues for hia moliuBea, as golden drip, rock-cundy drip, royal roct, BUfiat sirup, pancake nirup, pIc. Tiiese sirups are freqiiciillT compoaed entirely of Btarch Bugar (glucoiie). the higher priced kinds, howeViir, conliiiD varying quanlitiee of cane Bugar to impart greater sweel- nes8. There can he r.o o^ectioQB to these nrticleB on the score of health, provided they he free from ailphuric acid, plaster parla, etc., and conitirit of pure stsreh sugar, for then it h identical with Ihe BUgar found in all firoitB. The excewive use of gtuciiee, as al^o sucrose (cane sugar), produces acidity of the stomuch and gastric irrituliuu ; so Joes th« eicesBive eating of fruit, and hence tliia fuct does not inceigh against il. Befuri; the Dow very general introduittion of gliicaoe, con feci ioners' waxy candies, like caramels and butterscotch, were produced by adding to thp hail- ing Eugar Hjlutioo cream of tartar or other harmlesB acid matcrl.-il, whi(.'h haa ihe effect of tranaft-rring sryetallized sugar to (he uncrysta II liable fcrin, and so admit- ting of the waiy kind of caudiee. Non the same end is accumplishtil by simply adding gluccae. Cream of tartar Ih the acid lartrate of potaBsa, and ia found as a dt^po.'ii in wlaa caaks. Itn use in coakiug is conBaed lo bskiag purposes . Being an acid salt it liberateB carbonic bcld gas from a carbonate, which gas servefi to lighten dough. Its adulteration is very largely practiced, and frequently mijitiirea I'onlaiuiDg iiot a trace of Ime cream of tartar are sold as Buch. Tbei^e miilure* consiflt of lerre alba or plaster of pan» mixed with tartaric acid, and someiimeH containing free sulphuric acid. These mixtures are villainous HDd cau not help hut prove inimical lo health. The adulwrutioiu of lard, butter, milk, cheese, Hour, etc., I have treated al length in the report cf the State Health Board, and only wish here further to con- eider fcrliliztrs, whiiih, although uot a food, are very clcuwly related thereto, and must iie uf interest lu this body. A poor, wurthlcM fertilizer it an imposition so gross that it would he hard to find wordB to express an honeet man's opinion in regard to it. We have, however, annually shipped into this State tous and tone of so-called fcrtlllMTs, to spread which upon the laud is not only a loss of mouey, lime and labor, but probitbly is positively iojurions. Our t^tate law, designed to protect against this fraud, it not of the least value, bat is a disadvantage lo nil concarned save tlio UiahoneEt vender. The State Cheroiat faithluUy performs his duty, but there is no guarantee that thf article sent out is lh« same a« that analyzed. Our feeble and incompetent law, then, Is full of harm, inasmuch as it not only permits, but, also, because of weak- ness, invites the dealer in ferliliiers to put out fictitious merchaudl^. We have in this tUy two fertilizer companies, both well known for their integ- rity and honesty of purpose. I refer to E. Rauh & Soni, whosi; special brnnd of ferliiizer is Rauh's Champion Phosphate, and the Indiana Fertilizer Co., of which Mr- Wisvlogel is Huperintendent. To my positive knowledge both ihene dealers have striven nobly tu furnish goods in every instance up to the staudard, and when they oSer them for mie at a living profit, they are told so and ho of Chicaga or Cincinnati will furnish a fertilizer, bearing the State ChenilHl'a lags, at one-haU the price. This experience led E. Rauh & Sons to have a serieti of analyi^s made uflLib wonderfully oheap, but legally tagged stuC Stunplea were carefully col- tW 224 BOAED 07 AQBICCLTDBE. kctfd from various sources, and iu every instance found to be woefully deficient. Stink there was, nlwnjs in abnodaace, but the arnmouin, potash, pbrmjihoric iicid were not. Sand, aiilc, spent piaster and eominon eurih mnde tip their hulk. Tbexe facts mnke it [jIaiD Ihiit our Stale fertilizer Inir should caibodr b clause requiring this State Chemist to pnEDCBs himuelf uf fiimples of Khipmenti', iit liiues unknown to dealers, and \( found deri(?'ienl Lo vixil a hvav; penally upna the offender THE FISU INTEKESrS OF INDIANA.* IjnSifs arid OtniUmtn; There may be those before me wbii take no interesl in fish or fishing, although I can scarcely cnucrive this to be ibe case. It niny be that " Bailed your huok with n dragon't. tuil, And sat on a rock and bobbed fur whale.'' If eo you are greatly to be pitied. O. ihe Iniury of waiting for a bite, and O, the luxury of drawing in a whale — of a bnSB. I bare the repulatiun of having done tbis to u con.'tiderable eilent. I ani not deserving of it The largest ba»i I ever ciiughl— " killed" some will have it— wa?, if 1 renicmher correctly, three pounds and a quiirler. That' was taken with a hanf-shell crawfish about two iuche!< in length, and a few minutes therenfler I captured its mute with a similar crawtish. Thiy were as like as two peas— -cf course I mean the ba^s, not the craw- fish. But if not successful in the literal mailer of taking targe basf, 1 have found that compcni'ntion which lien back uf all misfortune, ID the knowledge I have acquired concerning the habits and diiipusitions of fish. For instance, I have learned that bass are piirticnlarly voracious in rainy weather. An old ballad says: " The herring loves the merry moonlight, The mackerel hives the wind," But the eccentric baBs ban a decided prefertnoe for the splashing rain-drops, and delighls In sport with them on the surface. Therefore it is 1 was often seen, cowled and enveloped in rubber cloth, silent and solitary, sitting in front of the old mill at Broad Kipple, when all other sentient things were seeking shelter from the steadiest of summer rains; and upon these occasions I hp.ve strung mv heaviest lines. I have h^nrd of bass being taken out of White river that weighed fight and ten pounds. I never saw one of this description; a six-pound bass is nbout the largest 1 ever saw "with my own eyes" caught in these parts, although I liavebeen ■Raul before Che Annual Agrioulturnl Coavention, Jaanurr 8, 1885. i THE PISH INTEEBSTS OF INDIANA. 22& inform-ed hy fruihful fishermen— and who ever knew a fisherman to lie? — llial a sevcn-pourd buna in not a rarily in some neighborhoods. I would rnlher eee a ten- pound b:iiu< than hear tell of it, though I wiinid not for a nioinent queslion either tie vernoity ijf voratity ul (be proverbially truthful fiBbeirunn. Il WBB, doobtles)', the lepotation I bear aa a finherman whieh pmeiirBd me the honor of a|ipearing before yon, and knowing myaeU t<:i be uudtderving, at leant practically, of euch a reputation, 1 almoRt feel mviielf tri !>e an old frand wiio has hnnora tbru!oulders inlo dazzling whiteness, and the aasoelations of the vendetta and the Bonaparlee give a ruddy tinge to the adventure; that I have caught the cod in the Arctic around Ca[)e Nord, under the majestic light of the midnight sun ; ihiil I have angled in the clear running Malaren Snltsjiin, which oireulolca Ijenlth- fully amid the splendid idets of stately Stockholm, and in the Bosphorns, in Ri);ht of tiie historic Euiine anil the marble palaces and mosques of two toniiiienti ; that I have been tosaed in shallops along with the jolly fishers of the Ray of Biscay - that I have hnd the liimur of beholding the pillars near Iskenderoon in the north- west comer of the Mediterranean, erected by a grateful people on the spot where- Jonah wBH thrown ashoni by the whale; and that I have bounded through tho league- long rollers on the shores of New Jersey, ahmg with my favorite life-saver* — lo see and feel the "blulish wriggling on the hooks." No, I have not thrown a lin-- in^r at any of these places, but 1 have cnst my hook in Pttlem Creek, N'eif Jersey, for perch; have anglcil in Long Island Sound; gone for wall-eyed pike in " La Belle" river, have roamed the banks of the Mua- katatak for red-eyes; have set trot-lines in the Kentucky for mud-cats; have angled in the two Miamis with indifferent success; have helped to set and draw the seine in beautiful and storied Wye river, Maryland ; have sunned myi^lf on the bunks of the Monocacy, awaiting a glorious nibble ; have seined for minnows beside "Mill creek's marshy marge;" have spent precious hnurs at Eagle creek; have lingered at Dollarbide; have taken croppiea and spotted catfish from i^han. non's lake, mullets from Fall creek, and an uticounted variety of fins, from bass to dace, from Broed Ripple. 0, 1 have had sport, that let mo tell you, even if I have never oaptnred eight, ten md eleven-pound baaa. I am not only enthnsiseticsllj fond of the gentle art, but tove to eat m; fish 15 — AO RlCn LTURE. 226 BOARU OF AQBICOLTL'RB. ullCT I culch ihcm. It was Sam Weller, wad il not, who said that " weal pie is tierrj good if jou know ihc jaung 'oman n^ niBkea it." So 1 nx^ that Sah cuoati- (utt a luoHt eiccUt-nl arlide uC food if 70a know where Ihey were caught niid who 'liilleil llieui. There ie a maitied differeai^e Iwlweoii a " boughteu " fisli utid a ^Hh •one lakes hioieclf. Tu gel ull the virlufs of a Qith it niuHt be ealco the day il is The prcfereuera of niuHt people differ in regard to fish. To me the goggle-eve, or red-rye, in the beat that awinu. Take ■ guggle-eye abuui the size of your hand, if your hand iu not too large, fry it in plenty of lard, steHoi vtighlly after being dune to a tiirti. uule«8 you like your fiah crit^pud tu a chip, which I do nut, and if (here is any better prurender for a healthy mna 1 have yet 10 Gtid it out. Talk of joor tro«t aud your Bhad— don't mentioD theui beside properly cooked guggte-eyeg. " Ye nioiKleni of the biibhling deep Your Maker's Dame upraise — Up fruui ihe Bands, ye coddliuga peep, And ^iiig the red-eye's praine." Bui, if my nienjory serveji me, I w«b uoi invilcd here tu direct how lo cook fish, uur ;el lo eiprcs« my puor upiniaD as lo the be?t of the cnlfh. 1 wascalled to dis- CU9H the " Pish Inlere^U of ladisna." It would take a looger lime ihan yoa would wish to lidten lo do ju«li«: to this subject, and, na our hooorahle conf;reaAl[icn do, I shall have to ask leart to pnnl if I find thai I um becoioing Ujo prolix. I hold 10 ihe grand truth Ihat Indiana hue in ile riverx and streams as Que fi^h OS can be found anywhere under tlie sun, fruio llic much bepralaeil hluck basp, whose fi);hting powers are immeiue, io my favorite rcd-eyi?, whose courage ooxes out of its tail, B6 Mark Tapl^y's i* said to have done at hia tioger ends. Judging from the following, the Illinois Sf-h hateheries have not been well attetided to by the I'ish ConnilEriioner of that State: "Il is aiinnuncptl that 1,000,000 eggs of Loch L.eria trout have been received at New York, and will be forwarded inmedidely tu llie hatchery at Northville, Mieh. It occum to UH that if our Vish Cummi'sioner Uarllett were alive lo the inlereM of this great and growing Slate he would secure » fair share of these spawn for hia lllinoiH hatcheries. Mr. Bnrtletl appears to have been aiuRularly reruiBx in his official duties of late. We are told thai the hati'herit^ on the Hennepin canal. South Fork, Bear Creek, anjl other noble waters of rtiis State are in a sadly demuraliaed condition, and tin invoice of the atorea of the Bali catumission showx that depart- ment of our public service iu possession of only am- drag-net, an eel-apeer, and a can of eove oysters. It uiighl be well for the Legislature to inveatigale ibis branch of the Stale govern men 1." I am glad lo know thai the citizens oC Indiana lo a considerable number are turning Iheir attuutiou lo the breeding of lish, nnd ibat throughout ihe State there are bundreda of ponds for the cullivstion thereof. Bui, the truth is, il is not every one who can own a pond and enjoy the luxury of Gshing on his own domain. Therefore, too great attention lo poud fishing is, lo luy judgment, somewhat of the "Tlie fond credulity Of silly Gab, which {worldling like) still look Upon the bait— but never on the hook." ^ THE FISU INTERESTS OF INDIANA. 227 In a word, that it is moet tojiidicious to pay sach alteiHion to pond breeding aft to neglect a more universal interest. Whal I desire in for our rivers and atresms to be well stocked with fish, and tbe fish protected and preserved from the Vnndals wbo seine and dynamite. I do nol care bow many ponds are net apart for S»h cnl- . ture by private individualFi, what I would fbould be first looked after is the good of the general public. I want it bo that either a poor maa or a man wcll-lo-do may go out to any of the adjacent Mreams and secure a good mess of fiEh for breiik- fasl, or any other meal. There is no trouble about lliose who are able to own ponds protecting their fish, bat I auk protection also for those who have no ponds. I would protect the Sshes in the public streams of our Stale so that (hose unblesi with ponds may, if Ihey so desire, inilulge in the gentle art and supply tliemselves with one of the most choice of creature cointorls. The Good Book says, "Meo shall not live by bread alone," neither would I desire that ihey live eiclusively on 6sh diet, yet there is no other article of food so Diilritious to the stomach and stimulating to the brain, and no other in any land the procurement of which aSbrds such delightful repreation. Even the "brown viking of the fishing smack," who in his picturesque red blouse and fur lined jerkin braves the tempest on his profes- sional cruise, dearly iovcs the dangere and adventures of his life. It is the excite- ment that we all love, better even than the dainty repast that follows. A few years and the rivers and streams of Indiana, protected (roto the encroachments of fish pirates, will lumtah an ineihanstible supply of the best fish in Ihe world For I contend that there are no better fish than those which people our waters and all that ia needed is some measure, or measures, for their protection. Our black bass is tbe favorite of angler and epicure; it ha« been the theme of the orator and the inspiration of the poet. Tlie red-eye — well, you have already had my opinion of that beauty. The croppy, which is known by half a dozen other names, is a delighlfnl fish if you eat it very soon after you catch it. No richer fish swims than the channel cat, while even the mud cat is not a back.set to a hungry man. The sportive sun-fish and the graceful perch, with the horned chub or dace, are splendid fish, and lo string a yard or two of the last named is the labor I moat de- light in, II is aaid that it takes a lai; man to catch fish. I deny it. No lazy man was ever renowned aa a fisherman. To be a successful fixhermsn one must be forever upon tbe alert. He must not be caught napping. The slightest motion of a fish.^ although the fish may not be >een, is readily understood by the disciple of old Sir Isaac. He must know where to strike — and to strike with a will. Itn-illnotbe inappropoB, perhaps, to illustrate this by telling of an experience with the lute George C Harding. He had had but little luck that day— he wns a better hunter •than fisherman. My string was heavy with perch, red-eyes, nun-finh and dace; all were fish that came lo my net— no, I did not use a net. Ha wnoted to know how I did it, and I invited him lo draw near; "and now," thought I, "I will have a lit- tle fun at the expense of this man who is so ndroiC at poking !aa at others." I was baiting with craw tails and fishing for small fish in about four lo six feet of water, up to my hips in rubber boots. I would throw my line iu snd when I felt a bite would say: "George, that is a red-eye." Then I would hook my Gsh and np would oome a red-eye. BOARD OF AQKICULTUKB. ■ould say, "Here, Georfre, ia a perch," and up would come a, wriggling ptivh. TIk-ii, ngiun, "Qi^orge, hL-re'x a, dace," nnd sure i>noii|;h the dace WHS liirotccd. I kept thifl u[i fur some limif, for Ilie Er-h were biting voraciauslj. George lutked cm with polttnn awe. Tie bh'uI I muiit In^ in league with GuiLe fair meriuuld, whoHe UEsislanee vas invaluulile. But, in fact, tu an old stager of the hook nnd line, the [Kiciillar nibble of each vitrietv of iish is generally known, the bile of u haHit in particular being anlike any other. Of liitG years (he Uermuii carj) han been introduced into this counlry, and nre thought a great deal of hy th, in writing uf the artiiicia] feeding of ihe carp, nayti: "The quantity corre"pondn to the demand for food by 1,000 poundu of live hogs, If the greatclit poraible iiiinntity of flesh and fat is to be prodoced. I w«a of opinion that I m\\»t make lli« standard qunnlily nf albumen the same as that de- manded by the hog, and I did this for the purpose of not making it too low, remembering the taci Ihiit tlie ht^ i« the most voracious of oar dnnieatic animals, requiring more food in proportion than any other, and that the rapidity o( its growth resembleg that of the carp." I Hnd that carp has beea aent to ludiann fr-im the tiiherieti for many years. Front 1879 to 1881 there were four applieanta lo the Uovernment BsherieB who were BUp- plied with ^^aTp. I find that F. M. Churchman, Indianapolis, on December 4, I8H(>, received Kfty carp; Fiuunion Churchman, December 38, received twenty-Gve, &nd E. J. Howlnnd aud K. M. Thompnoii, on November 16, were also favored with carp, number not slated. It is estimated that there are at (he present lime at least l,OUu pnndn in the Stale, of large and mnall proportions, devoted Co the propaga- tion of carp, which probably would be tietler devoted to the Ush native and lo the There ia one thing that luay be said in favor of (hecnrp: it can live almost anywhere. It is by no menuq a dainty Gsh—almoBt anything and everything will tend lo Rupport the life of a carp, and us it is a well-known fact that the acreii de- voted to tish raising produce four-fold mora in dollani ond cents than those appro- pi'ialvd to ngriclillure ; and the carp in Huch a prolitic breeiler, 1 do not know but thai raiding of carp would indeed be a pro&tnble businea.". Bui iben ibe taste fur carp can never be as that lor more delicate lish. For my own pari, I never lasted - carp, and in iruih I do not liaoker after ii— our native tish are good enough for me. Uur laka front is of Huuh comparatively small dimenslonH that the traut|les there btiwoen the pond netieraarc hardly nf State iniporlance, although everything p;rtainLng to tish culture cbould be of moment to our growing yiale. Up at Michigan they complain of pond nettern and their depredations. Thia ia a mat- li;r that will no doubt bear looking into, and if th^'rc U ihat wiiiidi i^ wrong il ahonld be righted. ^^jrz'- PISH CPLTCRB — PHOFITS OF. 229 What is most desired now is the be»t proteciion lo all the rivers and the slreams of the State. Tiie real fish intere»itfl nf [ndiana are what I moRl desire lo Ree pre- served invioinle, noiwithsiaiiding that they have been tamiwred with and rendered well nigh past tV'deDijitiua, • If the tax-payer only knew il, it would be to his interest lo render all the aid possihie to protect the fiwhes we have with ns, not caring how many of strange var- iety may he introduced. I*t ollr strenma onee be depopolated, and il will iHkc hundreds nf thoiinands of dollar* to renlock them. Do the lax-pnyerH evpr think ot this? A few more yearn of depredation by the eeinern and dynnoiitera and the rivera and streamB of Indiana will be hr uaelesa as a barren waste. But I will not weary you. I will close these desultory remarks with a little poem by one whom I knew and loved, T, Buchanan Read. Il dues nut indeed, refer to the fish inleresls of Indiana, hat it in a pretty pen piclure dear lo the heart of the amateur hsherman : " The annler stands Swinging bis rod with skillful haudn; The tly at Ihe end of his Kosssuer tine Swings through the sun tike a snnimer moth, Till, dropped wilh a careful precision line It touches the pool beyond the froth. A-sudden, the speckled hawk i,I the brook Darts from his covert anJ seiiies the hook. Swift spios the reel ; with easy slip The line uiiys out, and Ihe rod like a whip, Lithe and arrowy, lapering, slim, Is heni lo a bow o'er the brooklet'M brim, Till Ibe trout leaps up in Ihe inn, and llings The spray from tLe tlaeh of hi? tinny wings; But he dies *ilh (be hues of the morning light, While his sides with a ulusler of stars are bright. — The angler in his ha.sket lays The coDBiellation~and goes hia ways." FISH CULTURE, AKD THE PROFITS OF IT.* " The put hasitinfcfi, but itia do place far a man to lire." Id the past fish cultnre in the United Slates has tieen very Jimiled, both i theory and praclice, but there seems lo be a new day dawning for the fish as an ai title of culture for food. Tlie General Government and many of the Stales hav yish Commiwloners, hut the result of thiir labor has only commenced to reach th 'An adJreEB deiiierod boforc lh« ^tate and DvlDsBte Haatde of ARricuUuni at ibni anDDsl meotinK Jaaaary S, IBK. 230 BOARD OP AORICULTUKE. mBssem. Tbej hare done mucEi to restocking our lakea and rivera, and in Intro' liucing new spocies of Gfh, and wc are looking for great rmuit?. I have no doubt that in the near future the Legbilatiir of tlie past will bewail himself for the meiiger- nte of.tlie approprifttiona made for the Fish Co Qimigui oners, and especially of Indiana. But, At, I am looking lo a diflVrent ifoiirce than the restocking of our lakes and streama for ihe great increase of food fishes, and that source i» ihe pii- Tal£ pond. Private enterprise bus hroughl about all the gnat ret« pork, and on an averuge it takes one acre of land to prnduee tbirty bunhelH of com, and that gives you a three hundred pound hog each year From your acre In three yeap> your acre of cota will produce nine hundred pounds grous of pnrk, which, at five dollars ^ler hundred, amounts to forty-five dollnr^. Now, (abe your acre pond, and pliice two ihoDsand minnow carp in it, and .it the end of three years (allowing twenty-five per cent, loss) you will take fifteen Liiniired carp, aver- aging three pounds each, equal to forty-five hundred pounds, which, at ten cents per pound, will be four hundred und fifty dollars. [Or at five ceuls, same price as pnrk, will yield £225, five times the value of the pork.— En.] Deduct one hundred dollara for food, and you have three hundred and fifty dollars to compare with your forly-Gve dollars from your acre of corn fed to the bog; and 1 am ^urc that ihe labor lo care for the fisb will not >>e greater than the care of the hog. I am satis- fied that an acre of water, stocked with carp, will yield ita owner a more profitable return, without food, than his acre of corn with all his labor. There are many tilings that the carp will eat and thrive upon that would lie ol little beueiil (u the pig, such as cabbage leaves, let lure, beet tops, cucumber, potatoe and turnip patiagu, and parsley; and thej will eat an.nhing that your pig will eat. IJDIBLB QUALITY. There may be some difierence of opinion sa to the edible r|uslity of Ihe carp, all may not relish it, for there is no accounting for tastes, except, perh:ips, by its cnllivatioQ, I have known persons that were good judges of purk, who would dis- card the best lamb-cbops and disdain lo eat an oyster or a water chicken, and declare that the sucker was the best fish that fioals. We have eaten them to a limited extent only, but the family and guests all join in recommending their edible qualities, and 1 think that they will be preferred by the farmer's family, taken fre«b from the water, to any ot the stale fish that tbey can buy on the mar- 232 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. ket. Another thing in their favor is their tenaciousness of life. You may take them from the water and let them lay on the ground umii almost any other fish would be dead^ and then place them in the water again and they dart off like an arrow. I took a four pound carp from the water at seven o'clock in the morning, placed it in a basket, drove twelve miles to the city, exhibited it to many ad- mirers, and landed him at the Governor's office at eleven o'clock ^till moving hia gills, after being out of water four hours. liudolph Hesse], Superintendent of Government Pond, ha.s said of the carp: ''That there is no other fish which will, with proper management, be as advan- tageous as the carp. Its frugality in regard to its food, its easy adaptability to all waters, in rivers, in lakes and ponds, and even salt water estuaries, its regular rapid growth and its value as a food fish are its best recommendations." And he further says: "I maintain my assertion that the carp, whether it be scale, mirror or leather carp, is one of the most excellent iresh-water fishes, and itfr introduction will be of great value in point of national economy, especially on account of the facility of its culture, and the enormous extent to which this may be carried on." Prof. £aird has said of the carp: *'I have great faith in the future of this new fish, and am quite well satisfied that within ten years it will constitute a very prominent element in the food animals of this country. It is emphatically a farmers fish, and may safely be claimed to be among fish w^hat chickens are among birdi«, and pigs and ruminants arc among mammals. Its special merit lies in the fact of the ease with which it is kept in very limited enclosures." And, notwithstanding the prevailing opinion in this country that they will not flourish in waters occupied by other fifsh, I believe, sir, that in a few years we shall find plenty of them in our 1; kes and rivers. If ponds continue to increase throughout the country as they are and will continue to increase, what will become of the innumerable carp that hatch each year? for you can hatch enough in a quarter-acre pond in one season to stock a hundred-acre pond ; and I ask again,, what will become of them? I answer, that they will be turned loose by the thou- sands iu our lakes and rivers to flourish, notwithstanding the bass and pike. They already flourish in European rivers, and why not here? Mr. President, I am often asked where and how can I maks a pond. I answer, anywhere that you can make a place to hold water and have the water to fill it and keep it filled, either by a spring, creek, branch, rain, or by a pump. One care should be to turn off the surplus water from heavy rains. There are thousands of worthless ravines in this State with springs in them that might be converted into fish ponds by building a dam across them and cutting a channel around for the surplus water; and there are numerous quags that could be leveled or excavated, and if I had no better place I should excavate a pond in some clay land and depend on tfae- rainfall to fill it, with the aid of a hand or wind pump. The carp are not so choice about the kind or amount of water that many of our native fishes are, and there is no doubt that the characteristics of this fish have been brought about by its long domestication. I have neither space or time to go into the details of pond making. Use your common sense and judgment as you would in other mat- tera. In conclusion, let me say to you, go home and examine your premiseB and you will find a place to make a pond. FISTI CULTURE — PROFITS OF. 233 Mr. Hendry — 1 approve very highly of what the paper con- tains. It refers to the making of artificial ponds. Some one said this morning it was tiot difficult for every man to make a pond, but every farmer can make those ponds ; indeed in the north part of the State it is quite difficult. There is a large artificial lake in Noble county which is well stocked ^ith fish. It was made before the year 1837, while large internal improvements w^ere going on in Indiana, and is a feeder to the canal to Fort Wayne. In that region of the State we are compelled to build ponds, but in the county of Steuben we have a large number of lakes occupying the highest ground between Lake Erie and Lake Michigan and Toledo and ChidUgo. We have in that •county, in the square of twenty miles, between seventy -five and one hundred ponds and lakes. In many of those lakes and ponds they are now introducing fish from other localities. Some of the lakes are quite deep, one hundred feet or over. In some of the ponds the water can be taken out, and they are introduc- ing carp, and in some instances eels. There are many there in- terested in fish culture, and many farms adjoining those lakes and the streams running from one to the other, make a fine means for raising fish. The object ol the fish culture there is to advertise their facilities for raising and protecting fish. In addition to this we have many natural ponds for introducing the carp, which are said be a good fish. The pickerel is a very prominent fish with us, and have been taken that measured two feet in length. I remember forty years ago a man fishing there brought in two large pickerel on his spear at one time; these were early times, but it is diflferent now. The law is loose and the fish are being somewhat thinned out, but even under the pro- tection we have, if the law is enforced, we will have plenty of fish besides those being propagated. Mr. Miller of Johnson county, was invited to address the ■convention on the Fish Industry, and spoke as follows : Ladies and Gentlmen — I think that a great many of the eraays and publica- tionfl that are being written and published U{x>n the subject of fish culture, are cal- cnlated to lead the minds of the people wrong. There is an interest in the State 234 BOARD OF AGEICULTCRE. thai is manifest lo rai«e Sxh and there is also an intereiiC in the Stale oiBnifpBt to raise an angle fiph, a 6sh that can nut be rained prolitablj. I will ea; that I hare been experimenting with the native liah for some eight jearn am! I have found ihs majoritT of our native Bah not worth cultivating. The best variety of our native fieh are the cnmivcrciUH fish that have Ui live upon animal food and the minnowB. It wa8 staled here this morning that the Batu is a fine fish and it if Inic. Also the ECed Eye is a fine tish but practical experience and thought teacher us that we can not produce it as an article of food and [ilace it within the reach of all. In con- nection with those camiverous (ieh there has to be a hatching house for the impr^- nation and rearing of the yount: fry. FUb culture is not without a record. We have in the Uniteii Stales a comniis- sion spending ihousands of monev, which is worse than thrown away ; we have it Lo-daj, and it in doing ua much injur/. Men are trying to draw others into the idea nf placing fish in these filthy stream'. Fish twenty miles below Indianapolit^ are not fit to come lo the table at nn article of food. I ask every intelligent per- son in my presence ifyou have had any of those fish which have been hatched and thrown into your riven that are valuable. It is a failure. I will admit those fLih grew in the rivers once, but what were the circumstances under which they grew? [ want that we should come down to practical facts. Your streams at an early lime "ere Uirdered with virgin forests, which shaded them and kept ihe water cotil and clear; the little brook ran out from the woods and come to fill up the rivenu These camiverous fish lived on minnows and became fat, and when you caught and iiped ihem ihey were good fish. Sow they are scarce and nearly worthless. What hasdnnelhis? It Is laid lo the fishermaa. He is to blame to some degreei, but ihere are oilier causes. The brooks are liied and various obstructions; sewer pipes are laid In our towns and cities conveying filth and impurities into oar rivers; slaughler houses and privy vaults contribute not > little to the impure con- dition of our streams. Think what the river is below this city. I have Ukcn fish [rom the stream by Ihe hundreds and put in my pouds, and found that ihey were not fit to bo eaten ; Ihey were full of gRaaesi from the sewers of Indiunapnlia, and were not fit for food.' During the dry suaBon of the year ihe water becomea low aoj muddy, and camiveroua liah will not thrive in atagnast and muddy water. Their culture in such a Hiream is a failure, and they will eat one anotlier up. Those fine bass rear their young to a certain age nnJ then turn around and eat the offspring. The little perch ih ahii a failure. The pound fish and sword fish and cat may be raised, but they are nut a success when you put ihem on the market for the rich and poor alike. This is my experience with the native fishes nf the United Stales. Now, shall we go on and restock those streams? Some of those writing on this subject are doing the cause an injury. We have had croakers in all ages. When the Fullz wheat was first introduced thera were croakers on Ihal, hut wedid not ceane raising it. The carp can be raised and also other fish can he. I have made many experiments and the ijnie Is not far distant when there will he much discussion on the carp. Some are doubtful as lo whether we have the real German carp in the Uniled States. [ have made Severn I e.'cperiments wilh the carp, and I find it is going to take care of itself. The Uniled States Fish Associa- tion, [bat u organised in Philadelphia, has condemned a portion of the carp, which i FBRTILI7,Ei;S — RBLATIOH TO GROWING Pi.ASTS. 235 U uDJuat, itnd frieiidn of lliia variety are taking ile par!. There are tliree vnrieties of carp, the scale carp, the leather carp and the mirrur carp, ii^aned to iib by the Onvernment. I have exptrimcnlfd a good deal with ii iind Gqi) that it will do. Tlie Icrtlhtr carp, I think, i» about the name aB scale c»rp. The ncale carp in Ihe original carp, a cnrjj fri)ni which all other fish of thecstp BpecicH have been derived. The leather carp and mirror carp are warce, claiming in be improved carp. This, of CDiirse, will in lime ahuw itself. With these few n-marks I will close. I thank Mr. Seward. Tliis is an iutereating eabjiiet. I have derived much ioformatioii hy reading a email book on this subject bj Geo. Pinley, of Pittsburg. A vote of thanks was tendered to Mr. Cotton for his paper, and to Mr. Miller lor his remarks. FERTILIZERS AND THEIR RELATION TO THE GROW- ING PLANT.* . W18EL0OEL, Mr. Ckainaan, Iiodia nnd OentUmen: It in perhaps presumption on my part to offer an article rt>1atiDg l<> agriculture to the representative ogriculturiita of the great l^tite of Indiana. I will, therefore, onl; relate tlic reuull of a few eiperi- menlB made tiv oiimelvL's and others, the lewons derived from them, and a fow obscrvationa culled from thirteen years' experience a« a manufacturer and sHlenmnn of commercial fmilii:en<. Therefore, let us begin vith the laud wheo it is lirat prepared (or the need, being new and rich, because encb year's growth of grass, wecda and lenTcs was le ft to de- cay where it grew, and n-:urning to mother earlh. the nitrofreHi phoiiphoric acid, potonh, etc., it had drawn from her during lis lifetime, thus increasing, instead of diminiohing the store of |laDl food contained in the soil, it became stronger and more prolific after each Tor's growth of plants bad decayed. < and Delegate Boards of ARricuUure t"- 236 BOARD or AUillCULTDRB. '^ll(^ hiiabandinan cometi, and ifler clearing the land of Limber, bnuili, etc., plotra or digs up the eoil, pulverizes it as mut^h at poseibli.- preparatory u> planting the Deed, the land being rich in plnnt food, it produces n bountiful crop, ampt; rewikrd- ing him for his labor. Thin bei[ig profitsiblc ui well as a necesait;, he repeats the planting, and removing the crop year after jeur, witlmut giving the subject even a passing thou^'ht that he hw removing from the Htortt oE plant fond cuutainnl in the soil of hia fnrm n given qunntitj' of nitrogen, phosphoric acid and potash, or without relnrning to the soil the oonetiliLents of plant food in the way of manure, or other fertilizers. And if this cooRtant drnin is liept up without a return being made to the soil, it ia made powrer and poorer, until finally it niti not produce enough to paj for the labor of eultivatiug it, and he niut^t either do uimelhitigto re- store the land to fertility or abandon the furm. And in order to make the fields productive again, be must retom lo the soil the plant fiiod of which it ba" been rob- bed—by hauling manure, turning under clover and weeds, or other cropn, or by applying commercial fenilizem, inch an phonphates, ground bone, etc. Now the question prevents itself, in to bow it in best to apply tbix commercial fertilizer to obtain the beat results, since it id quite expensive:, and there being notiiing like enough manure produced on the farm to uompensate fur Iheamouut of plant fuod taken iiway with tlie grriin, hay, and slock that is sold, it is therefore iul|iortanl. to gl't the full benefit of the fertilizer. Therefore let us examine what this cooiniercial fertiliter 1* comporcd of and bow it is prepared, so as to be en- abled to use it I.) the bett adTHiitige- The manuiacturer of lertilizeni prepares bis fertiliser tii suit ihe soil and crop tor which il is designed, about »a follows; It it is to lie used on a clay or com- puul soil, for wheat, clover, Krasn, or any slow-growiug plant, he selects bone for the phosphoric acid ir contains. The clean, hard, dry bone Is ground fine, tbe coarser particles cnrrfully screened out, and Litis Snely-groiind bone is placed upon the market as raip irnie, to be used on wheat, clover, grass, shrubbery, fruit trees, lawns, etc.; or. If the soil be light or sandy, use only on n meadow or on wheal after it is up, or any crop that has roots to lake np the particles of bone and hold them until they are dissolved by the action of the solvents contained in the soil, for a fertilizer is only plant food when in a solvent or disiuilved state. The raw bone, being hard and flinty, is not readily dissolved. It is therefore necessary to hold it near the plant by some agency until it becomes solvent by the elements con- tained in the earth, otherwise it may be washed away or leach through the soil without giving the plant (he nourishment it was designed to do. Therefore it U bettei to apply the raw bone to plants that are already rooted, an the routs will catch and bold the bone until dissolved. Bones that arc not dry, or not fit to grind as raw bone, ^^e put into aii iron tank and steamed under pressure until they liecume Hoft; tbcy are llielt taken out, dried and ground in the same manner ks the raw bone, and placed on the market ae " steamed bone," " bone meal," " Jissolved bone," or '' bone dust," to be used and applied lh« same as raw bone, except thai it having been steamed, it is much softer and a great deal more soluble thin the raw bone, il Dels mnch quicker, and in & porous or light soil gives decidedly better retjults. — »v»- -^^!Hr FBRTILIZBRS — RELATION TO GROWING PLANT3. 237 The Qeeh and blnod of the animsl ia dried and gmtiDd far the nitrngfn or Boimanin it containn, and to make an ammoniated ph[ephiib>, or any other am- moniated hrimd, the mnDafnclurer uses ground hntit fnr the phoHpiinric acid nr bone phoEphnle uf lime; fle«h and blood for th^ flirimnnia, addc n c^rtnln per pent, of potash, aatiiratef the whole mass with sulphuric arid, rons it (hroiigh a mixiiiK macliinc, and in a short time it ia read? fnr lh>; market. Th<-D, IcDowins the ciimponition of the fertilizer and the ftoil upon whieh it is to bo used, nud the plunt we deiiirc to grow, we ciin^ with n reiuuinable dogi¥e of n^r- Ininly, determine which Drand or kind of fertiliicr it will be bpnt and tDUHt profit- able to uiie. ThuN, for u light or fandj noil the Slenm^d Itonp, Bone Meal, Bane Du^t, or kinilred hrande of the fertiliiere offered in this tnarkel would do better for wheat, or gras!i tu be cul foE bay. But if the soil be a !>li(T clay or itx cnDBlitnent, and the plant n shrub or Tine, or a meadow uned for graiiilK, or even wbeal, a glnw- airting. and coRheqiiently long-enduring, feTliliier, niicb aa Kaw Bone, would be the . For all spring crops on any aoil, a hi|;hly soluble ferliliier, Buch as Ammonialed Phosphttleg, is undoubtedly the most aalisfactory, anil acte quickly and energetically on the growing plant, piiahes it forward to a vigorous growth, insuring early ma- turity and an increaiied yield. Now, H few words nbout the application of feriilii^rs, I will give you our own experience in this malter, what it leads lo, and its logical deduction, nnd the con- cluniona urHvcd at. Some of theiie eipcrimentn were made on the 8clIeR< farm near Ihla cily, and nlherp by our customers in differert parts of the Stat*. And to begin with our first, e'lx years ago, 1 will say [hat after the ground bad been care- fully prepared for the sefd, our rule was to drill about two hundred pounds of bone dust (o tht acre with the wheal at the time of plantinj?, which was the firat week in 8pptenjlier. Our wbeiit grew finely, too 6oe in fact, and the fly git into the wheat, and we^t left. Another field was sown two weeks later, with the same amount of fertilizer. Tie wheat grew finely; the fly did not hurl it so much; we got big slriiw, but not the number of bushels we ei peeled lo gel tor the umtiiint of slrttw, and felt that we were cheated, somehow or other, and set to work to dis- cover the cause. The nest fall we planted Ihe last week in September and first week in October, with Ihe same kind and amonnl of ferlilizcr. The remit was ratich belter, but slill not enough wheat for the amount ot slraw. It occurred lo us thai we were raising too much straw and not enough wheat, and unless we could do Ijetter the wheat- raising business with expensive terlili7.er was not very profilable, ind must be improved or abandoned. And in analyzing the situation it appeareii that we fed our wheat plant Coo much in llii^ start, by gifiug it all its food for (he whole year at once, con^quently it gorged Itself, grew abnormally large for its age ; by the time it began to head out and put on the grain its stock of Tood wna well-nigh exhausted, and it required so much to nnurinh the immi'nse alalk that the head snOered for want of proper food, and the conse- quence was a dwarfed head on a large kM>dy. It wns therefore decided lo give the grain Just about food euaugh at the time of planting Co give it a good stnrC for ihe spring, and then give it its summer rations, thus avoiding the possibility of the fer- ■■jw iOO BOAHD OF AORICDLTCFHB. tiliier being wasbed away, ae the roola of the plant ara there tu eateb it as it falU, whereas in the fall there are DO roola or nnjthing to bold it, aod much of it i« washed away and lost to the purpose (or wLioh il wa< intended. We lliereforc adopted the following mode of iipplying firtilieer u. wheal. Il baa worked well wherever il baa betn tried, and we recommend it lo all our After the ground hia been prepared and ready fur tbe ieed, we bow or drill about one hundred pounds of ferlilizer witb the grain in the (all, about the t-!iili or 20th of October, and as soon as the frust ia out, and the ground Kttlnl in tbe spring, we go over the wheat lot with a seeder and ww from one bondred and fifty to two hundred pounds of (ertUiter to tbe atri', and then go over tbe wholu field with a light harrow and break up the bard crust fnrmed by the beating winter rains, and tiiu renult is, shorter straw, a great deal more wheat, and an earlier matured crop. Those who have tried Ibis plan are highly pleased with it, and we earnestly recommend it as the true way of applying fertiliser U) make wheal grow. The same rule applies to corn. We lind it best to soak the seed corn in a tub of water over night and ju»t bi.'[ore plflniing put the fertilizer into a suitable aited box, put the soaked corn into it also, luix tbe twu thoroughly together and planu The fertilizer that adheres to the kernel of cvrn is suliieieiit for tbe present. Mules and crows don't like it aud do Dot seeru io bother it much, and when the com is worked for tbe lout time, that ia when it iri " laid by," pui u good aiied handful of (ertiiiier around eatih hill of corn In n circle of nut lees thun a foot in diameter, or now broadcast 250 lbs. to tbe acre. The reason for doing so id this: If too much fertiliter is put in with the grain at tbe ilnie of pUniing, much of it will wash or . leach away before tbe plant ia ready for it, and wbnl remains will shoot the stalk ahead to a great size, and when the time for earing comes, the itame trouble arises that was cited with tbe wheat; therefore, if the stalks be not so very large, if tie proper nourishment can be supplied at the lime the sap begins to How lo tbe ear, the ear will grow large instead of the elslk, for then ia the time to force the plant ; but if (he stalk be too large il will connume luo much food fur ite own nae at ibe expense of the new member, the ear, juit .'wltlng. The reason for putting ihe fer- tlllier around ihe hill instead of into it is to make the roolti'i'preaif out in quest of food, which they will not do if the food is jiul into the bill. The reason for want- ing the rools lo spread is that the pluul will tiland much firmer, will endura a, droulb much better, and have a greater area 10 draw nourishment from. The results of all our eiperimenia and observaliuns point to the fact that it is far better to apply the fertilizer in smaller dosea and at shorter intervals to all growing crops. Judgment must of conrw be used in this matter, ns il is quite im- possible to lay down and adopt an iron-clnd rale for all crops aud conditions. Raw bone sown over a pasture or lawn l«foro freezing up in the f^ll, and the sod loosened up with a good barrow iu the spring, gives eicelleal results. Fruil trees while in blossom, and vines and shrubs, all should receiva liberal doaes of bone dust around the roots, worked into the ground with shovei, boe or pick. For a meadow we recommend the ufe of ammonlated phosphates. Bow 200 pounds to tiie acre as soon as tbe frost U out aud tbe ground aettleil enough to bear 1 J PESTRrOTlON OF CROPS BY INSECTS. 23it up a team in the spring, annd dispatch. Another nrpleasant fact in regard to our insect plagues is that new and strange species are constantly appearing. It is not many years since Ihe su-called Colorado potato beetle came an unheralded stranger among us. More recently the cabbage norm csme over from the old country to rhow us what he could do. The maple bark louse has only lately cast in his lot with ua, and his work on our shade trees will tell of his prenence for years to come. In some localities this pest has ruined fruit trees us well ai maples. Prof. Cook, of Michigan, describes two new insect enemies DESTRUCTION OP CROPS BY INSECTS. 241 that have attacked the wheat in that State. One hollows out the berry, and the other works in the straw just above the joint. The same gentleman, who is an ac- complished entomologist, by the way, in the Michigan Agricultural College, gives some observations upon a new and very injurious enemy to the apple, which has received the disgusting name of apple maggot, that does its work mainly after the fruit is gathered in the fall. From past experience we are warranted in expecting other troublers of the kind in the years to come. Fruit growers are ready to accept as their motto, Eternal vigilance is the price of good fruit, and the sentiment is scarcely less appropriate as applied to grain-growing. But what is to be done about it? is the question that involuntarily arises when the subject of insect depre- dations b presented. To many it seems a hopeless and useless task to fight these tiny foes. A few years ago it did appear useless indeed to enter the combat, but science, investigation and experiment have come to the rescue, and now we have effective weapons against nearly all the tribes that have been long enough among ns to allow of studying their habits and learning their likes and dislikes. By means of lime, ashes, tobacco decoctions, Paris green, London purple, hellebore, pyrethrum, kerosene emulsions, sulphur, copperas, etc., we may keep most of the pests from swarming upon and overwhelming our crops of fruit and grain. But the fight is a severe and expensive one where it munt be carried on single handed, and especially when we fight in the dark, that is without knowing our enemy's strength and tactics. And here is the point and purpose of my essay : Our farmers and fruit growers need information regarding the insect enemies that have been alluded to, and ought to be advised as to the best means of warding off their attacks. In other words they need ihe services of a competent entomolo- gist to whom they may send any su<«picious looking iiiiiects for name and remedy, if noxious. They need to be informed regarding the insect-eating birds, both native and imported. Many of our insectivorous birds, the swallows, for example, are supposed to be as fond of bees and other u.-^ful insects, as of those that are injuri- ous. The English sparrow is believed by the President of our Slate Horticultural Society, who is usually good authority in horticultural matters, to be an insect- eating bird, while other authorities assert that this bird eats insects only when grain, buds and other vegetable food can not be found. Our farmers need to have this and similar quentions solved, by the investigations of some peri^on qualified and pail I for the work. The best remedies for each insect and the best modes of appli- cation, amounts required, the descriptions of friendly insects, or those that destroy the injurious kinds, and much other information regarding the subject of insect economy can best be given by a competent entomologist under pay of the State. It may be objected that the employment of an entomologist for Indiana involves an unnecessary expense, Rince we have such an officer in the Department of Ag- riculture at Wnshington, and neighboring States have men employed in studying up the same insects that are to be found in our State. A legislator of an econom- ical turn of mind might ask why not buy the reports of these gentlemen and get all the information they have gained, at a merely nominal cost? It is true that the Il- linois, Ohio, Michigan and Missouri entomological reports might be thus utilized, as well as those of the United States Agricultural Department, but we dislike to be 16 — Agriculture. 242 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. charged with such parffimonj m this course would imply-. But a stronger objec- tion is in the fact that but little advantage^^ould be gained from distributing such docnmentB. But a very small proportion of the people would ever see them, and especially would this bn true of the class most needing the information they contain. Farmers, as a rule, pay but little attention to insects or their depreda- tions till they are upon their crops and are multiplying and feeding with rapidly increasing numbers. Then they want to know what the things are, and what to do to destroy or drive them away, and they want to know who to write to to give them this all-important information. It is too far to send to Washington. It may be a week before a reply would reach them, and in that time great and irreparable damage will have been done. They have no right to address the entomologists of Illinois or Ohio; so nothing remains but to write the editor of their agricultural paper. He may know what the insect is, and he may not. He will give the best advice in the shop, but he is not authority. What is wanted is a competent ento- mologist in the employ of the State, to whom any citizen is at liberty to send for any def»ired information regarding insects that may be depredating upon his crops. The State can employ such a man, with headquarters at Indianapolis,'in the rooms of the State Board, at from $2,000 to $3,000 per year ; or if the smaller of these sums seems too high, they may secure the services of the entomolc^ical professi^r at Purdue University, for perhaps one-half the amount, allowing him to receive par- tial pay as professor in the institution for a stipulated portion of his time. It may be regarded as one of the duties of this body to recommend to the Legis- lature such laws as they deem important to the agricultural interests of the State. At present there is no law on our statute book against insects of any kind. In view of such considerations as have been suggested it seems time that we should have provision made for appointing a State entomologist, and, in addition to this, that some such legislation as that adopted in California should be enacted. In that State an act has been passed appointing a State Board of Commissioners in the interest of the horticultural industry, with power to act in any proper way to pre- vent the importation and propagation of noxious injects. The law allows the peo- ple in any section to combine to destroy insect pe^ts, and empowers the majority with the right to constrain the minority to join in the battle. This Delegate and State Board would do an incalculable service to the agricul- tural interests of the State if, by their petitions to the Legislature and influence with that body, they should secure the passage of some such enactment against the insect enemies of our crops of fruit and grain. r VALDB OF BJ8DS AS'lNSECT DHSTROYBRS. 24-i THE VALUE OF BIRD3 AS INSECT DESTROYERS* BT FLBTCHBJt M. MOE. Probably few subjects have iDteresled the agriculturist of late jeara as much as the ever important one, ai to whelher birds are a friend or toe to his gromag cropa and frait. A great deal has beea written both for and agaiDdt the preservation of birdd, Bcme writets thinkiug that the amount of fruit destroyed bj them more thau overbalances an; good the/ ma/ do as insect destro/ers, while otben hold that the amount of fruit destro/ed ia com paratirel/ small when compared with the amouDt of injurious insects destroyed. M/ own investigations have proved that the latter view is substautiallj correct and et>pecisllj so with the " robin," to whom m; investigations have principallj be«n directed. Perhaps no bird is better known to the farmer than he, being one of our f n>l arrivals in spring, ( man/ of them reaching here in the earl/ part of of March), he is the last to leave in the fall, often remaining until th« ground b cot-trcd with snow before taking his flight southward. In earl/ spring he can be ■teen hopping around over the freshly plowed ground, eagrrl/ watching for an/ un- nui/ aiigic worm who has heen unfortunate enough to have been exposed lo sight by iho Inrmer's plow, and from the number of times the brownish black head puunocy down into the earth it is reasonable lo suppose that his breakfast is not a poor one. By actual experiment it has been shown that a young robin requires cD^^iderably more than his "own weight" of animal food every day, and during the t'eason of rearing tbeir young, the old birds forage almost exclusively on insects while it is true that the robin will feed upon seeds and berries when in>«ct food is not well obtainable. The fallowing list of insects which I obtained by the careful disnetitinn of upwards of thirty robins during the past summer, will show what a benefit ihe robin is: The insects noticed were the Com Worm ( Qortyra Zeal ), Apple Borer ( Prlntheria Pomella), Corn Root Worm, Diabrotica Longicornis I Suv ), Qround Beetle, ( Lachnosteuna Quereina), Measuring Worm ( Geomctra Qitenoria), and also ihelarvieot the well known Cabbage and Sulphur Butterflies. The Jtomach of one adult robin, examined by Clarence M. Weed, of the Michi- gan Agiicultnral College, contained such a striking instance of the beneficial influ- ence iif ihe bird that I notice it here. The bird in question was shot between a row of cherry trees and raspberry bushes, both in bearing, and but a few rods apart. The stumjich was almost wholly filled wiih the injurious larvieof the family aolhomyiidc Thin 14 the family to which belong Ihe notorious cabbage and radish flies, which in muiiy places have slopped the cabbage production, with a consequent loss of ihon- suadu o( dollars annuall/. By actual count there were lixly of these anthomyian larvx in the single stomach. Yet many a horliculluriiit asserts that robins eat no iQFect fuod in berry seasons. U any one doubts the assertion that robins do not iuluist principally on insects, let them try the experiment of trying to raise a young * ftsai befara ths Aaooal Af rlsoUarkt Canvsntfoa, Jaaanry S, IBSS. Wi 244 BOARD OP JORICULTURE. robin on other than anioial food. The bird will unuallv- die on (lie second or ihird day, but on the other hand, give him plenty of inaectf, such as motfan, beetles, Rnibn, Tine vormB, chryaolids, and caterpiliajs, and he will soon grow LeailbT and t^trang. Mr. Trouvelt, of Medtord, Hai«., one of the largent growern of silk wormB in ihe United States, lo«t so many wormi by the depredslione of birdtt, principally robins, that he found it necesaary to cover hla enlire pnlcli (when the wonua were ted), consiEting of over eightacrea, with netting to protect them, and even then it waa only by const ant watching that they were prevented from brcnking through the aetting, Aa an tzperiment, he placed a thousand silk nornib on a Ecmb oak, jugt oulaide of his grounds, and caused it to ba watched. In three days the wornis were ti\ gone. The robinx, with the help of a few cat-birdH, had enten every one. Mr. Trouvelt, although a loser himself, gave the result of his e;[periQient lo nhuw Ihe love of the robin for insect food. I may well add to the above a list of such birda an are known to be inttect de- 8tro;eti>, in hopes that it may, to some extent, cheek the almost wholesale destruc- tion of our birds, which is going ou to such a great exlent in our Slate. A few years ago robins, black birds, jays, yellow hammers, orioles, thrushes and ciit-birdi netted within our city in large numbers, but owing to the introduction of the Eng- lish sparrow, and to largely increased numbers destroyed by city and farmer boysi ■ioce the introduction of cheap fire arms, which I might Kay are an invention of late years, these birda have almost entirely left us, only a few nirnggling robins and blue birds remaining. It may be of interest to note that I have mode numer- oas inquiries amongst persons gardening in or near the city, and that tbey have all united in saying that their fruit and garden stuQ' has suffered more from the at- tacks of insects during the past snmmer than eter before. I am thoroughly con- vinced that this is largely due to the almost total extinction of nur InBt-ctivurnus birds in and near the city. The law passed by our last fjegislature prohibiting the killing uf nearly all al our song birds was well timed and to the point, but it seems useless to have and make such a taw unless it is enforced. I think that if there was a reward of aay from $1 to j3 offered for each offender arrested and convicted under this law, it would have a summary effect upon the promiscuous shooting now indulged in by nearly everybody who has a gun. I know of a number of boys and young men in our city, who make it their boast of killing so many robins or bo many blue birds on each hunting excuraion. If auch parties ok the»e were made to pay one or two good lines they would stop thte M-called sport and go into wore Ipgiiimate pursuits. The following is a list of birds known to be destroyers of injurious incecis: Blue bird, robin, cat bird, chipping sparrow, field sparrow, clay-colored sparrow, black' throated bunting, indigo bird, ground robin (chewink], cardinal grosbeak, black bird (crow , black bird (cowl, black bird (red-winged), bobolink, meadow lark, king bird, pcwee, cuckoo, night hawk, chimney nwatluw, sparrow hawk, wood|M:ckers (all kinds), quail, large snipe, plover, prairie cbirken. warblers (small warbling birds found in spring and summer, usually brighl'colorvd) and marline. 1hdiahapoi,m, December, 1884. • "1 h^ ROAD PAVING MATERIAL. 245 ROAD PAVING MATERIAL * BY JOHN T. CAMPBELL, SURVEYOR AND CIVIL ENGINEER. When we consider the great importance of good roadn, and the many things that can he made available for paving them, we are almost struck dumb with wonder at the meagre use that is made of the fair to good material so lavishlj furnished us bj Nature. So many people have no conception of anything they have not seen done — «o many people prefer to trudge along over the steep, winding and muddy road over which they have once successfully traveled, that it is too often much easier for those of broader conceptions and greater enterprise to follow the roads of their stupid neighbors than to make the effort and endure the vexation of leading them into better paths. Mankind, in the mass, progresses and moves forward much like the waters; crowding and jostling each other, moving only because those who are ahead are trying to keep out of the way of those who are following, and those who are following are trying to keep up wilh those who are ahead. Thus moving, they wander like the running water along the most roundabont courses, making their' channels more crooked by erosion, until two bends are worn into each other, making a *'cat oflT," and by pure, stupid luck, find a shorter road, while apparently trying to make a longer one. How often have we labored and worried both our teams and ourselves, along a mnddy road, when near by, and parallel with it, a clever stream had piled up gravel in tantalizing heaps. Coal slack, coal ashes and coal cinders make fair to good roads. Yet, in many parts of the coal belt of the State, the people are pulling through the mud, in plain sight of great heaps of that material, sufficient to pave all the roads of their neighborhood, and are heard to lament the condition of the roads and the scarcity of gravel. The best piece of road in Parke county is a seotion two miles long, going west from Bockville, which was the first we built under the present gravel road law. Owing to the supposed impossibility of getting gravel, I, as the engineer making the survey and estimate, and afterward superintending the construction, used coal slack for the under two-thirds of the paving material, which we obtained from the Sand Creek coal mines, two and a half miles northeast of Rockviile, and covered this with the upper third of such gravel as we could get Last winter and spring this piece of road was noticeably the least cut into slush by the travel during the frequent freezings and thawings, of any of the eight roads then leading from the town. The west end of this same road was made of excellent gravel, but with lesa travel than on the east, or coal slack, end, but it went all to slush and had to be re- graveled in the spring. I have forgotten the cost of the coal slack, but remember *Read before the Indiana Association of Surveyors and Civil Engineers, at Indianapolitr January 21 and 22, 1886. 246 BOARD OF AORICULTDRB. 1 tha.t it iru mucb cheaper than the poor gravel wbk'h was hauled less than hnlf (he diataace. The Coal Company donated ihe slaek snd tbe railroad gave favorabta rates orer their road from the mines lo tono, and frnm tbe cam it vas re-baiiled to the load. A team ooiild haul a lat^ wagon-bed heaping full, being two and a half or three times the balk of a common gravel-bed would coDtaiti, In ihin the cheapneaa mainl}' coQtieted. CSiBTcoal will also make a fair paviug material, I will uut claim that it ia a£ good as good gravel, but it is as good aa average, and better than poor gravel. Timber l» often plenty where good gravel, or an; kind, is Marce. Id targe quan- tities it can be made aod sold at the pit at three (o three and a quarter cenUt per linahel. Five to aeven yards can be hauled at a load, which about offsets the cost of cutting and bumiog. It absorba and rapidly evaporates water and nmi'lure, llencegLviag adry roadsoon after the rainsceaae. Il should be covered with a thin ooat of good gravel, to hold it down, from blowing and washing away and from taking fire. Hy esperimeuta have been limited to short spaces, and at my own eipenw, fur t could not persuade the Board of Commissioners lo risk it us a paving mati^rial, and there ia generally opposition enough to the road built strictly according to law, without risking the lue of unnsual material. Aa the law now reads, any good paving material may be used. But my experiments were very Halii three roBds made entirely of charroal, and pronounces them eminently successful. A bushfl of charcoal, when packed, is equal '.o about one and one-third cubic feet. To build a mile of road, one fool deep and twelve feet wide uf charcoal will require about 48,000 buahets of charcoal which, ut ilirec cents per hiiKhel at ihe pit, will cost about £1,470. The average haul in P^irke county would not exceed -one mile. At three dollars per day for teams, it C:in bo hauled one mile for twelve cents per cubic yard, including loading, or $250 ptr mile. A cheaper, and quite good road might he built of charcoal nine inches deep by ten feet wide, covered with three inches of gravel. The braize, or burnt dirt, which Govern the coai pits, i» a good paving material, and might be used instead of gravel to hold tho churcuul down, as bifure mc-n- Charcoal haa one merit above all other paving mutttlnl 1 know of, that of he- being as good after it is ground into a dust as wlion in 1 urn [is; it still maintains its compactness. It also has the merit of admitting more mud without becoming slushy than any other material. Before closing I must mention a paving material which has recently come to mj knowledge. It ii the use of common straw to harden and make compact sandy roada. This knowledge may be old, hut it is new lo uie. A sand road ia aa tireionie to a team, and as annoying to the traveler, out of eympaliiy for the team, as mud, except in the relative cleanness ef the two. Four inchea of looae straw spread on a sandy road will, in a few days' travel, be ground into the sand, when it will become aa firm and compact as a dry clay road. If this ia old knowledge, I am quite sure il is not i/cnenii knowledge, for 1 have never saen it aaed aa a remedy for sandy roads, I lirel observed it last sum- ROAD PAVIMB MATERIAL. mer, where a woaaD had emptied • atrow bed tick on one epBrlment was equal lo those outside, Hhowing conclusively that the stock raisen of this county occupy uu second place, but have now taken a place in Ihe front rank, which was not the case a few years ago, anl this improvement is by generiil courwnl largely attributable and due to the Agricultural Associaliun with her anitnul ezhi- bitiona. The display in the Mechanical Department was far ahead of any previous year, and was pronounced Grst-clais by machine men from abroad, who are good judges, for the naaon they aee many exhibitions every year. COUNTY AND DIBTRTGT KGPORTS. 253 In the Ladies' Department the display was large, not perhaps aa Urge aa former ye^rs, but was ahowD to a much better advaiitage, as the ARxocialioQ had provided nddkional CBiva for the display of ladies' work, and wilh Geverul exhib- itors from other cuuiilies with a large number of articles of 6ae workmau*hip, made the exhibition ii that Department above the average, the lady exbibilora from abroad, by the largo and fine display of their handiwork, created some ill- feeling amonB our home exhibitors, but, while thty lost some of the awards ibey expected to get, tbey leiirned something new, and declare ihey will gel even at the The grnia, vegetable Bud fruit display was excellent, and attracted [be uttcutlon and admtrHtiiin of pemins atieuding, and as In this department tlie pniducts were a1mD»t excliiaivcl; from this county, it shows that while we may be behind our nrighbon in other ri?» pec ts, that in the products of the soil this cminty hoa no second place, and ihul whether it be wheat, corn, oats, potatoes, turnips, apples, pearc, grHpex, ur any other grain, vegetable or root crop, the soil of thin county un- der the care, skill atid dlention of Its owners, can and does produce ns gmid as an^ other county or luculitj, and it was the remark of many who examined the diii- play, that Ihe anme would have been a credit to a 8late Fair. In Ihu Culinary Department the exhibition ivas good, fully eijual to former jcurM. The uondiiioD of agriculture in Cass county bu# been steadily improviui; year by yr-ur wiih ilie clearing of wooded land and conNirucliou of nauit'riiu» ditches and an immense umnuatof tile drainage. The number of acres now culiiviited wilh giiod yield is fax! making this county one of the best in the State. With its divFrnity of noil, very little if any that might be sailed jioor, and with increased fncilitiea for cuUivntiun, and with more knowledge gained by ivading and cooi- pnring notes with each other at the Couniy Fair, our farmers are fa^-t pushing Cass county to the front rank. The county it< well watered by the Wnbrish and Eel river..* and by numerous beautiful creeks and rivuletn, and the scarcity uf wat^r ia unknown. With the ripid progress made in ditching and tile drainHge, it will be bill a ft^w yt'ura until there will be but little land that wilt not bo i^uxceptible of cullivalion, and that will not produce good crops when cleared of limber. A marked improvement is noticeable throughout the county iu the inijirovt- ment of farm properly, the erection of new dwelling', many of which would be a C'rcdit to our tnwn^ and cities; the large and commodious baron, the board nud wire fence", in place of rail fences, log barns and houses, make the farm attrnclive, and show that our farmers are making more than a living. In Ihc (juestion of good roads this county has been behind uthpr cuunticH, but during the latt few yeRTs considerable advance has been made, and many uiilcn of good turnpikea have bten built, and much more will be built in the neit few ycare. Fauuere living away from a good road to market are beginning to realize the fact that the former with agood road has a decided advanciige. The cropeuf last year were good throughout the county, fully up to the average, D. W. ToMLiNSoN, Sccrelary. 254 BOARD OP AORIGULTURB. CLARK COUNTY. The twenty-sixth annual fair of the Clark County Agricultural Society wag held at Charlestown, on September 9th, 10th and llth. The exhibition was un- usually good in nearly every department. Horses were fully up to the times in general purpose and draft classes. A very singular feature of the present fair, in the Horse Department, was, that there were no fast rings made up. The premiums offered for speed were liberal, but were not taken. Usually a large per cent of the premiums paid by the Society is for fast horses. This year was an exception, and the indications here are that fast horses can be put in the background at fairs and not at all interfere with the success of the exhibition. Fast hordes are not the most useful thing to the average farmer, and should not be encouraged by large premiums. The exhibition of cattle was much better than former years, and showed an in- crease of interest in the production of better cattle of all breeds. The HoNteio cattle, lately introduced in this county, arc giving fair satisfaction as a milk and beef stock combined. The show of hogs and sheep was creditable, and showed that they had been bred with care and skill. Agricultural products were very fine, and show that our farmers fully under- stand how to grow corn, wheat, oats, potatoes, etc., to perfection. In the Horticultural Department the exhibit was not large, bat the specimens were good. The diHplay of textile fabrics shows that our ladies have attained a high degree of skill. Some of the quilts on exhibition showed not only skill in their makers but a great deal of patience and perseverence. Some of our ladies have not for- gotten the use of the spinning-wheel and hand-loom, as was shown by the display of hand-made fabrics. Our women are eqnal to the very best, too, in their knowl- edge of the culinary art, for the fine samples of bread, cake, preserves, jellies, canned fruits, etc., could not have been prepared with more practical skill. On the whole, the fair was a success, giving pleasure and profit to those who attended. The condition of agriculture in this county is fairly prosperous; some com- plaint of dull times and low prices, but there is no abatement in effort on the part of farmers; they seem to be doing more thorough and systematic work in the culti- vation of the soil. Nearly every variety of soil may be found in this county. Cat- tle raising seems to be receiving more attention in the last few years, and in conse- quence more land is sown to grass, and less com is being cultivated, a course which, if it had been adopted forty years ago, would have been much better for the preservation of the soil, than raising com and hogs. Farm buildings in this county arc of the most substantial character, both dwellings and barns, so that farming here is a fixed business. Agriculture is the leading business of the county, though dairying is carried on to a considerable extent. There are numerous manufactories in the county, such as beat building, glass works, cement mills, cooper shops, car works, etc., which give employment to several thousand men. We have three railroads through the county, and the Ohio river along the southeast border. The great cities of the COUNTY AND DISTRICT BEP0KT8. 255 talU lie St biir ilcior, nfibrcliiig markH, For all our producU. AIm) the best fruit lo- caiioDH in the Siate tie found here, especially for peaches, etranberries and rafip- t)(!^rriei'. Tht (.'liinate ia as mild ae any in this latitude, and crops are as certain as in any lucutiim io ihe State, From Ilie varied quality of our loil, and the runge in prices, our Dear proiimicy to good markets, the healthfulnesa of locatioo, and wur nianiifactoriee, there m no reason why Clark county should not be the beat for ajfriculturu in Southern Indiana. 80 we say to any who wish to come among us thill they need not fear; if they come with indnstriouB hande aad a good stock of per'icvereTici!, (hey will be Biicceaiful. Denhib F. Wiu-ev, ■SBTetary. CLAY COUNTY. Owing to the ieslruction ot our buHdinga and fences, by a slorm, we were un- able to hold our innual fair last year. Our old officers were continued over. (ScQ tabic of oSceni fallowing reports.) Out next fair will be held August 31 to September 6, 1S86. Every effort will be made to have a successful exhibition. Our farmers have done well the past year compared with other industriea. Wheat averH«isi two-thirds ot a crop, com above an average, oats ranch above an average, small I'rjits a full crop, large fruits almost an eutii iuiprovenienl in ihe farms of thut county is noticeable. New bogs, sheep iind (attle are being iutroduced An interest his at last been awakened among our people on roads^lhey are low most wretchedly bad— and wo hope to report to chronicle the building of one or more gravel roads. The bane of our a^cultural interests in the past has been the fact of our county being underlaid with valuable fields of coal. Nearly every other farmer conlcntcd himaol' with eking out an existence in the expectation of realizing a fortune from the royalty on hia coal. These expectations were onl/ realized by a very small numbsr, and the majority at least awakened to the fact that their real interests lay in Ihe davalopment of the surface, and thb has been made apparent by the impnivcmenl of farms, land bein^ cleared up, swamps drained, buildings erected, and the hum of improved agricultural machinery has been heard in all parts of the coucty. D. W. Bbattin, Seerdary, 256 BOARD OF AGBICULTURB. CLINTON COUNTY. The twelfth exhibition was held on the fair gronnds about one-half mile eovth of the city of Frankfort, Auguet 26 to 29, 1884. The grounds are admirably adapted to the purpose for which they are used, there being an abundance of shade, plenty of water, and ample buildings, since the erection of the new power hall the past summer. There was a very full display in of the finest specimens of imported Clydesdale and Norman horsed exhibited that the nearly all departments, there being a total of over 2,000 entries. There were some State affords ; also, some of the high steppers from the famous Bluegrass region of Kentucky, some very fine animals of each breed being owned in this county. The exhibition of cattle was all that could be desired so far as quality goee. The only breeds shown in the ring, with the exception of a lone individual, were Shorthorns and Jerseys. The latter is not a favorite with the general farmer, who wants some- thing more than butter ; yet there is generally a lurking fancy manifested by the lady visitors at our fairs for the mild-eyed, frail-looking pets. The Shorthorn breeders should show more milking animals at our fairs, and try to disabuse the public mind of the idea that the Shorthorn is good for nothing but beef, and that it generally takes two cows to raise one calf decently. In the sheep show many fine animals were exhibited, representing moBt*of the improved breeds. The sheep is sadly neglected in this section, farmers generally paying so little attention to this meek, unobtrusive inhabitant of the farm yard aa to -scarcely know of the existence of many of the .improved breeds. To what ex- tent this is to be attributed to the dog law, or want of a dog law, I am not pre- pared to pay. It seems to make little difference what the nature of the law, the dog remains a fixed quantity. Every house in the country villages can boast of one or more, and generally the owners pay little tax on dog or anything else. Of hogs, the Poland Chinas largely predominate with the Berkshires a good sec- ond. The Jersey Reds, with their pendulous ears and razor backs, adorn an occa- sional homestead, adding perhaps more of the picturesque than the beautiful to the landscape; but *' comparisons are odious.'' The mechanical display was by far the best ever on the grounds. The new power hall, with shaft for running machinery, added very materially to the attrac- tion in that department. Our fair is held too early to furnish as fine a display of agricultural and kin- dred products as could be desired, but do not infer from this that empty shelves and bare walls prevailed in Agricultural Hall. All the leading cereals were out in force, though the corn loosed as though it had laid aside its jacket a few days too soon. I think, as far as possible, these shows should be held when farm crops are more fully matured — ** When the frost is on the pumpkin And the fodder's is in the shock," we could all be in readiness to enjoy more fully our coming together. f CODHTY AND DISTRICT BBPOETB. 257 Flora] Hull woi crowded to ita full capacUj, with every thing that gne» tn make np iLe coQvenJtD<«8 and allractions of home. I think, io many inHtiinres, the swards in thiKdipirtment are tar lees than they shonld be, conaidering [lie imporlr ant benrinji the culture and taate thua encouraged exerts over the home life. Financially we have no complaint to make. The premiums were ilII puid in fall ; tho imprfiveiaente, thongh quite extenatve, are all paid for, and a hniull bal- ance left over. The attendance on Thursday was not near what it wniild have been, hnl for the rain in the morning and forenoon. Friday, also, uim wet and threatening iiutil midday; otherwise nothing transpired to militate aguiiit^t a cnm- plete aueeess for the exhibiiion. Oar tarmem h.ive achieved a reasonable degree of success the pant year. Onr soil beintt adminilily adapted to general agriculture and atock raiBing, fiimitrB who coiDbine the two HVBlema are generally the most auccessful. ■Wheat, corn, Had grass are the utaple crops, oals being grown in small quanti- ties and only Bf a change of slock food Com is ihesote reliance forthegrnin ration for all stock, By« and barley are almost nnknown, and a flax crop the encoption, As a large part of the wooded district of the county was heavily tiniliered with while oak, a hcuvj clay soil predominate)!, and yields good crops of gniln andgraus if well treated, hut is very jealous of any n^lect , Fiirru methndx have nnde^one a radical change during the laal Sftpcn yearn. At that time xrarcely ft farm had afield that could be cultivated iw a whole. 6wal(«, hranehrH, and swamps of elder bruah adorned the landscape in disagreeable profusion. Bnt with the help of the drainage law, and the introduciion uf tile mabing machinery, the channels of some of the principal sloughs hare bi^it deep- ened and put in nhape to perform the ofHce nature designed they should ; and wbila like all innovations such improvements were Hometimeit met by stubborn opposi- tion, the example was contagioas. and now to see an undrained pond, even in the uncultivated land! is the exception, and the uplands, our fathers never dreamed of ditching, are bcini; rapidly honey-combed with drain tile. Slating it generally, men who have the necessary industry and plnck, can suc- ceed possibly as well in Clinton county as any portion of the State. Of fruiiH, the apple seems daitiaed to be one of the products of the }mtil. for in spite of the very lie«t efforts of owners, orchards are rapidly failing. There is not one healthy, thrifty apple orchard in the circuit of my acquaintance. It matters not what the natiiiv of the soil or the location. " The trail of the serpent is over them all." We formerly tlionght dry gravelly locations beet adapted to fruit. But in those locations when' the elevations rise almost to the dignity of bills, and where for- merly the Uncft vfeeimens of apples, pears, etc., grew to perfection, now decaying Irunkx.. broken blanches, and other unmistakable indications of speeily deuih are visible on every hand. To eum up, a majority of the orchards of Cliniim tiiunty are in S bad way. The cnlture of small fruits affords a more inviting linld, alt varieties succeeding admirably. The timber qnestion and tree planting does not cnt much of a figure in the cal- 17— AOBICULTCBR. BOARD OF AGEICULTUR^ 1 cnlationB of land owners in thU locality. We have wpent tiiu bent p«rt of Jur Urea, manj of u', in battling with treej and stumps fur tho pos'«a>ion of uniugh «f Nature's domain, from which to wrest a livelihood,cOLi4cquctillj trcenareKencall; looked upon an an unmitigated nuinance, unlese they can be sold for the ea^h, an! the ■tump Ircaled to a charge of dynamite. The fence quetilion h attractin;; connder- «ble attention, and the old worm fence "most go." Hedging ii not looked upon "with much favor, the preference being moally in favor of barliod wire in tome of ita various forma. The great cost of fencing out a few head of ecrub cattle and ho^ is fnrcing the Importance of a practical stock law on the attention of farmt^rs geuernlly. Tha «08t of maintaining the necep^ary fences to restrain tbpM> animnlH would more than pay for them annually. Landi> b'ing generally enclosed theru in very llltte pas- turage on the bighwaya. The " poor widow's cow " we have beard so much about' ii no longer a factor in thia quM-tion, it being (he stiick of ihe small land owner, ■ho attempts to keep more animals than he cares to provide suitable piatunige for at home, so turns them out to forage on the highway and bin neighborii' cropj, if opportunity oQers. It certainly is an evil that should no longer be tolerated, for iaJ'mera to pay burdenmHne taxes for grading and graveling our public roadd and, Jiaving incurred the expend of coOKtructing coatly open drains to facilitato the idrainage of their wet laudii, to have tbeae iaprovencnts marred, injured, and ev^ mined by the tramping and rooting of slock whose uwiicra lling dealers to pay the top price for all the products oScred for sale. In conclusion I extend to your honoriible Board and tho untire family of farm- ers of the State an invitation to attend our next exhlliitioo, MvBoN H. Bblhnap, Scci elary. DECATUK COUNTY. l)ur county fair was held the last week in Auguut. We had the Iiirjjeut attend- ance we ever bad, and the fsir was regarded as tho btt^t since iLs orgajiization. Tbero has been constant pn^Vess in the science of ngriculture in Decatur county; the land is well drained with tile ditches, and the bent agricultural Im- plements arc used, SO that our farmers are the mont pruri]>criiu.-< uf any cIhss of peo pie in the county. The principal producta are wheal, cattle and hoga. There is hut little manufacturing in the couoty. A revolving hay rake is mads •t I6lh inclusive. While [he time for holding the fair ie early in the season, there are Bome ad- Tanlagw that overb:i[anc^ tbe disadvantages. Being the tint fair held in this por- tion of the Stale, a larger attendance, wc lliink, i>> secured, nnd there is no conflict of daWs with any other pociety. The stock and all other articles intended for ex- hibition, has by Iliia time in the year been put in condition, and is reaily Ui start out to other faira; and ntt more central {loint and one from vhicli good shipping rates can he secured, can be found than Muncie, hence many of tlieni come bera to distribulc' their stock from this point. Farm products are noi as well repr&«nted so early in the season, yet we har« always had a very crcdilsblo display in that ilepartment The last eihibitinn iras eminently sneecsKful in all the departments, the eo' tries being more nnmerous and exhibits of a liner cLiss than ever before. In fact the eihibils of cattle, shtep, horses and hogs was more in llie nature of a Stat« fair than that of n single county. The speed ring was well reprcecnled, and was free from the hippmlronic that so frequently destroys interest in races. The attendance was large, and the rcctdpts umple to pay all premiums in full, the expenses of the sociely, and considerable improvement that lid'anic necessar}' to BCComTnodatu cxhibitoni, and also leave $')00 to apply on an old indebtedness, which ii> now reduced tu tuch smalt proportions as to leave no fears for the futarc of the society. ImpTovements to llie [grounds and buildings for the better aceomtnodation oC spectators and visitoni have been made and others are con tern |)lBtctl, as it is now a. fixed fact that the Delaware County Asiiociution is one of the establii^hcd institn- tions of the county ; is worthy the support of her people, which has been and ww have no donht will in tbe future be liberally given. • The county is a purulir agricultural county, and as such is second to none in the HtaM. For a few yfars past much attention has been given to raising and breeding line stock. Man; of our citizens are taking Kpccial pride therein, and we can imtbftill; boast cif having some of the finest and best blooded stock in tbe cnuniry. John T. Wildman, Seerelary. ELKIIAKT COUNTY. Tbe year 1E84 completes the thirty-third year since the organization of tbe- Elkhart County Agriculiiral S^icty. Fairs have been held regularly, save aboat ieven y^an of an interruption caused b; the War of the Rebellion. Wc commenced this year with apprettensiomt that on account of the abporbii^ topic of the Presidential election we would bo less succeei-ful than usual- To counterbalance this more than the usual effort was made, by advertisement tuid' otherwise, no that we might, at least, have the succew of ordinary ;cBrs. 260 BOAED or AQKICULTURB. The weather, that has so much to do with oat-door entertalunienlii, was .ig^iiM UB for two dayn out of the four, and one of tliese unfitvorable dnr^ was tbe third of the fair, which is always that of our greatest attendance and cunsequeul re- Ceipt!!. It wax expected that those who were preveiitn) from -itti^ndiog liiatdav, would be prenenC the iaat day, but we were di-iappoiuted ; the attetidaace the last day was no more than the same day of other fain*. While the numbers pre>ient were not equal to our wish, the exhibit in >-rd. The want of sufficient stabling has been and is a serious drawback to this department, although twenty new stabl'-B were added this eeaeon the accommodations are yet i]uilB inadi^uate to the needs of the Society, but we hope, with our sur[jlun, to add new stables next year. Wvgom and Cantajfs. This deparlniont gavs a large show of work from the various shops of our county. The workmandiip and finish, including neat up- bolstrring, was very commendable, convincing our people that they need not go out of our county to supply any need in this line. Farm Machinery and fmiJemenli. This departraent, with machinery in motion, was a place of grrat interest to our farmers, and showed the marked advance made by inventors and manufacturers. The Floral Hall in its combined exhibit of plants, ladies' fancy articles, and ■how of wares and nice merchandise, with good exhibits of amateur arti->tic paiul- ings and pencil drawings, was quite attractive, as shown by the large number of people crowding the hall at all tlijies during the fair. CODKTT AND DISTRICT RBPORTB. 261 Tlie balloon jifCCiiBionB, giren on the eecond and tourlh days, were very satia- factory, and a pleasing thing to witnpm — given by the soclrty in addition to the promixGd aniuscuienltt, and acceptably apprrciated. Tbe crujih of tLe year 1884, ot wheat, oats, com, clover aiid limolhy hay, indeed, all kinds of turm and garden products, wns more than au average ykdd. Corn, that fur the yean 18S2 and 1883 had proved failures, in consequence of cold tium- mers and early fu'l frostx, this year grew well and fully matund, giving abundant yield of this sutistantial staple. Hay, and, iadeed, gninse^ of all kinds, by n-ason of tbe weliicss of ihe spring, warm and seasonable rains, wnn never more abundant, and the clear days for curing same was exceedingly fortunate. Add to this tiie genial rains of October, which brought out anew tbe grass h« in June, and jjave the best of pasturage intil snowfall at middle of December. Tlie sejwon. in all of ila conditions, was never so good. Tbe large products, and the tiiifavorabli; conditiona of money matters, reducd prices of all tbe cereals. Meats hrougbt a better rtmu- nerution, thus showing farmers they must not rely on grain raising alone, but must mix in the production of livestock. The progress made in better farming, in all its brunches, is plainly shown to those who attend our fairs from year to year. There ia no line of Hgrieulturul product but wlial lias made marked advance. Particularly is it olitkrvubtt; in the improved live stock of the whole country. Scarcely a herd of cattle is to lie seen in our fields but what it iseasy to see that there Lt a decided toning up by tbe cram of Sliorthorn, Holstdn, or other good breeda. The general borse is abio much im- proved by tbe infusion of Norman, Clydesdale, Hambletonian, ur otbcrgoud liretds. That this good work may go on, let the agricultural societies be Iielped and en- couraged by the influence of good men and their money help— not grudgingly withheld. Tictet itf Admitnim. At the organization of our society a. comtnutation ticket, commonly called a family licfcet. wue) adopted, udiuilting the heads of a family and alt children theri'jf under fifteen yenra old, for the whole fair, at the prira of one dollar. Although the managers of the society have long since seen that thin, while it brings to the far great numbers, puts into tbe treasury but little njnn^-y where- with to make im prove men tij, pay premiums, and defray otlier nectf«ary expenHin oE holding fulls; yet we have not been able to break away from this unfortuniitc rule an(^ in lieu of it iidopt a single admission ticket, because of the threatening remon- stranc-ea of farmers that we can only have their presence and help If the fuoilly ticket be coniinu.'d. The financial condition of the aociety — although th« receipts wera leas than they should have been^is entirely Bound. All liabilities are paid, and a surplus of $1,380 leK to commence a new year with. 2<)2 BOARD OF AGRICULTURB. FULTON COUNTY. Our annual fair was held on September 22d to 27th, without any outside attrac- tions and two rainy dayR, The receipts and entries exceeded those of 1883. Th& ptoperty of our society is owned by 310 different stockholders, and is valued at $4,000. Each holder of a share is furnished with a stockholder's ticket which admits all females of the family and all males under sixteen years of age. Were it not for improvements being demanded each year, we would now be out of debt with a balance in treasury. To the surprise of all, the campaign had but little eflect on our fair. Crops of all kinds were good, the principal ones raised in this county being wheat and corn. Extensive ditches are being constructed in this county, and the tax for that purpose proves a hardship just at this time on account of the low price of farm products. Un inclosed commons are becoming very scarce. It is generally conceded that it would now be cheaper to fence stock in than to fence it out. A great deal of interest is being manifested in the construction of free gravel roads. Any legislation that would assist our people in the construction of free roads would be more satisfactory than granting to corporations tiie right to con- struct toll roads. John M. Davip, Secretary. GIBSON COUNTY. The Gibson County Agricultural and Horticultural Society held it« thirtieth annual fair on the grounds near Princeton, Indiana, September 15th to 20th, inchi- sive. To say our exhibition was a success this year would b6 putting it very mild. The people have become fully convinced that there is "none other'* than the Gibson county fair, and, all things considered, it is "one of the finest" in this part of the State. Our exhibitions have been continually improving for the past few years, and so long as you can intertst the farmer, mechanic, and all others ,on whom the success or.failure of such institutions depends, just so long county fairs will be a success, and no longer. In this we have succeeded to a marked degree;, hence we never give the least thought to " failure," or poor attendance at our exhi- bitions. As we have stated, the success of these fairs is no longer a question. Energetic and individual work, together with a thorough system of advertising, has placed the exhibitions of Gibson county at the head of like enterprises in Southern Indiana, where it will ever remain. This year's exhibition was a most successful one, both financially and as regards competition in all classes. The weather waa very favorable, and . the attendance very large. The display in all departments was fully 25 per cent, larger than ever before. Never in the history of the society hits there been such a display in the floral hall, art gallery, agricul- taral implements or in stock, and never before has there been such a crowd in flOUHTT AND DISTRICT BKP0RT8. 263 sttendance, the result of which is due lurgelj to the facl that our eocirty allaws no gambling, immoral shiiwa or intoxicating liquors on the grounrtn. The result of which is a quiet, ptnt»«ble and veiy inBtructive gathering, which, of -course in bet- ter cRlculated tu proniiit« the intertsts of all industrial pureuita, good moralfi, and human itj' genrruUy. The principal crops raised in this county are wheat and com. The manupr of preparing the soil for wheat ahowa great impnivement over former years, and the yield is correspondingly improved. Thorough cultivation of corn by our improved machinery hua abont eipelled all fear of failure to produce a good crop during a. dry aeason, for aa the warm air frequently cornea in contact with the frenh plowed earth, causing the vapor in the atmosphere to solidify as it does on the outside of a pilcher of cold water, iio will the frequent sljrring of the soil produce natural irri- gation. P«iB<)QaI liberty, to the detriment of progression in many respeclit, appears la reign nnpreme in GJbson county. No allenlion is given to timber culture. Tha vuluu oE our forral Irers (like our mothers) will only be appreciated when they ara gone. The biiard :ind barbed wire fences are about to be superseded by NinlH nr pickets interwoven iu smooth wire, the same being cooBidered cbeajwr and leas bHrbumiifl. To ahow that our Hociety staads at the top, the Louisville Southern Exp^witinn oBered a broiize mvdul and diploma lo the society or State making the best display of agricultural aud mineral products. Not wishing to be selGsh, the Gilmnn County Society competed for the above, and woa awarded both prizes by the Expo- ailion over the Slalea of Kentucky, Alabama and Tennessee, and vaciou.H county societies in our own St»t«. This speaks well for Gibson county. a V«T. Strain, Seereiary. GHANT COUNTY. The Grant County \gricultural and Stock Ajiwciation held its annuiil fair on its grounds, one mile cut of Marion, the county-seal, from (be 16th to the 2(>th of September last. The show, in the aggregate, was better than usual. The live stock department woa Lnusually well tilled. The attendance was not as large as on some former occuaioDH, owing to the Presidential campaign and tbc CHtablish- ing of a fair at Fairmcunt, in the south side of our county. Our crop the past i^ason was a full average. Notwithstanding the dry scaauii we had a guod com crop, especially on onr black lands, which pKViiil in thia county. The rood system in our county is reasonably good. We have about Gfty miles of toll gravul roada, about ninety miles of free gravel roads completed, and 3.]>iiiil fifty miles laid olT au'ions of law to submit the following as the annua] report of the Hamilton County Agrieulturul and Fair Asaociiitiun for the year 1S84. The Fixth annual exhibition was held on our groundK, one-half mile west of Nohlesville, Ind., August 25 to 29. 1884, iuclu>ive. Our fair wasninicceax in every particular. The departments were all well Hlled, the wcallier waa Sue, and our beautiful grounds were filled to overflowing with our happy and prosperuna people. Such was the inlerent manifevtcd by the ladien of our county that our new and commodious Fine Art Hall was lilled to overflowing with specimens that will tie a lasting tribute to the art and induntry of the ludien of Hamilton county. The di-plaj of liorses and cattle waj very fine, especially so was the iJiow of Korman and Clydesdale horiies. The Hog and Sheep Departments were well filled with as fine (specimens an are to be found anywhere in the Slate. The poultry show was very goiwl, Bhowing quite a number of varieties. The total number of entrLea in the Live Stock Department was the largPHl ever had in a single year. The Agricultural Department was well represented, showing that our farmers are taking a lively intere*t in procuring the first and flnest varieties, and vieing with each other in the production of the same. The borlicuituml display wax very creditable, but not so good as laxt year. Altf^thcr the fair was a good one, and, to far as came to mj kiiowltdgc, has given univeiaal eatufuction ; and we desire to express our thanks to the good people of Ilamillim and adjoining counties for that generous patronage whieh enabled na to pay our premiums in full, the running expenses, and aleo for our new hall. r CODNTY AND DI87WCT REPORTS. 265 Uninilton ciiiinty Is aitnaled ia ceatral Indiana, and is fast liecoming the peer of an; county in Ibe 3tnte. Fur ricbnese of soil it in one of chC' leading ccr, 18S4, and continued five days. It was the moKl succe^ful fair the county ever hfld. The «XhihitiuQ, in every department, was very fine, and the atlendancr iinpr<>cfdeiit<.'d. Pot infarmalion in r^ard lo tlie number of entries, amount of premiums paid, nt- tendance, and amouu', of receipLi and diflbursemenljt, I would refer lo the lahnlnr statement presenli'd herewith. And without referring to each intluMry individ- aally, 1 wnuld say Ihut the pn^rews in every industry, with the cxci'ptitin of sheep husbandry, has been entirely satisfactory; and were our sheep properly jirnlected from the mvages of tlie useless dogs tliat arc kept and harbored by a class that manifrat no intcrfst ii anything that tends to build up a community, it would re- ceive itii share of attention. Give us hack the law, tag or sbuot the do^, and then we can raise aheep at a profit. ■ % 266 BOARD OF AGRICULTURB. Harrison county is well adapted to cereals, stock and fruit. The wide bottoms along the Ohio river, on our southern border, and on the various streams that traverse the countv, are among the finest com lands of the State, and on which ihia year grew one of the finest crops of that cereal that we have ever produced, the most of which has already found its way into market at a fair price. Our uplands, or table-lands, are among the best wheat-producing lands in the State, our best farmers frequently raising on them as much as forty bushels per acre of the very best quality of grain. Fruits, especially apples and peaches are extensively grown, and so far have been very remunerative; also small fruits are grown with considerable profit. But our farmers are paying more attention to stock, especially horses, cattle and hogs. In horses their attention in turned mostly to heavy draft, the Percheron and Clydes- dale, of which we have some very fine animals, the diffusion of whose blood is making a marked difference in the appearance and value of the horse product of the county. In cattle, we have Shorthorns, Jeri^eys and common stock, the latter, or a mixture, mostly prevailing, yet we have some very nice cattle and some fine milkers. One farmer I know who has three cows of common origin from which he made forty-eight iK)unds of butter per week, and averaged thirty-six pounds per week for the entire year, but then, these were extra good common cows. The improvement in hogs has been greater than in any other industry. Berkshire and Poland China are the principal breeds ; in fact, there is scarcely a hog in the county but what it is one or the other or a cross from them. Sheep. As I before said, there is not much interest manifested in them, althongh this is one of the best counties in the State for the rearing of sheep. On our cheap hill lands along and back from our water courses they ought to be raised very profitably, water and grass both being plenty. Although Harrison county is one of the oldtst settled counties in the State, the aver- age production of grain to the acre is much more than it was twenty years ago, and with the building up of manufactories and the opening up of our stone quarries, thus creating a better market for our products, we expect to see the farmer stimu- lated to still greater efforts. After we have said all that we may in regard to the improvement in stock and the advancement in farming, there is yet one thing in which Harrison county takes the lead, and that is in furnishing population for the vast unsettled domain of the West. Go where you will yon will rub against a Harrison county man. The roads leading to the West carry them away fall and spring by the wagon load ; the railroads carry them away by the hundreds ; the Ohio river, with its line of packets, carry them away daily, without in the least diminishing the visible supply, and the hills and the hollows seem to be aa fall of life as ever. John Q. A. Sieq, PiendenL r COUNTY AND DISTRICT SBPORTS. HENRY COUNTY. Henry coimty nay not b« the beit, but it is certaial; one amoDg the best coud- ties in the Stale. It 16 about 20 railee square, and contains over 260,000 itcres, most ol whicli in IE vi:ry fertile xoil. There is but littie land ia^the county not suscepti- ble of lilldge. From this fact, perhaps, as much as because of its value in the murkelH, hits the disappearance ol the onoe b?avj growth ofttimber been so rapidly brought about, uiilil the preMnl trmber area is less than one-fifth of the count/. Black rich loam Misceptible of a high cuitivatioa largely predominates. There are no Urge streams, but several of medium size and numerous smaller ones, and, with jierhaps two exceptions, the land along theee streams is tillabla alriioxt to the water's edge. Some of these streams afford excellent water power, especially in the avuthem part of the county- Many of these sites could be prof- itably ustd tor inanufscturing. Thcire an: over 103 miles of railway so traversing the county that no town or village, coiumunitr or neighborhood is to exceed four or six miles from a railway station or a grain market. No coQiity ill tlie State, perhaps, can boast of better roads, the principal ones being toll roailn. Qravel is plenty in most parts of the county. Our people like the pr^Heilt roiil law The Improved machinery for grading highways so much facilitalea road wurking that almost miles of pike are now made with the sama labtir, time and expense formerly required and eipended in filling a few " mud New Canlle, the county seat, is beantifully located on the east bank of Blue river, at the crwuiag of the Indiana, Bloomington & Western, the Panhandle, and the Flirt Wayne, Cincinnati & Louisville railroads, 44 miles east of Indianapolis, It has a populatiua of 3,000 or more, and is furnished with excellent public build- ings, and giiud ehirches and schools.- Its location is high, and iia drains^ excel- lent. In the I hai-HCter of its mercantile buildings il is not excelled nnd is seldom equaled by any of the towns of its class, while many of its private residences wauld dii honor to any. In its superior railroad facilities it offers spfcial induce- ments to manufacluri-is and to shippers, and is dextintKl to become a considerable manufacturing center. As a distributing point it is not excelled. The products t>f the county conHist oC com, wheat and oats principally, with sufficient of thi> oliiir staples to supply the local demand. This part of the Stat« suSered, this year, in many respeclfl, because of the ez- tivmcly dry tiluinier and fall. Wheat was not an average yield, yet the quality was excellent. Tlie drouth reduced the corn yield fully 60 per cent.; and for the same cause the summer and fall pastures were cut short. The oldest inhabitants do not recall a niuoh dryer season. Grazing in lliis county b limited, yet there are good sales of cattle. There are Kiniri ball doien tile manufacturers in the county, and all report an increased demand for tile. Farmen are now draining lands which, a few yean ago, they did not dass or consider as wet, or as needing draining, and Farmets *.n learning the value of putting tile deep in the ground. 268 BOARD OP AGRICrLTURB. Thfre ia no tmAer tttlinre. The trealmenl of tioiber is more nearly thai of lim- ber datmetion. The question, " What h the beat farm fence?" is vet unsetLled, and reiuainfl a problem lo our people. There is considerable hedge fence, but none put out during the la«l year. Some barbed wire fencing put up still, but (his ig gniwing less in favor each year. ThiH ymr han witoeesed the erection of runny new bnildingn throughout the county. Quite a number of convenientlj arranged and Rubstuniial furm-hooses have been built; aluo, a number of bama. The growing tendeni^y among farmera to properly care for a»d bouse their stock is noiipcable. From the statiiitics on file 1 append the following table, to xhow the per cent, of increase or decrease in the products or articles mentioned, comparing the two Gscal jeara 18S3-'84. ending June lut of each year: TABLE OF STATISTICS. i iag4. u k P Acres wheat 4ti,075 62,1 H6 20,399 11,173 2,-^2 1,076 4,166 450,843 46,726 49,056 960 1,627 728 '422 ' 3,380 1,203 1,648 3 IS "2 Acres llmolby Acns clover Acres plow hind not cultiv^ied .... 29 7 39 Hods tili^ drainage in operation .... BiishelH clov-T lus-d . . . .■ Pounds butter produced Number fain-ned hog", (light decreatie in average weight) Acres timUr land (about same aa 1883) 61, M5 1:955 68,04(j 2,558 16 88 14 6 The packing firm of Baldwin, Roberta & Co., doing biiBinc^s at Newcitntlc, have killed during Ihe Boason juat ended, 22,995 h'ew Caatle, September IG to 22, 1884. iiicluHive. In many re- i>pect» the fair was the best it bus ever been. The nhow of horues, consisting of imported or (ull-bloo<]ed draft lior«es, heavy draft, general purpo^ horse, farm and matcli teams, whs the best it ha« lieen. The nhovr of thoroughbred cattle, Shorthorns — recorded, Alderneys and Jfiweys. COUNTT AHD DISTRICT BEP0RT3. 269 was exrellpnt. The qnality of Henry coonlj'n horses aod cattle wnn well niteHted the following week, ty her eihibitors securing a liberal share of the premiums BWftrded on this clatA of stock at the State Fair. There wns a credituble show of hogs, sheep and other livestock. Tiie hoga were Poliind Cliina and Berkiihire mostly ; fhef p— Long wools and Downw. The diuplay of iMHiltry was not so large as iinual, but quality wns as good. There was a noticeable absence of tartning implements and machintry. The home mnnuf act urew' display w;i8 eictl lent, and the conii>etilion WrDng. The three manutactniers of wagons and buggies of Kew Castle each dew-rve Bpt'i;i:il notice for their creditible diiplay. Fruits nnd vciietiiblea were not up to their usual standard of eiiliihit in (jiinn- lily; DPJlher was thutof farm products, though both were good for this wiifon. The Floral Depiirlment, needk- work, etc., was quite creiiould be a small compensation paid for killing all sul-K doga. Frank H. Melukan, Sierelary. HOWARD COUNTY. The Howard County Agriculture Society hold ita annuoi fair on its grounds, •ne Inile aotithwent of the dty of Kohumo, commencing on tlie 2t)lh day of Aognst, and continued four days. Tlie first two days were very rainy, and we had » small attendance, but the other two duy.t our people look the usual interest, and the fair was asuccesB. The eulrira were uj) to former years, numliering near 600. We paid our pre- tuiunis, which amounted to £1,090 S-'i. Tiie Live Stock Department wa^t especially full. The stalls and pens were all -occupiL-d with stock, not only of our own citizens, but from quite a number of other This county mny be clnsscJ among the level counlitw, and an to fertility and .mrableaetis will compare favorably with any of the eorrounding countiiis, being .composed of i black rich loam and e:i.-rtant crop vith us, and a fair yield this season for home consumption and for ■hipping. For the puit few years this county and city has had a. marked spirit of im- provement. The log house baa almost disappeared, and the frame and brick has taken its plac;. The drainage of our lands has not been neglected. Many public ditches have been con-rtnicted under the drainage laws of the State. Tile or un- der drainage ^as claimed the attention of the thrifty farmer, and a lai^ per ceaU ot our lands >rc brought into a high state of cultivation through this and other means. We have been taught by experience that our first eiTorta in underdrain- inj; were not Ibomogb. Large tile and deeper drains are found to he necessary We have three railroads passing through our county and through the city of Kokoino, whbh furnish us with outlets in almost every direction. We also hare OOUSTT AND DISTRICT BEPOBTS. 271 gravel roadaeil^nding in almoBt every direclion and tapping all pan^ of oar ontmty. We have- an abundance of good gravel and of envy access for ihe enn- stmution of roads. The ooodition of agriculture is heallhly. The old idea, and one nhic^i nae Car UN) prevalent, that the fanner was necessarilj> an ignoraDt necessity, baa Hcen oal- lived, and bo is no longer kept in the background. John R. CLm.EE, HUSTINUTON COUNTY. ixteenlh annual exhibition of the Huntington County AgricuUiiral Aa- wa* held on tbo jroonds of the uociety, near the city limits of ihy city of Bunlington, September I6tb to 19tb, incbtaive, and the eucc«EH of the hu-t fair- was even more pbenumenul than that oE any of its predeeeseora. The as^irx'tatioa baa passed that point w!i(n there is the least doubt as to thesurcess of its fiiirs, tha only object being td make each succeeding one eiccl the one ot ibe last year. Thin, we are glad to sny witboin the least desire to boast, has been Ibe spirit wKii,'h baa actuated the officers of the organ ization, and to-day, we boast of as fine ex^iiblliuna as are given nV any connty fair in tbe Stale. We believe in well-defintd eSbrla to secure tbe cooperation of all the fiirniera and mannfaclurerH of the roonty, and having ihem with us, we are perfer:tly will- ing to BrEvertiee thoroughly our eibibltions, and we bnd the plan succcsslul. We allow no intoxiculing liquors to be sold on our grounds; no "fiiUira"' or "suapii" ace there to "gull" those who come, and in this joanner we secure tb<; at- tendance and hearty coiipcration of the most desirable class of people. The last exhibition eurpassed the most sanguine expectations of even tbe ofS- cen tbemHelvts. The attendance was extraordinary; every premium was prompt- ly paid, and paid in (nil, ns iff our invariably custom, and notwithstanding this, we have bad for the past few years at the close of each exhibition a bandsome The displays in every department were never excelled, and in some iuHtancca were larger than berelofote. Floral Hall was filled to ovtrflowing, and it wah found: ni'ce«eary lu call into reijuisition otiier buildings for tbe um of this department. The live stock show was laige, and demonstrates the fact Ibat our people are thor- oughly in earnest In Ihtir tndeavure to obtain good stock of every kind; while i(r agricultural and farming implementa of all kinds tbe display was never mi large. Our crops dnriug [be put year were not as good as tbey have been in former jeatH, yet they averaged veil. Wheat waa nearly an average crop tbe county Ihrnngh, while corn fell somewhat short — the quality waa excellent. The wvero dronth ia what damaged the latter named cro[v In apples and theamallerfruil? tbe yield was abundant Onr oonniy b fast becoming one of tbe most prosperons ia tbe Stale, and i» pw^led by an enteiprising, intelligent class of inbsbitanle. We bave splendid 272 BOARD OP AGRTOULTURB. loada, almost ererj leading one in the county being a free gravel mad, and manj of the croas-roodti are alaa graveled. Out of twelve gravel rotuk leading into the city of Huntington but four are toll roads, und efTorU are now being made loolcing to the conversion of two of thefle into free roadi. It a the industrious nature of our peoplt-, i^oupled with good roads and 3ya- tematic drainage throughout thecountj, thkt in making oura oue of the luosl pros- perous and important In the State. Lkos T. Eaolev, JACKSON ajUNTY. The Jackson County Agricultural Society held its ninth uinual fair at Biown'town, July 2(i to August 1, 18S4, inclusive, being tiearly oue month earlier than any previous faim, and the season being later than asual the exhibit of agri- cultural articles were small. The nbow of live stock, mechanical arliclei and hne arts was ciiual to previous yearn. The live slock show was the leading feature of the fair, especially the Shorthorn cattle and sheeji, there being in both depart- ments a much larger number and of better quality than ever before exhibited. The fair was a success tinancially, the reccipiii being sufBcient to pay premiums and expennes, with a small surplus to apply on indebtcdoesa, which leaves the Society in debt less than one hundred dellats. No county in the State has hotter agricultural reHourccH tlian tbi^ one. The bottom land along the Driftwood forit of White river und the many emaller g1 reams produces large crops of com, wheat, oatu, clover, and grans, corn buing the leading Nearly ime-fourlh of the farmiug land is a Hanily soil, which is the very best for the growth of watermelons, nutmegs, potatoes, and all the varieties of early vcgetS' bles. • There liiu) been a great amount of draining done in this county iu the past year, both by open ditclies and tiling. The most of tlie open ditches bav^ Inen uiude by order of the Board of County ConimisHnmcrs, under the law appriived April HI, ISBI. The only objection urged against that mode of ditching, or rather against the law, is that there is too much expense in getting ready to do ihe work and re- ceiving it after completion. The tile put down has given satisfat^tion, and the demand for tile is increasing The barbed wire fence is fast taking the iilacu of the old mil and plank fences, as it is considered more durable und clieaper. This county was once heavily timbered with wood of line quality, which has been, and is yet being rapidly worked into lumber, slavea and spokes. The present dog law is satisfactory. The statistical reports are sought by our beat citizens, and arc considered useful, but mure care should he taken by the offi- cers in gathering statistics. J. H. Af atli-ck, Seerelarj/. COUNTY AND DISTRICT REPORTS. JAY COUNTY. The tliirti^nth unnual fair of (he Jay County Agricultural, Horticultural aod Industrial Joint Block Company was held ou the coDipany'a grounds near Portland, Septenilier 30 and October 1, 2 and 3, 1884; and while the exhibita autl attendance were nat quite aa large as last year, yet the fair waa a decided success financially and in intereat. It has Hlwuyn been the custom of our society to hiild it^ tu'im late in the seasiin, and our eipcrieuce is that wc do not have as large an Rtlcndance in ]residential campaign ycara ns in other yeara. The peo- ple get worn out attending rallies before fair time. In addition to thia, the Ivro opening days uf the fair this year were very rainy and dinagreeahle, which waa the worat drawbick of all. The company has a beautiful fair grounds of 40 ACtca located jnat outside the corporation limits of the city of Portland. Twenty aurea are cleared, and the race track is located thereon ; twenty acres are covered with a beautiful gr>ve, in which are located the halls, stalls, pens, etc. We are justly proud of our grounds, and think there are none finer in the State. We have some gnod buildings, and some that are old. We have a aurplua in cash of SI,3B0,64, and expuci to spend about $IJ0U0 of it in building new stalls and pens before uur next fair. In ibe thirteen years of the conipany'tt eiistence it hue never paid a dividend to the slockholderx, although ilB fuin have been uniformly auccct>a- ful, and, wilh one exception, have left n surjiliis over expenses. It has been the policy uf the coDipaay to expend all the earnings above expenses in addiliunal improvements uu the grounds. The only return that the stockholders have on thoir invoDtmeni is apoxt for themselves and their families to the fair. The exhibiiB IhiM year were all good in their reupcclive classes. Many of our pwiple exhibit regulirly every year, and they are gradually improving the quality of tlwir exhibit?>. Animals and articles that would biive ranked well some years ago, wnuld hardly pvn now. In this way our pei>ple are being educated up to a hivhcr ftandard of excellent. The show c)f hur.-aiB tliig year waa giiod, several imparled ones being wnong the number. The feeling here seems to be in favor of the Clydewdales for draft, as uootber imported draft hordes are yet owned in the county. OE horses for light harness and general uses there was a very cn;ditable number. in the Cattle Di'pannent there was a liiie exhibition. Wm. Sharp, of Kiehruond, Ind., and Wni. T. Rcrtletl, of Albany, ind., each had an excellent herd of Short- humu on exhibition, but the aveepstakes on Shorthorn bull was curried by C, C. Watson, a local exhibitor. There was a fair show of Jerseya. The fancy with our people acems ti) l>e fur ifhorlhurna and Jeraeys, but within the pa^t year the Holfiteins have begun to appear among us, and promise tu divide the honors. Of ihteji iher.' was a fair nunjlier of entries and a very good display. Our society requiris a pen of three ewe* to show for each premium offered on ewes, in all the ages and clashes, and this brings out a large number of sheep. The fhuw of hogs was good, being confined to the Poland China, Eerk^ihire, and SufTolk breeds. Thp display of pnultry was very fair, and was divided among a large number of exhibitors. The Mechanical Department was well filled. 1 S — A a aicu ltu rb. ^ 274 BOARD OP AasicuLTrnE, While the agriculturnl iiiid horli cult urn 1 exhibilii were good, they were hsrtliy up lo former yeuw in Rome thiiig«, the loiijj drought during the nunirnpr and fall, having retiirdcd the growth of many Tegedililec. Of fancy artlclex and culinuj preparationn there was swimingly no end, the competition being Terr spirited. Floral Hull woa filled lo overflowing. The trotting and jiaclng mcon were up lo the average, find seemed to be very attractive to n Inrge portion of (he crowd. The beft of order prevailed, mid it wiw frequently remarked that we never had trn eivil a crowd before. Not a singie arrest was made. ' riimes of ehanee were odmiltctl, but the feeling of our people generally is (hat (hey should be kept out, and we ex- pect to honor that freling next year. The year 1884 has l)een a pro«peroiiB one for the farmers of Jay county in »n far as the projw rained were concerned, hut the depression in prices has made it dis- cournging to Ihore who deiicndcd upon the sale of their cn.ps (o raise money to meet obligations and eipeiises. The wheat crop waa gi«id, and o( eieollenl qual- ity. The corn was good, except on high ground, Mnd wb» well ripened. Oats were short on account of the extremely dry weiitber. Potntiws not over two-(hird« of a crop, for same reason, but wha( were raised were of good aiie and of excellent quality. Hay was up to the average and was Ravi>d in fine condition, there being but little rain during Ihe haying season. Our lands in this county are specially ddnpled to graHs, and hay and cattle are among our ranking interests. Sheep would ^x^ largely railed, if (he dogn were all dead. The dog law doo9 not bring enough revenue to pay for the I'heep killed, and in this township alone the fund is over Sfieen hundred dollarv behind the claims for losses. Corn is our nei( best crop after grass, and consequently many hog-i are rnised. Wheal comes next, and in addition to home oon"Umplion we export Inr^ ijn&iiti- ties of it. But few oats are raised for shipment, ahou I all being fed al home. Barley and rye do well, but are not much rni!ugh EVBleai of The Horsi DepHrtmeiit was well representPd, ei-peHnllv in general purpose and he«vy dnifl, there being quite a number of imported borae» in these rings. The ealllc show- wuh good, nnd of the finest blood ever exhibited at oar meet- ings. The Hog ind Sheep Department was well filled, and wiperior to any previotip Floral Htill wfls not no well filled perhaps ae in former yearn, but the articles on exhibition were far superior to any heretofore shown. The FInn-ir Department was splendid. Tlie greenhouse erected for thnl piirpow was (ill(>d wilh ehoii^ collections of pot plants nnd cut llowers. The Meclianical Department waa better rcpnsenttd than in former yests, but Gtill rootn for improvement, which we hopo for in the futnre-. The Ijicliite Department was a f»ilure, as those who had been seht-tvd to If cture were no sitiinted ihnt they could not be with us. Wc will try and have thai p.irt well supplied wilh able hcturers in the future- Our next meeting nill be held on September 1 to 4, 1S85, inclusive. We lienrtily thank those that helped to make this exhibit what it was, and are sorry that we were not able to pay the prcmium.s in full, and do cordially invite them to meet with us in the future, and wilt promiw ihem lo do all we can con- nUtently to make it a success. Tbos, H. WATr.iKGTOH, ^ JOHNSON COUNTY. Owing to delay in selecting a suitable tract of land on which l*j hold a fair, the Johnson County Fair AsBOciation did not hobl s fair ibis yeai', but we expect lo get our grounds in shape so ns to hold a fair in the nulumn of 1SS5. This coiinJy is lar^ly an agricultural district, and our crops are principally com and ulicati with good markets for both. There arc two large slnreh works in this county, which consume large quanliliee of com annually ; and we have a num- ber of the very best Souring mills which aSbrd an cxcelh'nt market for the wheal. The corn and wbeat crops for this year were up to the usual average, and the now growing crop of wheat promises well, hut as to the number of acres iwwn lost fall, I think il will lall short of previous years. Our farmers are in a prosperous condition, with Ihi-ir farms in a high state of cultivation. Most of them have Sue houses, good fencing, careful dniinnge, with an excellent quality of all kinds of live stock, all of which is conducive to their health and pn>^|>erity. Our citii'H, lowna and villages are steadily going forward, wilh good moralia, in- crease in population, and substantial improvements; so we think, summing it all up, we have no great reisoa to complain. D. H. Miller, 1 COUXTY AND DISTRICT JIKPORTS. 277 KNOX OOUNTY. The Kdox County Agricultural and Mechanical Society held ita fourteenth annual fair, near Viuoennea, from (JcloberlS to ]8,during moat auapiciouu wtuther. The diroclora, havirg foiind by past experienrc that the building devutfd to the exhihition of fine arts vna totally inadequalo, have erected a new and commodiouH structure well BiiittMl to that uxe, and we nere all gratilied to lind it amply tilled TFith MuhHiantial evidence of the culture and progresu toward comfort and elegance eajoyed by our people. The eihibition was, in all re8pecl«, a nioet gratifying auccesa. The reeeipta ag- gregated SJO,425.T0; expenditures, £0,4aO.5'2. In the item of expcndUurcH is included the coet of constructing improveraenta, S3,9ti0.3T. ToUl entries, 2,340. Premiums paid, $3,I43.&0. An nnalyais of the entries showit that tlie exhibition of honieti was especially large, there being Si2 ftitries, and in (his department overSI,'JOO was paid out in premiumH. There were 114 entriea in the Cattle Department, lo which were paid i&57 ia premiuoiH. Ae an inKtance of how Bmnll industriett may grow to take the place nf former leading intere«tH. it iHcurionn lo trace the rise of the poultry busj- nesB in our county. A few yeare ago if.'iO waa considered by our manageni a large amount to appropriate for prpmiums in thin dqiartment, white JiJO was hardly sufficient At our last fair there were 51 entries of hogs, and they received $126 in premiums, while there were 181 entries of poultry, to which were paid $'210 in the way uf premiums. There reems to eiisl a marked tendency among our exhibitors to show the bes of well-known varieties in stock, and agricultural and horlicultnral products rather than lo display navellleH in blood or species. This tendency crowds uur exhi- hition with the finest specimens produced, but docs not as thoroughly as could be wished, show ihc advantages of new introductions. The necessity for heavier horBCs, so universally recognised a lew years ago, has been fully met by the introduction of various strains of Pereheron. But an equally existing defect in cnttle has been only partially remedied. Our cattle are still too distinctly marked into but two ctneees; the unsightly scrub, and (lie (oo high priced Shnrlhom. In cercsils and other products of the field, there will always oppear the great variety rendered etwencial by the diversity of soil, between sandy loam and clay, which tnarks our countf, some portions of which require early and olhera late va- rictiiS'of the same staple; and hence our exhibitions are marked by specimens with such adaptability. Tuhen as a wbolL- tbo year has been one of unusual succew lo the agriculturist, although the low priecE prevailing hove not made it of such great financial profit, lis HUCfGAs has been rather one of improved qnality in its products than of pecu- niary gain. A eounige born iif success in battliiig with floods and droughts, bus strengthened our farmens and to that extent has enriched them with an energy not heretofore [ell, and wliith in the future will assuredly secure a most abundant reward. G£RARD BEITEB, Siertlary. 278 BOA^p OF AORICUI.TVBE. LA.GKANGE CXSUNTY. The Lagrange County Agricalturnl Sc^iely hclil iU ihiHy-secoDd aDniml cxhi' bition on the fair grounds at Lagrange, on Bcpie ruber 24 to 27, 18K4, inc1u^. The number of entrie« were laiger than iihubI, and tlie exhibition of flock and ftrUclea competing Cor premiums was umsually good, oipccinlly of hon^ea, cattle, ■heep and hogs. Wool growing in one of tbc epeciaitiea county. The wheat crup of ISM was a fair average crop, the yiild being about ei|;htGen bushels per acre, as estimated by our bent farmer'', Thr corn crop, in conaeqiit^iice of the drought during the months of July, iVugiiFt and September, was below the average. The yield of oaLt was good. There was also a very good yield of griuw, and, the weather being very fair, an unuBual uniuunt of good hay wan made, unduudledly, the greatcat number of tons ever produced in one year by the county. The exhibition in Floral Hall, consisting of textile fabrics, Sne arts, etc., wnii very good. In the Horticultural Depnrlnient the exbihiiion wai limall^tbe frail crop being a partial failure. The usual umouiil of agricultural implement'i «■« OD exhibition. Financially, the cxbibilion of the Society wni a partial failure, as it was not attended by many people a^^ide from the exhibitors. It secni-i that the people bad spent their surplus change attending the grand nillie-i during the politiczil cam- paign, and bad notte to upare for the fair. Tbe wtather was very nufavurable (luring the exhibition. I»(jkiA.ii Piatt, Seerelaty. LAKE tX)UNTY. The twenty-sixth annual fair was hi>M iit the fair grounds in Crnwn Point' «D the 7th, 8th, Blh, lOth and Uth days of iMober, 1884. Tbe first day waa so wet and unfavorable that few entries were made, but the ilays folluwing were fine, and our people, from all parts of the comity, putroniioil tbe fair mi lihcrnlly that tbe attendance exceeded any previous fair. The total receipts were $1,887.54. Premiums paid, |l,2ltl.ft0. Total expeuso^ ?3!II1.74, leaving a balance on hand of over $300. Financially it has been a sucsise!, but we ibink thai it i^ a great risk 1 COCNTT AND DISTRICT "REPORTS. 27& to hold our fiiir !:o tele in the Reason. The aocial feature of a fair an; more im- portant than many think. The meelinf; of friends and neighborfi, and a aocial holiday is one of the chief attractions. To induce thia, the (air must be kept free from all vicious influence*, and made a place for agreeable recreation and amusement, and a1»Te all it must be an exposition of ait the ioduntries of th« connlry, espcciiilly pertaining to progressive agriculture. Horses formed n promiaent feature in our entries, and a lucrative source of in- come on man; of our farms. The Bhow of horaBD vith ui ia alwave good. Nor- manH, Clj dendnlcH, Cleveland Baya, trottera and roadsterx, all being veil repre- sented. Of cilUle, n~e I uid Jerseys, Shorthorn b, Herefords and a few Holsteinn. Tbe show of «bcep Kan aot ax good as nnual. Our pens were well filled with bop'— CbeKter Wbiti^ Poland Chinas and Berkshiree. The Woman'tt Dt-partment, in the Floral Hall, was quite an attraction, and one of the be^t feufurosof the fair. \ The di«plny of iigrlcultural product?, both of the farm (with a few exceptions) and garden wuk vt!r;r poor for a count; capable as it in at line varieliea iind a full collection, and this requires more than a passing notice. The premiumH for farm products should be more liberal. An improved Tariet; of com, wheat or oats unit- able to our climiiti: and conditionx, introdaced by this agency and brought to the notice of our farniyra, might be worth thousands of dollara to tbe great produc- ing intereit. In the different varieties o( grapes and clover, in a county whose chief element of wealth is in our rich pastures and meadow lands, there should be every inducement u> a full display of all tbe valuable s|iecics known for their great value, both for pasture and hay, and in this report, from post experience, we would urge the great importance of these matters suggested, and which form tho business side of all DUr fairs. Poultry is receiving the attention it drserves, and the display was a credit U> that branch of domestic industry. Corn. — We sharfd witli the Northwest in a poor crop in 1S83; this year it is at least 50 per cent, better, having fully matured with a fair yield. Outs.— This yeai's crop will exceed all former years. We shall go up this year, we think, to one million bushels. Wheat. —What wheat lands we have are excellent and productive; this year's rrop WU.1 very good. Rye. — More rye le being sown with a view to stock feed rather than for sale. Puhtlires. — The drouth in summer shortened the gross, but early fall ruins made- it nbundanL Huy. — The area in grass for bay, we think, is increasing; lai^ crops ore raised- Stock ut Large, — Every one takes care of his own slock ; this is o Plour. — Not wh?Bt enough raised in the county for home dt-mand; tons of Dur imported and aold here. Milk. — Bving KO near Chicago, this trade is increasing. On some of our lines railroad milk (rnina are run, and we shall soon in this industry, in some locali- fs, rival the famous Fox rivet region of Illinois. BOARD OF AQRICULTUBB. Thu niL'cbanicul tlepartiuert was notas fullj rcpresfnled iis formerly, but agonts have lately ivlLed iiuirti on trials of excellence In tUu ticld, and lesA ut our locikl fairii. The aid given by the inventive geniua of the age in iiicreasiuK the produc- tive jMi *er on tlie /arm is one of the marvebi of this ei-ntiiry, and it is a great problem whether this increased production shall be freely distributed among the grent Enmity of natirna, or whether we shall reihlci; production to our own nation's wants, and live within onraeives, isolated from the commerce of the world. The latter HeemH impoasihlH: It is rmtriction ; it is retrograding; it is tigliLing the nine- teenth century, and the sooner we recognixe thene facts, the sooner we recognize that we iiru part of the great brotherhood of man scattered all over the world, and odjUHt onnelveH to these conditions, the better ii all ihooo who shnre with ns on the vast cominercii P>ncd8 — Barbell win is used more than ever, ii malie it dearer U a u« on our industry, and nu tenoe on our farms, Dopi.— Tax the dogs and nave the hheep. Rood LawK-^Lfl us have a reaL SlutiBtioi. — Miiflt have them. Our aaHessors wi and iiur people will in time better appreciate theli Tilo Draining — TBeM are made at Hobart and incTeaning every year. SUw — We are wotfhing the rcaull of experime hevi and milk producing county, we expect this s (lur gnnindii are owned by the county. A lahi the center of a natural amphitheater, makes it naturally filled for an ];gri cultural fair. The trotting track forming a circle around this little lake, and kept as it ia in goiHl ordrr, makes our triaN uf spi'cd quite Hliowy and intvreiiting Many things can be tniprovoi im, and some things •.ihjcctionablc thrown aside, am] we feel con- fldeut that the inter.«l can be keft up for a good f:iir in ISah. II.VKBY P. llKWIiri-l, : will be, not only for uk, but for il activity of the world, iiid any lei^inhttion that tends lo inorea^ied cost to every rod of M'tter how to gel them, n Point, and their use is 1 ensilage. md this twing a forming nearly LAPOKT!-: CX)LNI Y. In accordance witli CHUtom, and In compliaiu'c ivith the statute of the State, il heeomett ray duly and privilege as Socreiary of the La|Hirte County Agricultural Aeaociation, to submit our report of the thirty-third annual fair held in this county. This exhibition was held at the County Kiiir Ground*, near La port*;, September 23d to 26th, incluxive. and notwithstanding th.;' rain iheErsl two days, the fair was a complete auccess in every respect, and one of the mtwl satisfni^iory (ver held in the county. More interest than usual was raaiiifel soil, und all suscvptihie of a high Bial^ of cultivation, and all crops known in the Stale, it is believed can be pown here. There has been an imincnge amount of ditching done and lile put down in this «ouuty in the last few yean, which has made land that lius been wurthlesa for agri- cultural purfoxes, the liest pro<]ucing land in the couuty. In the matter of rosds much, interest is now boiug taken, anil quite a number «t " free pilios" were finished last year. Grain grouing predominatts, the cropx of last year lieing alt fair. Grtiss grow- ing und grazing is on the increase, and isencroacfaing uii th« gr.iiii growing branch. The amount of timothy and clover raised last yeiir wuh fully up lo the average, and iif the very best quality. Fruit and vegetable crop good. Our supply of fine timber is fast disappearing. Saw-mills and shipping the Our supply of stone tiir building purposes is inexhauBlihle. The next Madison County Pair will be held on September 7, 1SS5, and con- tiuue for four days, at the old stand. C. K. MtX^tTLbOPeH, Secrtlari/. 1 COUNTy AND DI6TEICT REPORTS. MARION COUNTY. The Mnriou Connty Agricultural and Horticultural Socieij has contiuned U> hold niontbly meetings with very gratifying and encaDraging results. The attend- ance and general interest manifested has very largely increased during the fear juet cloving. Curing six montha of the year these meetings are held io the open air at the rcHidence of diSbient membeia in the several townships, so that eveij community mar be reached, la November, December, January, February, March, and April the neetinga are held at the State Agricultural Rooms. The out-door nietting^ are held on the picnic plan — tlie forenoon spent in social intercourse and viewing the premises of the boat; at nooD a luncheon is spread (the united contri- bution of the menibeis) ; afternoon is devoted to the regular business. The Octo- ber meeting is set apart for a mutual exchange of seeds among the members. Cash premiums are ivrarded on prodncta of agriculture, horticulture, the dairy, farm stock, etc., in their appropriate neasona. The programme is made up — Firtt. Of Keporta of Standing Committees on Farm Buildinga, Farm Cropa, Farm Slock, Farm Machinery, orchards, Small Fruits, Qardens, Flowent, the Household, Bee CoUure, Fish Culture, Entomology, Ornithology, Statistioa, etc. These (.-ommittcaB are required to report as to the comparative condition; to aug- geet improvcuicat* to be made', to give information as to items of general interest connected with their reapective subjects. Sramd. Lectures, addren, papers, etc. The arrangement of this part of the programme is put into the hands of a cotn- mittee, who, we muHt say, deserves commendation for the very valuable papers and entertaining leciurea read and delivered to the Society. Among those given may be mentioned : Why Boys Leave the Farm, by Kev. 0. C McCulloch ; The Seed and Its Germin»tion, by Prof. Coulter; Bread Making, by Mrs. Dr. Swain ; Birds and their Usefulness to Horticulture, by M. C. Hobbs ; Mistakes of Marion County Farmeri', by Chut. Howland and I. N. Cotton ; Better Modes of Wheat Culture, by J. W. Apple and Benj. Tyner; Duties of Women as Mistre«ees of the Household, by Mm. J. O. Adams; What Good may be Done for a Neighborhood, by Mies Kichanbtun ; How to Make Home Attractive, bjr Mrs. M. E, Berger ; What to do With Five Acrvi, by Dr. Johnson; How to Best Employ Winter Evenings on the Farm, by Prof. W. A. Bell; Wheat Bust—Its Nature and Origin, by Miss L. J- Martin ; A Counte of Beading for Farmets' Families, by Prof. A. C. Shortridge; aiimpsi-s on the Rhine, by Mrs. Bolton. Third. DiEcuixion of snbjects, and miPcellaneous businew. The Society brld a joint meeting with the Hendricks Count; Society in July, at the residence of Daoicl Cox, near Cartersburg, which was largely attended by th« people of that community and a respectable number from this Society. The meeting was entertaining and profitable, and we came away with the feeling that it was " good for us to be there." I will cIom with an extract from the annual report «f the former Secretary of this Society, being in accord with bis remarks : 284 BOARD OF AGSIOULTCSE. ^ " While this Society holds no general fair likp thine held in other coonliei', yet I still maintain that it« monthly meetings di-cnsBionn, reporte, papers, lecture*, exhibit'', &nd experimental work, are a mean-< of ditweminnling among the agricol- tural ma.-aeB of the county as much practical and useful knowleilge, without niii- tiire of evil, as any Connty (Society in the Stile." W. li. Flick, MONTGOMERY a)UNTY. The fifth annual exhibition of the MontRomery Conulj Agricultural Asaocia- tion was nothing but a repetition of former yeitr^ Thu weiLlher, niir befit friend, was all that could have been asked for, and tuken in connection with the immense exhibit, we had everything to induce a very lihernl patronage. In speaking of our patronage, let me say thai perhaps in no other county in the State does the public in general bestow :is miii^h interest on thr-ir county fair as do the people of Monlgomcry county. Vcm may u«k, Why is it t'r, deserve t^ccial mention. The first is that of borscti, which was full to overflowing, there i>«ing uue hundred and fifty entries, among which were h num- ber of imported Ciyde-'dalef Hud NormaDs; ii splendid exhibit of Uambletonians, and many fine farm atid road horsea, owned by our thrifty fariucri tbronghuut the connrj. It is generally conceded that Noble \e iiecond to no county in tite Stale in number and value of tine horsef. The Cetile fJeiiartnieni w.is repreBcnted by splendid Hpeciniens of SIiortomB, Jerseys and HoUtcina, and soma exof llent grades with aboul an average number of intries. Hogs and Hheep were fairly rcpivsented. Agricultural Hail and Me- chanical Deparlmtnt were lesa liiaii former yeBri", but moderately well repr<;genttd. The Horllcullurai Department showed a marked improvement. The I^W Dcjiarlmeut was exceedingly fine, as it always is. This department has become one of the most interesting features of our fairs, aud shows much im- provement from year to year. The Indie* deserv* much credit tor the intere.'t taken. Taking evarything into consideration, this was one of tile moat natisfactory faiTii ever he iheep, 2S ; hogs, 89. Crops paat season ; Com, average crop, qnalitj fine; wheat, average crop, qual- ity poor; oats, average crop; potatoes, average crop; har, large yield and well se- cured. Our society, although not quite out of dtbt. ing discharged an old debt of long standing I: patronage at the coming fair, be able to pav uU dflilti. A. J. WirjTE. PERRY COUNTY. The thirteenth annual fair of the Perry County Agrtcnllaral and Mechanical Association was held on the Society's groundu near Rome, lad., on CJctober 6, 7, 8, 9 and 10, 16B4. We have three acres of land that cost SlOO per acre. It is a beautiful place. In the spring of '75 the Floral Hall wn.s blown down. The society built another two atoriea high, 30x60 feet. Thi« year the Floral Hall was well filled, especially the Ladies' Department. Their deparlment was equal to any county fair in the Stale. But the other was not up to xome other years past, hut still it was tolerably good. COUNTY AND DISTRICT REPORTS. 287 Peaches in tlib county were an entire failure. Potatoes light, 80 to 90 buBhels to the acre. Wheat was a small yield, but good quality. Rye and barley but lit- tle raised here. Oats good. Com suffered from a storm about the time com was full, and later it suffered more. It would be hard to make an average of Perry county crops. The bottoms yielded well, but hilly land scarcely anything. Ap- ples— Some orchards we're full, others again had no apples. As to the roads, they are passable, and that is all. The rivers and creeks are all well bridged. There has been more improvements this year than for several years past. Hay — Timo- thy, redtop and clover grows splendid here, and makes large yields, as well as every other product of the soil. Perry county would be one of the best grazing counties in the State; plenty of water furninhed by springs and creeks. As to the timber, there is an abundance. Oak — black, red and white; hickory — black and white; walnut — black and white; locust, etc., and most any kind of timber that is wanted. The timber is -being wasted fast here by the stave men, and in a short time all the oak will be gone. This county has fine sandstone, and several quarries are opened ; also plenty of limestone. Fencing — Some neighborhoods have no fences, but wh«'re farmers have fences so as to pasture, their oats, wheat and meadow fields are all doing well. For financial statement and list of officers see tables appended. Walton Wheblkr, Secrttary, PI KE COUNTY. The fourteenth annual fair of the Pike County Agricultural Society was held on the society's groundij, adjoining Petersburg. It commenced on Monday, September Ist, and concluded on Saturday, the 6th. The fair was a decided success, finan- cially and in every other respect. The entrifs were largely increased in every de- partment, but more especially in the live stock classes, and there was also a marked improvement in the quality of the stock on exhibition. The displays in the horti- cultural and agricultural classes were exceptionally good, which speaks well for the farmers of our county, showing that they apprr-ciate the fair as an agent in pro- moting the agricultural interests. Our Floral and Art Hall was, as usual, the center of attraction, on account of the great variety and beauty of the articles on exhibition, produced by the skill and taste of the ladies of Pike. The farm crops in our county of every description, this year, were {ibundant, being much above the aver- age for many years. Our wheat crop was unusually large, the grain of excel- lent quality, and was saved in good condition, yet on account of the unusual low price realized by the producer, there has been no profit realized by any one, and in many cases it has not paid for the labor and expense of raising and delivering it to market. Of course this state of things is very unsatisfactory to the farmer. It is very clear that the present low price of wheat is caused by over-production, not only in the United States, but in India, Egypt, Russia, Australia, and every 288 BOARD OF AdRICttLTURU. other nil eat -producing couDtt; in the world, anil at a. mstler of fact, ihere U doit on hund a mucli Ui^r "upply than trill )>e requited, or will be conniimed, until the next harveHl is Kcured. It U not (irobablc, under these circumHtances, that tbcrc will be nny udvance in the price, at least for aonie time, and perhaps not tor ;eani, for tbe rcoFcn that wheat can be ralseil in Rusxia and India luach cheaper than in tbe Unite*! State«, on account of (he tow price of labor in these conntrie*. Under these rircunEtnnces, would it not be I'ound policy for farmers in tliiR coun- Vy to muteriiiliv r*duco the acreage (f wheat? It appears by the reports from tiie AKricultnral Bureau at Washingltin City, that the arta in wheat for ihb yiur wai 38,500,000 acrea. The product of over 13,000,000 acres ure inexcesBof Ihewanlflof this country, and vill have lo be aold mainly in Liverpool, in competition with the wheat raised by the cheap labor of India and Uumiii, ani] this is being done now, and the result is a loss to the farmer on every bu'^hel ci[>orted. And further, the foreign market bringi down the home market in the same ratio. Now. il the aren sown in wheal for 1885 was cnt down in the Unilfd Sl.itea to, say 2fi,000,«» aorex, tbe home demand would consume the entire crop, and the priced realiicd would be mitisfactcry to the farmer, and ihin 1:^,000,000 ncrei>, which was formerly in whpaL could be cultivated in other grain crops or grasses. Fur instance, we import one-seveDlh of nil the b»rley iinfd in the United Stales from foreign couclries, and further, we pay annually $100,000,(100 for foreign sugarB, and $15,000,000 id duties on ihe name. Now, as it in no longer a question as to the practicability of making sugar proGtabU from tbe iiorghnui cane, there in no doubt that in the near future this nil! be an important crop in the North and West, and very profitable tu the produi^er. Again, the statistics of England, Franc°, (ieriuany, and many oilier European notions show that the increaiie of rallle. sheep, .inii hogs does not keep pace with tbe increnue in pofiulalioo in those nalioni', and the rRtull is a, ciinstanlly increas- ing demand, which ia mainly supplied by this cnunlry. This uiarkel for meals and lire slock in the foreign countries named, and the home conxumption, which is large am) conttaudy increasing, will not likely be glutted by im over supply for many yesrs, and tie prtsent prices, which pay tlie stock raisers a fair pnifit, in all probability will Ik maintained. From these fads, 1 arrive at the concluiuon that stock raifiiag will be found much more proSlahle than wheat. Rut the object I had in view in directing attention tu the wheat siluaiinn, is to impress upon our farmers the neccEtsity of producing a greater variety of farm pro- ductxfor mnrkel, and also theimport.inceof studying the st»tislics as to tUenmoont rnired and consum^, and the usual market price ni all articles that conld be euc- cesKfully cultivated or produced in our State. Then we might to wme extent reg- ulate production so as to prevent an over supply oC any particular article, and by these means avoid iieavy losses to the producern, without any injury to the consumer. There has lieea li-sa improvements mnde this year than last, in tliis county, in the item of buildiogs by the (armttH. The cnuxe of this, 1 think, is the low prioe of grain and utlier farm prodncls. There has bi'en decidedly mure tile draining done than in any year previous to this, and tlie re»ullB ar« very sulisfaclory. Noth- ing has lieen done in timber culture in this county, except for shade or oruamenlal purposes. The fencing in of stock does not seem lo gain popular favor lo any COUNTY AND DISTRICT REPORTS. extent, and the rcBult is thai many of uiir iarmrn a: lencea, while ofherB ate using wire. This ib made limbtr being verj scarce, Tbc! dog luw iH it now standx seems to be ruther popular, at leOHt with the class «bo have genemlly the greatest number of Ihcm, for, as a rule, they neither pay tn tte DP their e, when at all practicable, bold lo the lowest bidder, plans and specifications being furnished to the proper agent or ageuts to execute the law. That would t>e a matter for future FonHidcration. Further, roads should be changed to run on lines, whenever pos- sible. Bofidti will never be permanent that run through lands so as to injure them, which is usually the case. Again, grades should be eetablisbed on all permanent roads. This, will] a thorough system by tile andopen ditches, with proper nutleln, will mnlie niiicli better roads than ne now have, and perhaps it is all that we can do for years, m ue have no gravel and very little stone in our county. Since my lust report there has been considerable immigration into this coun^, and that of a very desirable character. I thinit we will gain more rapidly each Bucceediug year kith in population an in wealth, when our great natural advant- ages, both of suit and mineral wealth, are more generally known. GUODLET MOIUIAN, Seeniary, PORTER COUNTY. The fourteenth annual exhibition of the Porter County Agricultural Socie^ wa^ held on their fair ground, adjoining the limits of the city of Valparaiso, Sep- tember 16 tn 11), 1884, and in all respecu was a grand succcfs. The weather vae very fine, all departments were well represented, and every one seemed pleuiud :ind satisfied. Each succeeding day added to the numbero, until on the last day the ground was crowded with visitors, fully demonstrating the nece»fii(y of more ground, which bas since tieen purchased. The most popular feature of the fair — the horse— had a good representation in all elasscs, frum [he heavy imported draft, with their grades, down to all purpose, and the Bne-limlicd trotters and runners. 19 — A OR r CITLTUBS. 290 HOARD OP AGRICULTI'RB. Talk about pnupkiiu and potatosH, aa much aa we lore ihem, and iruuld gladly give them the first place U poeeible, but are nompelkd to jield. TLev will Dot draw like the liorac. Id cattle, the Durhama, Holateios, Pulled Aiigu.4, BereConls, Jer»ej-a, and grades, ftere represented. In the sheep pens were but two classes, the line wools and dowQ», showing good breeding. The bog pens were full ot pure bred Pokuil Chinas and Buffbllcs, good repre- sentatives for a ijtate Fair, The poulir; was not what it should have been in number of entriee. The moHt of the stock on exhibition being owned by farmers of our own eouol/ is evidence oC the enterprise of the people. - Of farm and garden products the number of entries was second only lo the horse, and the eihibila were very fine. The show of fruit was fair, bat not quite lu lurge Haoiptea bh usual. The drought during July and Auguat lessened tliv i-ize noniewhat. The Art Hall was attractive, being compbtulv filled with Bpeciniens of womeus' bandinrork and collectionii and displays of art. Tlie speed ring, that feature of the fair so difficult to hnrmonite to the 8ati^■fac- tion of lovers of the turf (and they are many), ptuinly thowcd by their actions thai they thought it was good for them to be there. They fievmed to be filled to over- flowing with pleasure. Even the good, sturdy old farmer stepped more lightly, his eyes Kparkled; iu fact it was as a shock of etoutricity to him, .iiarling (he very blood in his reins lo rushing as in youth, and the vhki mulritude seemingly Iwl lo all else around tbem, their eyes being steadily fi xcd on the te^t of cpeo'l. After all this demonstration of pleasure, talk of leaving out the horie! Can we do it ? I fear not, until you change humun nature. Our agricultural interests are principally corn, oalf>, wheat, grasses, potatoes and millet, in acrcuge of each in order narned Farmers are learning that it is far better (« have Ims aeres in crop^ well farnit.il, than to hog over large fields fur the same number of bushels, alternating iheir crops, using all manure available, and seeding often tii clover as a fertilizer. Quite an im|iroveui(-ut if noticed in our roads since the introduction of graden, as Iht-y leave the roads in a better condition nflir working for proper draining. Osage hedge, wire, and board fences are njuntly uned fur Gnclu.' of the county. About 30,001) boail of hoga fntted the past year. Wc beguo the year 1884, with 6,000 heiid of colts and horses, TOO head of mules, 22,000 head of cattle, and about the same number of shuop, Putnam county's youthful funuera may take encour- agement from the history of the past, aa most of our weuUhy as well as our lead- ing men were and are farmera. W. S. Cox, RUSn COUXTY. I herewith present cu; report of entries, receipts, i'Xi>eiiditureH, etc., of our an- nual operatioHH for the year 1S84. Anil each year of our organization the froiident of the State Hoard requtwttr tor geocral information, the apirit of our pfigrev, as well aa [lie popular will of the farming community ou »evera] subjects tliut now seem to demand Icgirlative action. In my report for your tubular stntetuiint it will reailily be- wen that our pni- grcm is upward and onward, and when lookiut; at our recvipia and learning that three hundred slookholdcra, with their fumilies, enter our gales fri« of charge, it is plain that our attendance was all that cetition. Thequalily of Shortlioms, and Alclerney, nud Jer- aeys showing no retrogression. In hogs, Poland Chinas and Bcrkshirea litill liavt ihbir frlunds, whiUt the Cbc'Icr White eome in increased numbers, and tho finest of Bpecim«ns, and are un- questionably gsining ground in popularity. In shcup all breeds were well repreuinled. The low price of wool is forcing a tendency to popularize the mutton breeda, and the Downs are taking the lead, pur~ Ucularly the Sliropaliire, many of which were licre directly imparled, tlie finest in the claaa, and many selling at a high ranj^e of prices. The Poultry Department was full, and the specimens were fine. The Mechanical Department was not so good as formerly. Thia being my fourteenth year as Secre- tary, I can conKratulate the society in Lis onward progresa by the booka, and hope it will not be out of place, as 1 feel it my duty in nty retirement to heartily ihaok the difTerent Boards for their support and kinducss throughout all these years. ■J r COUNTY AND DISTRICT REPORTS. 293 A few words on the topi<9 suggested by President Mitchell, of the Stntc Bonrd ; The fence qurBtJon ia nownpon tbefarmeniof Indiana with feeling fnn^e, and when looking at hin surround ingH can not but inquire, why is it thai our Tjoj'i'^latiin.-ti do not take Icflsons from our neighborinj; State*, and remove more than liulf the burden when ninctentho ol the agriculturist ask it at their hands? I fear the truo answer is, that farmcni are an unoi|(anixed body, busied by the cares of home, not besieging legislative halls to be protected in their God-given rigtita ; whilut the idler and city voles command in boisterous tones a negative action to known duties. Farmers say this is humiliating; yea, and until you speak w one man, you may sufTer und l)ear not only in this but in many ways, and your keen remind- er is twice a year— your tax duplicate tells the tale. Year by yeiir, from every available standpoint, the farmer importunes the I.egislature for a belter protection to his sheep. The present dog law is insufficient, and legislatoia know it. In my position I fjieuk the sentiments known to me of the farmer, whose interest 1 Km placed to rep^(>^ent, in my humble manner. I in each annual rt>|>iirt repeat some of their prefuing and fair demands, until I am neary of not feeing some frultH from tliu^c many appeals that go to the Legi«latnre from nil piirtt of StHt«. And now I suv a word to the farmers: Organize in some shape; muke your WHuU known tlimugh petition ;. speak in thunder tones, and you will be henrd — without, I fear yuu vill ever bear and wait. Comparative Prugre«8- — I give you this in an inferential way, Hi(j;hly im- proved farniH here biing from $80 to $100 per acre. Tile drainage is piii-hcd and appreciated in everf locality. Turnpike roads cover every highway thiit enters Ruahville. All orost-roads are being cared for by being graveled. Three railroada pass Rushvilie. Convcoient Htatinns in all directinnn accommodate the oiilpoatx. All land fenced, and blue-KrasH Rods the woodlands. Grain mostly com and wheat. An increase in hay iinnually. Improved Mtock of all kinds largely enter the eoni- bination, or I may say mixed husbandry. From this picture I trust correct euu- oliuions may be draiTD. Los Lihu, Secretary. SHELBY COUNTY. The annual exhibit for 1SS4 oE the Shelby County Joint Stock Agrirultunil Ansoeiiitioti was, all things considered, the mott propitious in the hiaiory of Sholliy county. The jieople were in an unusual political agitation, there win u gi>ucr.i.l financial deprcfwion, and the weather, as the exhibition approached, wiinnnfiivor- alile, yet in every department there wa^ a full display. During the f:iir wwk we were required lo add to our stabling forty new htalls, having added forty the year previous. The LiveStock Oepartment was never ko largely repre^nted, and in the Department of Agrieulturnl Product] it was found that our building e.-ipauity was quite insufficient. Strong evidences were offered that our furmcn are improv- ing the breed of their live slock, particularly cattle, bom and sheep, and are devot- ing nientul labor, with eitru manual force, lo the selection of seeds :Liid tlie tilling observe in utwtrncl form Ihe progress of agriculture in this county since the 25th diiy of October, 18.51, when "the citiiens friendly to agricultural improvement" met nt the court house and selected Rev. David Whitcomb to preside over the meeting, and David Thacher, then editing and publishing the Volunteer, was cbotteii Hecreliiry. A society was formed, and November 1, 1861, the venerable Judge J- M. Sleeth, for n committee, repi)rlcd « constitution, and Thomas A. Hendricks, Slarlin M. Ray and James Elliott re|iorted by-laws. A librarian was one of tbe officors of the society, and it wb« made his dutj' to subscribe for all such books and periodicals for the use of members as might be ordered, and to keep a roister of the receipt and the return of the same by members. A committee was required to furnish two columns of agricallunil matter weekly to the Volnnleer, and the librarian ordered to subscribe for The Cultivator, il ; The Horticulturalisl, S3 ; The I'low, 50 cents ; The Prairie Farmer, $1 ; The Plow, the Loom and the Anvil, $2; Western Horticulluml Review, f3 ; Ohio Agriculturalist. $1; Journal of Agriculture, $2; Penusylvania Farm Jour- nal, $1 ; American Farmer, $1 ; Indiana Farmer, Jl ; The Ohio Cultivator, f I. On the first Satuiday in February, 185*J, Governor Wright and W. T. Dennif. addrenxed the society. In the musty old volumes where tliiH record is found is a list of the premiums ofiered at the first fair of the pioneer society, and it coveis less than live and a half pages, written, in the book, eight by ten inches, and com- prising farms, erops, horses, jacks and mules, cattle, h(^, sheep, fowls, fruits, farming implements, flour and domestic manufactures. In the first is a sensible award, though abandoned by modern management: ''The best arranged and culti- valed farm, a silver cup worth tlO; for second besl, Stephen's Farm Rook, and a diploma." The Farmers' F.n cycl opted ia, Coleman's European Agriculture, Ameri- can Farm Book, silver cups, Kjwona and butter knives, etc., constituted the premi- ums. Id 1852 and 1863 these pages show lh:it much annoyance wns ejiperienced by " huckBtering in the vicinity of tlie fair grounds." The progress of the societv r COUSTT AND DISTKICT EBP0RT8. 295 during 1 S&3 waa reported lo the State Board, shoving great advanceiDent bj the "ofleringof 188 premiuiuH, of which ISu were awarded, their coet being about $^00, of which iiiO in Bilverware, and the remuindeT in books and bound volumes ot periodiciils on agricnlture and kindred topics." The score and a half of vears since these remarkable manifostations of agricnltural interest have brought ns much of which to be proud. Wk have a ground upon which there are permanent improvements of more than $10,000 in value, and the fair of the past season paid ID coflh proiuiums full; $'i,UOO, and received in entry fees, privileges, at the gates, amphtthculer, and from stalls, :f(i,2HS.66, having paid more moa<'y for building forty new stalls than all the awards of our brethren of ISb^ amounted to. Their 'efforts were landahle and probably more productive of good results than ours of this day, considering and comparing the circnmstaDuea affeotiug both. Certain it ia that we are reaping the harvests of praeperit; that have grown from the seeds oC Ludustr; and hardships sown bj them. L. 3. Haukhev, Seattarj/. STEUBEN COUNTY. The flteuben Counter Agricultntal Anociation can boast of as fine grounds, buildings, stables, pens, and sheds for stock as can be found in the Stale owned by iklibenasuciatiun. An Agriculrural and Floral Hall of largo capacity, a Mechanics' and Maohinrry Hall eighty feet in length, with a line shaft the fntirx length, with width to operate machin- ry the entire distance, thirty-live acres of even, level land, shaded with hichory and oak trees. ^ Liberal premiums have at all times been paid, and the association is free from difht. with a larplus of near S-'ilH) in the treannry. Our last fair was held on the grounds at Angola, October 6th, Tth, Sth, dth and 10th— five diiys — the first two being devoted lo preparations. Our hoFBes, as usual, took ihe lead, and were r-presenlid by the best Norman, Perclierona, Cleveland Bays, and a number of other breeds. Our horsemen devote more atteulian to raiding heavy draft horses than others, as they command better pricTB and a reailicr sate. The j^jieed ring was not neglected. The races were warmly contested and ci- tiled much iiteresi. Our Cattle Department was fully Dp to that of former yeais, the Shorthornn, Hcrefordit, Hole'teins, and Jerseys, witli a high order of grades, in all degrees of Sheep were represented by the Merinoe, I,eicesier»>hires. Southdowns, and grades in great variety, showing that our flock masters are using eilra efforts to keep up their well-onmed reputation in this department. No belter display of hogs was ever seen in the county, Poland Chinas taking the lead, folhwed by Chester Whites and Jersey Keds. Out show of poultry was good, though not as, full as heretofore. ^ BOAKD OP ASBICULTUBB. Agricnltiirnl Hall was filled to overHowinft with Rnun, [Hilatoes, cabbages, tor- nips, pun]|ikFns, tomatoeo, honey, apjilen, pears, quinces, gmpcs, bread, butter, ohfcsr, tanned frnits, pickles, jirescrres »Bd jellioii. A Iriu'lion engine, from the works of Sicliolc & Kliephenl, of Bailie Creek, Mich., ileiunnRtrated that the farmer would soon be nble lo diKpc^nae nilb the hoFse as a beast of burdea, and attach the eogiiie to his plow nod burveslor. Oor FlornI Hall was one profuniun of flowew, and nei'dlewi.rk of tbe dximieftt Btylea, reflecting the highest credit on the tuir haiidii that eiBiiLilfd and the heads that planned sHch delicate work. it may trothfullj be said that Slcubcii cuunly a better adapted lo the growing of grain and gmzing than many other sn-liona of the iSlate. Occupying the high- est land between Toledo and Chicago, the wat<-r from its many lukea and slreanis Sowing both into lakes Erie and Michigan. The surface i> quite rolling. The soil of the nurthern and we«tem portions of the county is a dark sand and gmvel, while the eastern and eouthem portions are a heavier clay loam ; (he sur- fau« is so rolling that any Eurplas water goes nt once to the valleys, (.'reeks and InkcB. Applva, pears aud grapes do (rcll, uIho peaches, whi-n the winLers aiv not too cold. The KOialler fruits are grown in grvat viirieiy, and of moellent quiilily. Uiir farmers manifest a landiible ambition to erect convenient honiiea of the more modem Htyle-many of wood and brick, and a few of stone. And the farmers' ham is incomplete without a hiiiemenl, and aheds and ulnhlen for tho pro- ttrclion of stock. Tile draining is receiving a lai^ shiire of atlenlion. Besides two tile works in the county, largo numbers are shipped here by railroad. The culture of limber at prexent Ik limited lo the care of that nut already wasted and destroyed. The great demand aud liberal prices offered by Iiimljenuen tor oak, walnut, ash and hickory have denuded very many fiirnis of timber now Had ly needed by theru, and has enhanced the price of well-lliubered land above that which is iniproied. The cheapest and best fencing malerial for (he farm (hut has rail timlier in the old rail fence ; poslh and boards come next. Wire poBveeses neither ihe qnalilyof cheapness nor efficiency to recommend it. These facis are stitHted by all farmers who adjoin the railroad where vire is used. Neither sheep imr hogs are stopped by it. The lives and usefulness of horses arc alwsys endangered by it, and it forma onl; an indifferent eaclosure for catllc— so much ho that the Lcgisiutnre uf Michi- gan has come to the rescue of the farmer, and forbidden its use along all its lines of railroad. Our best roads ate now constructed of gravel. They are firat well drained and covered with gruvel from four to eight and ten iuches in depth. Our roads are all free public highways The vcied question of a dog law i^ an important one, and the last one pased by the f.egislatnrc possesses such ii bundle of cruditiGn that neither the sheep breeder nor the dog owner is satisfied with it. Every point in it, if it has any, is aimed at the sheep breeder. 60 much ea that he is compelled, in sclf-defcn^ to adopt the shotgun policy or abaiidaa his flocks. The coustruction given the law by COUNTY AND DISTRICT REPORTS. 297 tbe Courts compels the owner of sheep destrojed hv dogn to go for, say ofWn, into «[>me other towDship, and in some caaea into a different county from that in which hia flhcep were killed, thuH making the dog-tax collector, in one countj or townithip, porforta dnUea in another, and then making the sheep owner liable to fine and im- prifloiimeut for shooting the vforthleaa cur that loiters about his yards and fields, and feeds on hia slaughtered flocks, because he lacks the proof that he is a eheep- killini>doK. T)ic anbject of fish culture is beginning to attract from our farmera a share of the uitention its importance demands. Located as onr county is, on the summit or big1ie:-( land between the two lakes, Erie and Michigan, there arc within its boundiriea OTerseventy-Gve lakes and ponds of clear, beautiful, soft water, most -of iliem bordered by Mndy and gravelly banks, many of them flowing in clear, pebbly brooks front one lake into another. These lakes and ponds vary Id extent from one quarter to aiz miles, with ever varying widths and depthii; are supplied by springs, affording to the agriculturist an abundant supply of pure water during the greatest droughts. These bodies of «nlcr iboand with great quantities of excellent Gxh, the pickerel or pike, black bflss, perch, Fpcckled bass, red eye bass, blue gills, sunfi'h, sucker or lump Gab, berrinf, catGiih. Whiteii'b, Oerman carp and eels are successfully propagated. Tlie kws for the proiection of fish are rigidly enforced by those interested, and Ibej h»pe br caie and atlenlion in the near future to have access to a great variety of eicclletit tish, tosay aothinf;of the sport and pleasant pastime in securing them. At the urgent request of our many farmers interested in fi^h culture, there is herewith appended a very correct map of Steuben county, representing the town- ships, lection lines, the lakes and ponds, with their name:^ and the streams form- ing th«ir connections, the names of our villager and the course of the Fort Wayne branch of the Lake Shore railroad, which will give to parties interested a better repnsentalion of the location and comparative size of our lakcH than can other- v'ne be given. If the same can he published in your forthcoming Agricultural Ueport a cut of the same will l>e furnished by the undersigned. A. W. IlesBttY, Pre»ideal. We take pleasure in producing tlm following map of Steuheii connty, in the extreme nortlieaat portion of the State, and will, no doiiht, prove of much interest in showing the remarkable hike surface of that portion of the State. In no other way can the geography of a county be so well described, and we hope t1i:lL this will lead to a map of each county in the future agri- cultural reports, although in a more condensed form. SKCIlliTAHY. ] *" W^ r^ Fx -JBStfEEi ji ^ilfSBl jTfsL Isi^/ 800 BOARD OP AGRICULTURB. ST. JOSEPH COUNTY. The Northern Indiana and Southern Michigan Agricultural Society held its- third annual fair on the fair grounds between South Bend and Mishawaka, Sep* tember 22d to 26th, inclu^ive. Our association is now a member of the Ohioy. Michigan and Indiana Tri-State Fair Circuit, which was of great advantage to us in iiecuring a large list of exhibits, both in the Stock and Machinery Department». Our attendance, with the exception of one rainy day, was larger than last year. The list of entries exceeded that of the fair of 1883. In the Horse and Cattle De- partments our nhow wiis very tine. Hogs and sheep were well represented. Take it altogettier we had good reason to be proud of our last fair. The condition of agriculture in our county is good. Crops were fully up to the average. C. G. TOWLB, Secretary^ TIPPECANOE COUNTY. The Tippecanoe County Agricultural Association, having for the laat sixteen years held successful fairs, deemed it expedient to take a rest for one year, there- fore, have no report to offer for 1883, except that the organization has been kept up, and that we are in working order and expect to hold our fair at the usual time this year, viz. : the tir^t week in September. For list of officers see table appended. J. M. Dbesber, Seeretary. TIPTON COUNTY. The past year has added materially to the prosperity of the industrial interests of this thriving county. Its geographical position and general lay of land unite to make this a point of interest, and bespeak for it a meritorious history. Its past record has been one of continuous growth, but not until of late years has the con- dition of the county been such as to show what could be accomplished in the way of agriculture and horticulture. Our present advantage of drainage has inspired our farmers to a more intelli- gent system of culture than ever undertaken before, and hsLS developed the fact that farming is not the dull and unprofitable business that it has been held to be hitherto, but to the reverse, the rich black loam studded with the beautiful forest trees — ash, walnut, poplar, oak, hickory, beech and sugar — and underlain with a porous strata of productive clay, has become a source of great pleasure to the honest and industrious tiller of the soil. At the early opening of spring the different nationalities, Irish, German and American, were seen busily preparing the soil for the coming cropi and the pride COUNTY AKD DISTHICT REPORTS. 301 of each waa noticed in the deep and Ktraight furrows, the biiildlni; nf fcncefl ond the cleariDg and breaking up uf wHie..i> ..f Ijiing hlo-Ned with abundance. I^eding came and ibc genlle ruin« nnd penilritini,' ivvn of (he snn Boon developed his lubora into living gTcen, nnd the mild hhJ |>li'iis:^nt Kiint- mer crowned bin eiirneat cObrtg with a golden harvcpl, and m hxW iii,tc1'> hcn-elf apparent, the people vied with each other in their exhibila at thi> <'ciiiiiiy fiiir. Never was their a finer diiipliiy sini^ the organiiH'inn of the coiiniy, ('rirti]iLlition brought trade from vaHoiis parl^i of the Stale; bo great was the inn n si ihal every place was ocenpied before the time had expired for mnkine iii(rii-. Syslem was fully ezemplified and showed the true Bpirit of ihe hiiibandm m The Block all Bhowed an infreaneof interest and was ngood inik-.t nf tlip slendy growth of the wealth and general prosperity of an energetic ami liiritlv pt-ople. The LadieH' Department displayed great la"le and dkill in the wny it wns man- aged and work done. Everything was artistically nrranged. anil tbi-ir efforts were crowned with nuccewt. Among the many other intereiiting feature* ia an atuociation knovn ng the "Franklin County A»i«ocialion," this being organised e!.|>eiUii>ethi di-LoverieM in the county have been of a motit intcresling character; among tin 'i nlic nre the tooth of the ma>todon and the unveiling of the cemetery of the jvd m^in, in whii'h WOK found the remains of nineteen distinct perif liii^-inL'S", nut- withstanding the imniediale prewture of hard times, and as we l:iy duAn the quill for the present we hope to be able lo take it up again and graplilcnlly porlray the present year's progress lo the gateway of a gamer well filled. William Kahlow, VIGO COUNTY. The past year has been the most successful iu nearly every n^j-pecl which ihe Vigo Agricultural Society has experienced since its organizalKn. When the Board of Directors for 1884 took charge of its affairs they found ii in dibt about twenty-five hundred dollar^ in addition to which there were quiic -.i luioilx'r ■ ■ • . ■>. ■ i.- '.. ^" t t \ COUNTY AND DISTRICT REPORTS. 306 WASHINGTON COUNTY. The Washington County Agricultural, Horticultural, Mechanical and ' Indus- trial Ajasociation held its fourth annual fair on its grounds at Salem, September 8 to 12, 1884, inclusive; and, sls in the preceding year, an adjoining county held its fair the same week, presumably affecting ours to some extent; yet we had, all things considered, an improvement in exhibition over all our preceding fairs. After paying the premiums, $1,862.50, and expenses of fair, we had a surplus of over $600 to apply to old claims, improvements, etc., something of a gain over last year. Our exhibit in green fruit was very indifferent, both in number of entries and quality, owing to the almost failure of that crop in the county. Our show of poultry was not quite so good as the preceding one, especially in number of en- tries. There seems to be a lack of interest this year in this class, which we hope to be able to correct in the future. Our exhibition of sheep and cattle was quite creditable indeed, and would compare favorably with any county in Southern In- diana ; while in the exhibit of horses and hogs our show excelled all our previous fain>, and would oxtmpare favorably with any county fair in the State. Their su- periority in breed and general good qualities challenged the admiration of all who saw them, while the number Was greatly in excess of all former exhibits. f Our classes for draft, light harness and general purpose horses were each about equally well represented. The judgment expressed by all observers was that Washington county breeds and shows 1\r:?t rate horses in all classes. Our 8peed rings were fairly well represented, and gave general satisfaction. Our free-for-all pace deserves special mention, it being a close contest, taking five heats to settle it; finally won by " Daisy D." in 2:22, the best time ever made on our track. In this connection I deem it but fair to pay that, in my opinion, based upon both experience and observation, good speed rings are a neces^^ity as an incident of a good fair. There must be some amusements coupled with our shows of sttick and general farm products to relieve its monotony. "All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy" can well be applied to management of fairs. And what more inno- cent amusement can be adopted than the trials of speed of the noble animal, horse, and what more entertaining to the average audience at our fairs? Besides, if we prvTvide them our people spend their money at home to see what otherwise they would go away from home to see, at a greater cost. Our general agricultural products bear evidence of a continued improvement from year to year. The continued and Intel ligeiit use of well selected fertilizers demonf*tratcs that our farmers and gardeners are becoming educated up to their own interests, their increased use becoming greater from year to year. A good farmer now will hardly think of sowing a meadow without its use, having realized that with it he can count on a set of grass the first year with reasonable certainty, while under the old mode it was generally a question of doubt as to success, and always as to tioje. I forbear a discussion on the general topics suggested in the annual circular of the State Board at this time, for the reason that two years ago, in our annua* re- 20 — Agricultube. ,.*< 1- J 806 BOARD OP AGRICULTURE. port, I diecnsFed them at some length, and my successor, Mr. W. W. Stevens, in the report for last year, entered into a very intelligent, comprehensive and well- arranged discuf'sion of the principal topics. I think I may, without ^otism, commend boih these reports to consideration. Fred L. Prow, Secretary, WAYNE COUNTY. The Wayne County Agricultural and Horticultural Society, in making its ex- hibit in September last, was surrounded by very discouraginfc circumstances, which operated against its success. The excessive drouth, the political campaign, and the length of time since the last exhibition were the principal ones. However, we succeeded beyond our expectations in the number and character of the articles competing for premiums, which seems to have established a fact to the satisfaction of a number of our enterprising farmers, which I consider of great importance, namely, that the effect of the drouth was to a large extent overcome by the exten- sive underdraining, not only of wet lands, but of the clay lands of our county. There were but few fields of wheat or corn that approximated an average crop, ex- cept where they were underdrained. From the experience and observation of the past season, many of our farmers have come to the conclusion that to counteract the effect of wet weather, or of dry weather, they must underdrain their land. Timber growing in Wayne county is becoming an object of importance among her farmers and horticulturists. Hundreds of acres of land that have had the timber cut off, slaughtered I might say, and located in such a way that it can not be con- veniently cultivated, is now in fine condition for being planted to timber that within the limits of the present generation will become very valuable. A few farmers have planted groves of catalpa and other valuable kinds of limber, and are protecting them by inclosures. Jos. C. Batlifp, Seerelary, DISTRICT AGRICULTURAL SOCIETIES. LAWS CONCERSINQ UCEHHE FUND. In couQtia thronghont this State thxt hare no count; agricultural socielv, and wbere they compote a part of Bone district agricuilural Hucicly, ihe money ariHiug from exhibitions mentioned in NClion 6269 shall be jiatd nver by the cuuntj trcaa- urera of their respective counties to the district agriculrunil society in which said county is a part: Protidtd, That in counties that compose n part oC more than one district Bgricultural society, said money so referred to above, shall bepuid equally to said distrjct agricultural societies; and that in counties ihnC have money on hand from exibilioia mentioned in the act to which this is a suppiemeiil, nnd iherf. boa been application made by the district agricultural Bocietii>> entillfd under this act to said money, and refused by the county treusurer*, they arc required to pay the same lo said district agricultural societies. (K. S. Sec. 5271.) ACTON DISTBICT ASSOCIATION. In connection with our statistical report, I submit a n')iiirt of our ln»t fair, to- gether -with a c^rop report of I8S4. The Acton District Fair Association is composed of the L'tuitcni part uC Marioni northern part of Johnson and north-western psjl of Shelby cnuiilios. Our grounds arc commodious for stock and a fine half mile race, track ndjniniuK Acion only two squares from ihe depot. Our fair for 1S64, was hilled for the neck of the autum- nal equinox, ind as the summer was very dry we hod an iibnndnnc^c of rain that week and of coarse our fair suffered thereby. But in view of this, all depart- ments were running over with exhibits. Live Slock Department wiLi good both in quantity and quality. Agriculture fine, especially the display nf coru which would be hard to excel at any fair. State Pair not excepted. Horticulture slim, on ac- count of failure in fruit crop. Ladies' Department was well filled with the choicest conned fruit, proK^rvcs, ]ellic3, bread, iakes, etc, and all the Inxuriesthat farmers' wives make their tabltia fit for any ono lo enjoy a feast. The fancy work in their hall wits a credit lo any \ 808 BOARD OP AGRICULTURE. fair. Mechanical hail was well filled with a fair representation of the labor-say' ing machinery of the day. But the people could not come throngh the rain to see our exhibits and we had gone to a great expense in fitting up our grounds, and be- lieving that the future success of a fair is to pay all premiums in full, we came out badly in debt; but we are going to make an effort to come out successful in 1885, believing agricultural fairs are of great benefit to the farming community in the way of improving agriculture, live stock, etc. The crops in our district are composed chiefly of corn, wheat, oats, potatoes timothy and clover. On account of the dry season corn on the upland was short ; black ground up to an average; those that followed a clover crop with com re- ceived a good yield of number one com. The farmers are turning their attention more to cloveras a fertilizer than they did some years ago; they find ij pays a large per cent Wheat crop averaged about eighteen bushel per acre with the grain good. Our principal varieties are the Fultz and Hedges' Prolific; our section is not both- ered with the fly to a very great extent ; timothy good ; clover good and those that cut their crop for feed harvested it in good shape. Potatoes an average. Oats good. Stock raising consists mostly of hogs, farmers believing it pays better to make pork out of their corn than to haul it to market. Very few beef cattle raised in this section. Not many 6heep ; our ground is too level for them to do well on. Stock running at large is almost abolished, which to my opinion is a great im- provement over the way of every one's stock running on the common pasture. In the way of fencing, the farmers are beginning to economize ; in way of saving their timber, some are using barbed wire and some are growing hedges. Our public roads are most all graveled, but a great many of our county roads are in the springtime almost impassable. There is considerable underdraining in our district, some have their farms thoroughly underdrained and find that it pays a large per cent, on the capital invested. Improvements in the way of buildings arc up to an average. We feel that the time is not far distant when ours will be one of the finest farming districts in the State. G. A. Stanton, Seerebary, BRIDGETON UNION. « The Bridgeton Union Agricultural Society held their twenty-third annual fair at Bridgeton, Parke county, commencing August the 25th, and closing the dOth. The show in all of the departments was good, with the exception of Shorthorn cattle, which was not what it ought to have been. The show of Jerseys was good. The weather the first of the week was very unfavorable. From that cause, and there being a lai^ circus show on each side of us on Thursday and Friday, the main days of our fair, the receipts were not as large as they would otherwise have been. The society paid all expenses and 75 per oent on a liberal premium list. The condition of the agricultural and live stock interest of the district is COUNTY AND DISTRICT REPORTS. 809 good, there being qaite an interest taken in introdacing fine stock and also in tile draining. Beceipts from all sources, $1,537.03; general expenses, $416.85; paid on pre- minms, $1,033.65; leaving a balance, $86.53. Dempsey Seybold, Secretary, CAMBRIDGE CITY. I herewith have the pleasure of submitting to you my fourteenth annual report. Our fair this year was held on the 2d, Sd, 4th, 5th and 6th of September. Taking all the surroundings into consideration, the fair was a success. Our crops were cut short by the drouth, combined with the fact that this was campaign year, served to detract the minds of the people from fairs and other matters of less importance than the election of a President. The wheat crop was a large one, above the average in both quantity and quality. Oats an average yield, while the acreage was short of former years. Com, owing to the drouth, was a short yield, being far below the average, so much so in fact, that instead of having a surplus, farmers and others are compelled to have corn shipped to them from other points, something unusual for us. Potatoes were about a half crop. A number of farmers are turning their attention to the cultivation of tobacco, with a success that promises, in the near future, to become one among the first crops of this section, the soil here being eminently adapted for a large yield and the pro- duction of a superior quality of tobacco, and the price realized making it one of the most paying crops for the farmer. Our small fruit farmers were the most fortunate, realizing more profits from their few acres than many farmers who cultivate large tracts of land, and who ditregard the cultivation of small fruit. The show of cattle was large, the ''Shorthorn'^ being the favorite. We had the finest display of horses ever had»at any fair in Indiana, each and every class being well represented. The display of hogs was good, the Poland China being the leaders. Sheep were not so well represented, as sheep raising is being neglected, for the farmer does not care to invest his money and risk the loss of it by having his flocks destroyed by the many worthless dogs, whose use is not to be compared to the value of sheep destroyed by them. -^ A fine display of poultry was made, over seventy clasf^es being represented. The exhibit in the Floral Department was above the average of other years, many of the merchants and citizens exhibiting articles of use, beauty and orna- ment. Ditching, fertilizing and scientific farming are each year receiving more atten- tion. % - SIO BOARD OF AGRICULTURB. Fencing is receiving considerable attention, large qaantities of barbed-wire be- ing used; as the farmer finds he mu^t in some manner protect himself against the pemicious habit that many have of allowing their stock to roam at large along the lughwayp. A statistical report of the crops can be obtained from the report of the State Boreau of Statistics. This is quite a shipping point for grain and cattle. Mr. Samuel Fraxier has shipped over 7,000 hogs and over 2,000 head of cattle, and other shippers have had their proportion. M. L. Bowmaster has shipped 125 cars of wheat, and others in the grain business an equal amount. This is the home of the inventor and owners of the Kimmel Steam Gang Plow, i^efirU mieeesrful steam plow ever made, and i-i attracting the attention of owners •of large farms, not only of this country but of the Old World. We feel jostlj proud in claiming all this for our county. We will hold our fifteenth annual fair during the fimt week in September, 1885^ mndf with proper encouragement, we see no reason why it should not be one of the most successful ever held here. Q. W. Shults, Secretary. DUNKIRK UNION. The Dunkirk Union Fair Association held their fifth annual fair on their l^iinds, at Dunkirk, Jay county, August 19, 20, 21 and 22, 1884. The fair was a fioccess financially, the receipts being sufiicient to pay our premiums in full. The weather was Bne and we had a large crowd on Thursday. Our horse show was eplcndid; cattle, hog and sheep dhow good; poultry show a little above an average. Floral Hall presented a very fine appearance. The Mechanical and Agricultural Department wua not quite as good as other years. Our speed ring was the best we ever had. The races were all full and gave entire satisfaction to all concerned. In fact, uur fair was a nuccess. Dunkirk is an enterprising little town of about one thousand inhabitants, sitn- ated on the Chicago, St .Louis <£ Pittsburgh Railroad, near the southwest corner of Jay county, and near the lines of Blackford, Randolph and Delaware countiea- The people of the town and vicinity are full of enterprise, as the improvements in the way of gravel roads, tile drainage, and improvement in farm stock will show. We have in our town and in a radius of two miles, seven tile factories, all well eupported. All of the main roads running into the town are graveled— a contin- uous gravel road from Portland, the county seat, through Dunkirk, to Indiana po lip, a distance of ninety miles. The wheat and corn crops last year were an average; other crops in proportion. Our farmers have no specialties, but all are engaged in mixed farming, our soil being adapted to all the cereals of the north- west. This part of Indiana ustd to btt known as that part of the State that used no other kind of currency as a n-preitentative of value but hoop- poles and coon skin.**, but we defy any other part of the State to make a better showing in the way of improvements, for the last twenty yearo, than we can. Taking it all in all, the hoop-pole county has come out of the kinks. J. J. Stewart, Seerdaty. COtJKTT AND DISTRICT RBPORTB. EDINBURO USIOS. The Edinbarg UDion A^cultaral Societ;- held their lireDtj-fifth nnnnal fair on [h^r groands, Augunt 2Slh to 30lb. Oiir fair wag a success. The utieadatice was mach larger Ibaa Aof previoiw fair f(jr yeara. Uoder the new maaagement the Dirtclors are confideiit of eucceM^ and lliink by two or tbree years more to be able to pay off ihe entire debt on tbe grounds Our crops on tbe low land Ibin year are somewhat light, while the uplands aiw np tn Lheir usaal Htsndard, wheat weighing on an average of 58 pounds; cum this jear Was somewhat light The low prices (or wheat and corn make it a verv close year for the farmers. Slock raising is on tbe increase in this diiitrict. Our largest feeder, Mr. Samuel Culfiiiger. feeds from four to six car loads every winter. Sbeep raisiag U also carried on quite eilensiveJy. Oiu' manufactures are not very eitrnsive. They are principally Sour, Inm- bi^r, fiimiture and "poke factories. Oar county is improving every year, and our fxrmcrd are building neat, substantial hou)«8 and bams. Tbe wire fence if be- ing u^ed more every year. As our timber is being lessened, we suppose il i.'^ only a <]i)ertion of time until the wire fence will take the place of board and rail fences. Our fruit crop was nearly an entire failure in Ibis county, and will be email for a number of yeara to come, ou account of the trees being so badly winter-killed, enii ilie young trees are set back by severe cold spells. A great many new orchard* are plinled each year, but the winter seems to kill a large nnmber of the young J. A. Thompson, Jb., Sarelarf. THE EASTERN INDIANA AGEICULTUEAL ASSOCIATION. Ttie second annual fair of the Eastern Indiana Agricultural Association was held on the grounds of the association at Kendailville, Ind., during the week com- menciog October 6tb, and continuing five days. The weather was very fine, with (be eiception of Wednesday, which was a very wet and disagreeable day. Tbe ei- biblliiin was very fine in all departments. The HorFe Department yiaa very fine, wilh lieveral excellent imported Norman and Clydesdale hurees. TbediKplnyof cattle was very good, the lavorile* being among Ibe ShortboroH and Jerseys. The Sheep and Bwine Departmenls also made excellent showings. The display of machinery was all that could be desired. A line shaft 160 feet in length wob fully occupied wilh agricultural implements, and made a very attractive feature of lb* exhibition. Ajricultnral Hall, a new building 60x60, was Glled to overflowing wilh prod- uclK of the farm and garden, and was densely packed wilh admiring visitoriL Floral Hall, a building 90x90, was filled with a magnificent array of orticlea prop- 812 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. erly belonging in this department, and presented a scene of dazzling beantj, which the vast throng of visitors viewed with much satisfaction. The track, which was in fine order, did not fail to attract the attention of lovers of sport. Hotlj con- tested trials of speed took place each afternoon. Everything considered, the fair of 1884 was a success. Other improvements are needed, and will no doubt engage the attention of the management of the coming year. The association, although only two years old, is in a prosperous condition. Sur- rounded as we are by one of the most fertile and productive sections of countiy to be found anywhere, we feel that, with prudent management, no fears need be apprehended of our future success. The association is composed of nearly two hundred stockholders, among whom are farmers, mechanics, and business men of all kinds. All premiums have been paid in full. No games of chance were allowed on the grounds, and no intoxicating beverages were sold on or near the grounds. Little or no drunkenness was observed, no arrests made and no occasion for any. At the yearly meeting, December Ist, the old officers were re-elected by acclamation. J. S. Conloque, Secretary. THE FAIRMOUNT UNION. The Fairmount Union Joint Stock Agricultural Association held its first annaal fair, OD their grounds adjacent to the town of Fuirmount, on the 9th, 10th, 11th and 12th of September, 1884, and was, in nearly all respects, a complete success. In fact, no one went away diK.«atiKfied, and the rt-mark was frequently heard, " that this is a young State fair." The organizing of the society was of quick growth, commencing early in the spring of 1884. The nect s.Kary amount of stock ($8,000), was a.K8ured, and preparations were at once mudc^ to push the matter, that nothing should be undone when the time should come for the annual fair. The grounds comprise thirty acres, alongside the Cincinnati, Wabash & Michigan Railroad, par- ticularly suited for the purpose, enough shade for all purpo.se.s, and excellent water in abundance from three 50 feet wells. Our improvements, in part, consi8t4 in one hundred and fifty box and open stalls for horaes and cattle; sheep and hog pens sufficient, with covers and floors. A large Floral Hall, Agricultural Hall and poultry-house. All these improve- ments were thought by some to be excessive, but the display at the fair decided the case contrary to their views. All deficiencies will be remedied by the time of the next exhibition. The track was in fine condition and commented on by old drivers as being the best new track within their knowledge. No horses went away lame or damaged. The fence surrounding the grounds is an open one, the pickets being of pine fencing boards, seven and one-half feet long, set three inches apart. This ia thought to be an improvemeut over the o!d tight fence, as it ndmils free circulation of air, stands the wind better, has a neat appearance, and costs much less money. r COUNTY AND DISTRICT REPORTS. 313 Intereslcd parlies all have their notion in regard to making a fair a "financial BiicceBB," sn [ar as relalen to all gameii of chance, and things of that kind. This matter was iiaposed of at the conunrncement by an article of agreement between the atiaocintion and pHrtiei? of wliom the groDndij were obtiiined, making ihein re- vert back in case these things are allowed at any time. The good order that pre- vailed, to(^-iher with the hand-iorae dividend that reaulteii, made all Mitisfled with the agreement. The objpjt of the association ia (o advance— not Bland still or go backward. The show of live Mock was particularly fine. Those obtaining premiums had Bomething tn work for. Floral Hall was ful) lo overflowing, and prcwnled a fine appearance. Agricultural Hall wan not exlenaivc in its line, but creditable. The poultry made a fine ohoning, and atlracteii a great deal of attention. Our farmers turn their attention principally to the rai^iing of com and wheat, and all are More or less interested in the growing of stock, and there appears to be an increasiui; interert in the improvement of the name. Imported and thorough- bred BnimalB are getting to be common, and the preceivable advancement made within a few years past in the quality is noticed. Hsy ifl now being grown con- Biderably, with a view of finding a market by shipment. The growing of flai, at one lime iiuilc eileni^ive in this action, is almost entirely ahandonid, but the relative prices ofiijred for that product in comparipon lo other grain may, if con- tinned, result in a revival in its growth. The wheat and corn crop thisseason was above an average in amount as well as quality. A large amount of land in being reclaimed throngh a pystem of dniinnge. The large number of tile factories ocattcred through this region find reai>t productive lands Rii'ceptihlp of cullLviitlon ; and as, to health, where ague and malaria once held sway, is known nil more, t^rs in a healthy countr}'. A great amount of di»^l>atiafaclion exi^t4 in regard to the dilch laWx. The prevailing opinion is that it takes too much money to gtt underway and complete a ditch under the present Male of afi'Hin>, what a Biualler amo'int in a different manner would accomplish. As to fencing, we have all kinds. The old-fashioned rail fence predominates, hot is gradually disappearing. Timber is too valnnble lo keep (hem up, and are giving way lo the hedge, barb-wire and plank. There seems to be a great deal of Ihonght and experiment in regard to fencing— n cheap fence, lo answer all pur- poses, is the nhject. As a fence is a costly improvement any way tbey can be con- etrucled, it will eventually result in a " fencing-in-law," as they have in the WiBt- ern Statt-s where prairies aliound. The free turu-pike system works only tolerably satisfactory here; the opinion prevnils, bener make your roads toll, as the free system virtually means the fame. As lo the futnre of our county, we look forward with hope. We have the foun- dation lo build upon— an inexhaustible soil— and the substantial improvements being made, in way of buildings, go to show the citizens are generally satislied and fixing to stay. The season so far indicate* a repetition of our good fortune the past year. Wm. CWisslow, 314 BOARD OF AGBIGULTURS. FOUNTAIN, WARREN AND VERMILLION. The Fountain, Warren and Vermillion Agricultural Association held its tweo- cm not clope without mentioning the fact that this part of the State is emioenily lilted for textile munuftcturing on account of the abundant water power uflurded, yet, •transe Co say, these advantages are not improved. T. B. 1)EE«, L,\ WHENCE DISTRICT. The fourth annual fair was held as Dfual o and the remainder of the week. The weather w ■bow in tbe sli;ck and all other deparlmentn wan an impruvemenl, over any pre- vious exhihition. This was especially so with regard to points of (xcollence, itie quality of (he exhibits ranking high. There appears to be a gradual improve- ment on ever; hand: better bred stock, better varieties of grainti, fruili-, ve^et- kbles, etc., better machinery, better cultivation, belter appliances f^ir honic, he.iltly ■nd comfort. The outlook for the fut;:re ia very encouraging. No detailed account of the exhibition will be alWmpied ; suffice it lo nay that some new fealutva were included this year, amoug which may be mentioned Ihc securing of ii ratural history collection during the fair. This provtd ao satLifac- tory that it will be continued. The managers have procured for next year otic of Ihe largest and best exhibits of this kind in the West. Experts were uwd in the Sheep and also in the Poultry Departmfnta with satinfactory resultB. Exliibilots' tickets were Fold entitling the person named to pass at pleasure during the Tnir. This met with mnch approval, and will be continued for trial. 316 BOARD OF AQRICULTURB. On account of the increase of the premiums, extra improvementa and decreaaed attendance the society fell a trifle behind financially this year. Some heavy bank failures in the city, together with a deluge of old settlers' meetings, were the princi- pal causes of the decreased attendance. As to the condition of agriculture, it can be said that it is in much better condition than formerly during financial depressions. Farmers are not so much in debt, and if prices are low, they can hold for better. The march of improvement seems to go steadily on. W. B. Flick, Secretary. LOOGOOTEE DISTRICT. The eleventh annual fair was held August 19 to 23, 1884. It was a success in every particular. Our ground is sitif^ted one mile west of Loogootee, in Daviess county, on the Ohio and Mississippi Railroad, in a beautiful grove, with plenty of water, and a good half mile track. Our fair is composed of the counties of Da* viess, Dubois, Martin and Green. The counties are in the south and west part of the State. We had many entries of horses, and the display was very fine. We have some of the finest horses in the country, mostly imported from France, of the Norman stock, and their grades. We have some native horses that are very fine. All classes of horses were fully represented, and the show extra ^ood — much better than former years. The show of cattle was excellent. The best we have are the Shorthomo, though we have some very good native grades. We have the Jerseys, but they are only good as milkers, and not the best for general purposes. We have some very fine sheep in the country, though, as a general thing, the farmers do not pay much attention to them, as the wool market has been unsettled for years, therefore, farmers pay more attention to other stock. The hog show. was only fair. Not much attention is paid to hogs the last few years on account of the cholera, which was so destructive a few years ago. There hss not been much iinprovcmeBt in poultry daring the last few years. We have some fine turkeys. The speed ring was well represented, every race being filled, and good time made. Agricultural Hall was well filled with improved implements. Floral Hall was well filled, and the ladies may feel proud of their exhibition, as it was an improve- ment on former years. The horticultural display was not so good as usual, on account of the fair being held so early. Taking all into consideration, we had a very successful fair. During the laat three years we have paid all premiums in full, and have now over $1,200 in the treasury. One-sixth cif our district is level bottom land, one-sixth level table land, one-third rolling, one-third hilly. The bottom land is generally sandy loam and very productive ; often produces 80 bushels of corn to the acre, and as high as 120 bushels. The greatest objection to this land is, it overflows, and has at times de- stroyed full crops. The level table land is rich and very productive. The crop is COUNTY AND DISTRICT REPORTS. 317 divided between wheat and com. The average of corn to the acre is 38 bashels ; the average of wheat ia 14. On the rolling land good crops are raised. Wheat predominate^). Com, oats, rye, clover, timothy and potatoes all do well. Ttiese rolling lands are best for the general farmer. The hilly land is well supplied with timber, which, when taken off and the land left undisturbed, makes fine grazing lands, though it is not fit for cultivation, and would not support a large population. We have fine coal fields in this district, many mines being in opera- tion, employing over one thousand miners at good wages. We have very fine can- Del coal, which is shipped extensively. Geobqe M. SiiXRUvr, Secretary. MIAMI AND FULTON. The Miami and Fulton County District Fair Society held their second annual exhibition on their grounds, near Macy, Miami county, Ind., on October 1, 2, 3 and 4, 1884. Our fair, all things con^tidered, was a grand succei>s. In horses our show was quite an improvement over last year. Our cattle show wa^ good. Sheep and hogs not very extensive in numbers, but the quality was excellent. The exhibits in farm products and fruits were remarkably good, considering the very dry season we have had. The Ladies' Department was more than expected. Poultry was yery good, but there is not the attention given to it that should be. Our wheat crop for this year was very good, making an average of about fifteen bushels to the acre of good quality. Corn good quality, but crop short, caused by drouth; yield perhaps not more than thirty bushels. Outs, quality fnir; yield light. Potatoes below an average crop. Fruit crop, half crop. Our farmers are not very well satisfied with present prices of wheat and corn, and the acreage of the farmer sown this full is considerably below the average, partly on account of low prices and partly on account of dry weather. Much of the wheat sown was very late; some as late as the 10th or lith of October. Feed is plenty, and stock are wintering well. Wheat, com, and hogs have been the farmers' special crops in this district, but a change ia taking place. More horses, cattle, and sheep are being raised ; more pasture and hay, and less plowing being the order of the day. Ko commercial fertilizers are being used here yet. Our farmers think that clover sod and barn-yard manure are good enough, with tile drainage and good cul- tivation. J. COFFINO, Secretary. 818 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. NEW ROSS UNION. The New Roes Union Agricaltural Association closed its sixth annual fair Au- gust 15| 1884, and again we record success. For six consecutive years we haT« held a fair at our grounds, and have never failed to pay our premiums in full| make permanent improvemento, and decrease our indebtedness from two to three hundred dollars each year. We attribute our success mainly to the facts, first, we try to treat our patrons fairly; second, we have as desirable grounds as can be found in the State ; third, the country composing our district is of the best. The quality of land in this State is usually indicated by the timber it grows. Our landR grow principally walnut, poplar, oak and sugar tree. Our people are thrifty, intelligent and enterprising. We do not know what it is to make a total failure in a crop of any grain grown in this State. Stock raising seems to predominate in this district. Shorthorn cattle, Poland China hogs, and general purpose horses being the favorites. Drainage Ih receiving conniderable attention, with but little attention given as to whether the land is flat or rolling, the idea prevailing that it pays handsomely to drain rolling land. While our farmers try to keep pace with the times in improvements, etc., the present gravel road law has created one "unanimous howl.'' We pay too much for red tape. There seems to be in this vicinity an urgent demand for reform in the law. In the matter of building and fencing there has been a decided improvement in the last few years. In buildings, the frame has the preference, being regarded more sightly, healthful, and less expen.«ive. In fencing, the rail fence seems to "lord it" over others as yet, but the neat and substantial plank is making a good fight for supremacy, while the wire fence grows more into disfavor daily on ac- count of its injury to stock. In regard to the "dog law," will say that if there is such a law its effects are not " vinible to the naked eye" in this district. Every dog seems to be a law unto himself only. Taken as a whole, it may be said of our district that it is making heroic efibrts to keep step with "Father Time" in his march to perfection. As a coni^equenoe, with the aid and enterprise of the citizens of our district, we have been able to hold six successful fairs, and, relying on them for the support they have given us in the past, we announce our seventh annual fair, to begin August 10, 1885.> H. E. Hadlex, Seereba/ry. NORTHEASTEKN INDIANA AGRICULTURAL ASSOCIATION. The Northeastern Indiana Agricultural Association held their thirteenth annual fair on their grounds north of Waterloo, September 22, 23, 24, 25 and 20, 1884. r COUNTT AND DISTRICT BGFOHTB. 819 NutwithsUnding (he protracted rain nlorm wbich greeted us on our opening diiy, Hnd continued wiLh tittle iniermixsion up to Wudaewlay night, we had the liirf{(»l nuinlwroreninesever made on our grounds. Tlie utieadance diiriug the vreek, however, was verj much reduced bj the ia- clcttieul weather, ho that praclicallv we had but two days' (air, and those, with roads in such bad condition that onlf about hal/ the ueuiI number of tickets were •old. Tlie Aiouciation (his jear mnde strong efibrla to present a varied and intvreirt' ing programme to its pstrunB, by dixpensing among ihc usual sources of entertain- menl, ha11f years; and it is observed that the general supply of such products in this dLftric^ much exceeds, on an average, that of several years previous. Total number of entries reached 1,128. The exiiibitions of live stock were well snstained, and the parade of premium slock was fiirly up to the stundard. This is the more encouraging From the fact thftt this Block was entirely made up from our own di«ricl, and not Iiuin foreign show berdii; and is indicative of a growing vigor nnd pride among our bome far- mers in lh> production of blooded i^iock. This, we bi-lieve, is due very largely lo the ciimpniisons Hnd ideaH gained at our annual agricutlural fairs, and U a sample of the influence ihey are eierliug toward a gradual improvemf nt in all kinds of stock. Entries in this dcparlmi-nt, however, were ftwur in numbir ibaii usual. The Hjcietv completed, previous to the fair, a new and conimo'lious poultry house, and were rewarded by the largi-sl and moat inieresiing exhibition of poultry ever seen in ihis districl. Our Spied Department was well filled, aud rdCts as iuleresliug as could be ex- pected, roniidering Ihc heavy condition of the track. The permanent improvemeuts made on the grounds during the year, comprise ihi- poultry house before alluded to, a new Secretary and Treasurer's ottice at the entrance giile, well lilted and furnished for that purpose, and increased facilities for water privileges. The beauty ol Ihe grounds has sIm) been enhanced by the addition of about two hundred shade trees. I aiu |il;aied lo report the aff.iira of Ihe So^ieiy iu a prosperous condition, with the eipcDsa and improvemenis of the year fully paid, aud an indcbtedneiw of only ^00. 1 appenl hereto a full statistical report of entries and premiums, receipt-) and disbursemeat for the year. D. A. Oakwoud, f 820 BOARD OF AGMOULTUBE. PLAINFIELD HORTICULTURAL AND AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. On September 3d^4th and 5th this society held its annual fair, after considera^ ble expense and labor to get the grounds in order. The weather was dry and dusty, but the preparations for water was ample, and shade plenty, so that all were reasonably well accommodated. The exhibition was better, in most respects, than expected (our society being young in the fair enterprise), there being about fix hundred and seventy entries in the several departments. As well as we can snm- marize, the condition of agricultura in our vicinity, it is as follows: Wheat below an average crop, quality only fair, with price so low that there has been a smaller crop sown this fall than usual. Condition of growing crop at pres- ent pretty good. Oats crop good. Hay abundant, with quite a surplus left over from last year. The corn crop matured very nicely, and was housed in good condition. The drouth shortened the crop a little, but there is no scarcity of good, sound com in this district. Hogs have not been very healthy the past season, some cholera prevailing. Sheep in good condition. Flocks considerably reduced. Cattle in good health, and come into winter in fair flesh, the fall pastures being excellent and the weather fine until late in the winter. Horses have mostly done well during the year, except that a serious throat dis- ease prevailed to some extent during the late autumn. Some cases fatal. Poultry has not done as well this season aa usual, some disease prevailing, hawks and foxes taking a small per cent. The practical working of the road law is not giving entire satisfaction. The roads have not been much improved for a few years. Improvements in building and fencing rather neglected at present, on account of the closeness of finances. The game law meets with almost universal disapproval. As the insects and birds become more and more deleterious to the interests of fruit growing, and the price of grain has become so low, there is an increased incli- tion on the part of farmers to graze more and plow less. Milk dairying is receiving increased attention of late. Daniel Cox, Wm. H. Milub, PresidenL Secretary. SOUTHEASTERN AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. Our fair the past year was held the first week in August, the earliest period we have ever tried to hold an exhibition. Having been " frozen out" of the Southeastern Indiana Fair Circuit, our Board of Directors made the attempt to get in ahead of our competitor in our own county COUNTY AND DISTRICT SBPORTS. 821 ftiid ahead al the county fairs in our TiciDitj, and In IhU we fall; aucceeded, and held tlie hint fair ever hnd in the dietrict. A greut lainy things worted againflt our siiccew, and il wae only throngh the almost untiring work of our President, Col. John McOuire, that scored our fair a BUCcesK. The nimott entire failure of our com crop, shoK crop of wheat, a disastrous flood, which pat some of our grounds thirty feet under water and disheartened grcallj our oanj patrons, were among the kv things (hat worked against our easy In allciidQiJce and gate receipts our fair was ahove the avera^ in our county. Contrary to our former ussge, we held a purely moral fair, the only one in South- eastern Indiaan where drinking or gambling was not allowed. In this we think we have struck the right course, and the probabilities are that our fair for 1S8S will be cnrriei] on in the same way. The condiuon of agriculture in SouthenHleru Indiana for the past year, may be summed up iis follows; In stuck, liorses and cattle especially, our part of the State is improving the breeds very fait. The crop nt corn, the past year, was very poor. Wheat very little better. Hay an average criip and of excellent quality. Oala an excellent crop. The proeiiict for 1885 may be said to be about an average — probably a leu acreage of tall grain sown, on account of eicei-dingly dry fall, and fear-i of another Bood. For lltt of officers and elatement of 6naucee, sec tables appended. Will A. Oreer, Seatlary. BV/nZERLKVIU AND OHIO COUNTY. The tbirty-ihird annnat exhibition of the Switzerland and Ohio County Agricul- toral Society, iieldat East Enterprise, Sept. Bth to 12th inclusive, 1884, was, all things considered, quite sntisfactory, both as regards the display and ntl^ndaoce. A severe ejville Agricallural AnKociatinn held their Biitb annual [air com- mencing on xbe 9ih of October, being the fint fair held under our nc!vr orgnniinlion. The eihiblt in all depnrtmenlii waB mvicb larger than at anj former fair, SBpeciallj in tbo Agricoltnral and Ladies' DejiartmenlH. We gave extra prpmiiinifl on corn ; kIbo, the Franklin Starch WnrtBgaye a large premium, which bt pLice of great at- traction. In this connection, I think fair a-ssociationB should give liberul pre- miums in this department for the purpose ol encouraging the ladies who, as a rale, are but poorlv paid for the lime and trouble taken in making the beanlilul and tut; orticleH, the exhibition of which does ki much towards m^iking our fairs * EuccesH. Another resKOn for increasing the premiums in this dtp^irlmenl is, that the display has a tendeacy to cultivate a taste for the beautiful, Uiih in art and nature, which will certainly have an elevating and humanizing inlluence on all. Bee culture in our county has made a wonderful iniproveioent In the last few years. All are now using tho improved inoyable frame hive iui-irad of tbe old- fauhioned log gum, and are learning to care for and CW their been: during winter when necessary. The exhibit at our fair this year waa very good. This indus- try should be encouraged at our faira by giving larger premiama. Fi)ih culture is now on a boom in our county. As near as wc i-,in leurii, liure are eleven ponds, all stocked with German carp, aome of which ari' now three and four years old. JouN Tlj.sdn, WAYNE, HENRY AND RANDOLPH. The filth annual fair of this Association Has held at Ualtan, Wayne county, ind., August 26, 27, 2S and 29, 18S4. The number of entries wa« !iirf;ply incrensed over former years. The exhibit was good in all depiirtmenls, envpt farm imiile- ments. In this department, handBome diplumaa were given, but nu tush premiuuB, which no doubt partially accountii for their absence, though we do col believe manufacture IB pmperly appreciate the advantages they would lierive. from exbib- iting more extensively in this locality. This Assuciation has nevi r lulled to have a good show of good horses, and the last display excelled tbem all, the number of entries being 230. We are also happy to note a great improvemcol In ibe libow of thoroughbred cattle. Considering tbe threatening weather and n "polditrB' re- union," the attendance was very large. No charge was made for liic ndiaitti^ion of borwa or vehicles, which very tnalerially curtailed the receipts nf ilie fuir, and was 824 BOARD OF AGRICULTURB. a mistake in the management. It is a feature of this fair, that the exhibits are mostly made by " amateurs/' as it were, and not by professional " premium takers," thus encouraging general improvement among the producers of this section mnch more than would otherwise be the case. No animal or article is allowed to receive more than one first premium. They may enter as often as they choose, but when- ever a first premium is awarded, the animal is supposed to have filled its class, and has received the highest honor and must stand aside and give others a chance. No premiums are paid for speed. No liquors or gambling are permitted, nor can be under the present articles of association. We admire fine horses, good movers good roadsters, and all that, and premiumn arc given for the encouragement of those qualiiies, but we do not believe that the best interests of agriculture is best served by awarding large premiums to " j6ckeyt«," and perhaps on ill-shaped or blemished animt^ls (the Only point in the contest being to " get there,") from which competition all but *' professionals '' are practically excluded. Believing that an agricultural fair should afford facilities for a general exchange and sale of prod* nets, as well as to award premiums on meritorious articles, the association held a stock sale on the last day of its first and second fairs ; also, extended an invitation to all legitimate industries to bring of their manufactures, wares, etc., and adver- tise the same and sell on the grounds, thus benefiting themselves and making it an object financially for people to visit the fair; but those interested have not "canght on," to any considerable extent, and the good results hoped for have not been real- ized. Mixed farming greatly predominates in this section. The corn crop of 18S4 was considerably below the average, though it is of excellent quality. Wheat was good, both as to quantity and quality, but the price (70 cents per bushel) is below the cost of production. Oats and flax were good. Early potatoes were good, but owing to dry weather the yield of late varieties was light. The yield of small fruits was good, but the larger kinds, owing to insects and tlie loss of many orchards from freezing, are not very plentiful. Plank, wire, and hedge fences are fast taking the place of the old *' worm " fence. The fence most in favor at this lirae is made of both boards and wire, thus avoid- ing the danger to stock resulting from the use of wire alone. Ah to fencing stock '* out or in," the rule is to fence them out, if possible. There is not much agitation of the question. There has been some hog cholera in our section during the past year, and remedy, we have none, except preventive, in the way of cleanlineKs, frequent change of pas- ture, change of feed, etc. The draining of wet land progresses rapidly, and land is now beinsr drained which was once considered good enough without. The clearing of timber land still goes on, and the mania for cutting off the undergrowth and thinning out for pasture (which must inevitably result in the clearing of the land) continues. It is noticeable in such cases, that the grass does not do quite as well as was expected. The storms take down some of the best tim- ber, and as there is no young growth coming on, the owner soon concludes to clear it up. In this way much land will soon be cleared that should not be, and was not flo intended by the owners when the shrubbing began. Perhaps it is not wisdom COUNTY ASD DISTRICT RKP0RT8. 325 r ■ for each individual (o prewrvp and pa; laxea on a ver; large prnportiou of timber I land; bat irhat u kept ahoiild be in Buch condition ds to be of value in after jenrs, I and to those who are lo ome alter ua. I The toads in Wajne, Henry, »nd Randolph counfieH will compare favorably W with those of any other aectlon of the State, though some localities are sadly d-fl- ' cienl in this respect. Henry county probably has a greater proportion of its ronds graveled than any other county in Eaelern Indiana. Owing to the low prices of products, leae improvements in the waj of buildings bave been made than usual. B. B. Beesok, BOARD OP AaBIGOLTDRB. -e i 1 •^ i hi lllli -i i. Jllll as ill mil All It Hi s;;:: .z'.'.'. ■ ■ -a ■ ■ ■ ■§ • i 11-11 tela l|2|i m i»-;i: go^Se^ a:==^°a i>l='-i SiSU jS-c^ 5«lda :iE^u4'e i-ASS-: il-SM J«a«J H5oS^ i a < ■is :3 III III 1 ii = ■. 11 i 1 'its lilif £. . . i i a i© ii 11 ii .An m aft iii.a 1=5 if^ ■^bSc^ ■^'lill £=^se| h^H Siiis 4is4< i ' -n ■ •.Js - . . .-=:-: t :J^: : p I- |3jl Jill < till iPtI 1 IIIU Pill illli i ill II iliii lil EXHIBIT OP AaBICULTnKAL 800IBTIBS. ■ ' ■ 'So ► ■ ; • ■ c>. ■ ■ ' ll^l.a s,=-i|S =--=le e~a^=^^ >»mx-<:'£ e-asLu S^d ^S'^-^t iiSCi,. i!s .%, gslt&i c4;tH slits BOARD OF AORICDLTORB. II w ■ ^ ■a A 1=. ■< iijiii ill frKM', 1 1, m nW isAtk lAil § i^M ".^-si=s ^ aOG:'n'-;& &Vs=3^« cuij^-i - . 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S2SS -dojqg 8S2HSS "SS5?;S s HSSS •1I1"0 52S*ea sgfeffisse s sgss ■iD|nK[UMra,aBr ■-s-e :» "a<^i7"2 . ssaa ■W.JOH 23'sSBI 5gsS^S S ssgs 1 o a .1 -l ft la '-Lis it ilii 1 i 1 BOARD OF AQBICDLTURB. ■„.i mm I IK mti t m nnm emnimsjj |i|aads ■MMqijeillisx lORpuvg^avf igSCS &^S S ££'J ^ li^ § iSi ^ sSli ml ■■m is £|S gss S ass S's iSS S'^S sills lllli 2SI iitii ipxi im wu ml %rA ml ^W fill! Bill iiii^ iifi! iiiii mil uju M«Mu5 Caoofc fcUoKM asaowa^ i->-itMi3 / EXHIBIT OF AGRICULTURAL 80CIBTIE6. mm p«s s| ss ii isW ss ns^nss s ;s a-sss s SSfiSS S'-EiSG ss g|3?g g :s|s £| "ga g :s : s^-a : g §1=11 §«S§ I :sgs: -!-s5i1 i^l^l Hi'.l ■ Si|fi !4-5:| illli J»s:^a £a,i.'i.£, x^-^j.iH fSfrSfc BOAR] > OF AOHICttLTDRB. 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ISIS! ;gil S-S:: ^ S' ■" o ■«mi"ia PIO PU« .lu-n .|:s: ; : :si E . :sg sssc . ; ; :8 ^ 5?5?l aB55 f.eEii %^m= SfiSS? ^ m 1 r— « -■-- o ■TOajnDB«qqoilv (ssia sSSES SpIS ^m S'i'S 1^ CD ■WHBIIAIJJ ISils 6|isi SsSIS 5==g| ESgSI -II i ;i " « gms SSSS3 ssgg : 8 :|g^ |:8S! P = . .SS .55 l^ P o < g ■BOBJ QOIHimpV fW KSl 111 pH|i |B|E| :!«:; *: i ii! Iflil ill lite |y^l S ■^ llill ■^IflJ liir m 111 BOARD OF AaRICULTURE. i a ■IWOX mm imm j;»5 .^« M- mr> iilSI i!IP -ia""iio[[v ■s ■ ;s s ; sa .§* ■4iiiijjojaeaBd.a |S ;6I SeS3 |«§5 : S3 :« : ■PIM ™n!™"rf mm mi fl ;ll iilf ■»9!"i"a |5S|S sfi ,g sg e : BSM : p : : ; »|-6 SP|S ISSS8 : ;i : :' '*" : : : - : .8 |is6 : t 1 IB Pi mi ffiP ■(»»jnogjoqioiil' P m SS52 eg|s : ss :g . ■•'»'V.-.-i II :i8 6§SSS IIPI SS .1 : ■n»g XJiua p -m s : .sa ims^ tma- ■pnnj9au*.i!'[ gsiass s : a ; : .sg 8SS ;s ; ■■Mi Doliilmpr p .|| |83g II 11 mm^ ! ' s ■ 11 J-:: ::l: ::l.: :;;jj jsl:: :-s- 11^ « jjlli U Mi s;3l;. :::S m mi mm m m mm f\ EXHIBIT Off AORICDLTUBAL SOCIETIES. sstm HS.»,5 EillS ESS? jl * " '"lam'uiiy ■ ■ ■ ; :l :S •b; S :-s jc J'SAz pliS sepa Bgg a.sa Q ■Pi»d HIS ppi -B H-!- ■■.(Jslsg gssgis 3 : :ss sga SSJ III :S s :a:§s sgg §1-3 •tm|B|3 pio S::B: :' :a . JS S:S5 i ■moi 111 PSi! ^ill if 1 1 leojtiog "■no [IV |ssa: s-:as :8| SIES ■MBaiiAUd iBS-S :S:SB =SS gssi ■|»»JiHBa piss ESHS ES: 8i:j! ■paag :;;i; i;::a a ;2 ■»9J ilH-l P:=l 811. ISEI ill ; ■;e; > ■!„-- .. 4 g s 111 ii lift Hi a X :feis mi mi Ii iili m =3,B«- ilSJJ siii tii^ 32— AOBICCLTUItX . SHORTHORN BREEDERS. Th« anniinl mM'ing o( the Indiana ShDrlhorn Breeders was hrlJ in lht> rncms of Ihe Slate Bosrd of AgriciiKure, in the cify of Indianspolia, Jniiusrj 27 and 28, 1885. In the absence of the Preaidenl, Hon. W, W. Thrasher, the Vice-President, Hon. Robert Miichell, took (he chair and oallcd Ihe meeting to order. Mr. J. W. Robe, the Secretary, moved that the ealling of the roll be ditpenned with, owing to the extranrdmirj snoir st^irm and delayed train-. The rauliim TaB tfconded and adopted. Tli^ momin); seuion «aa informal and nn occasion of Rocinl greeting and cnr- dial hand-abakiDg, wiihout entering upon any rcgnlnr routine of busines?. The conventioo met at 2 o'clock, Vice- Preai dent Mitchell in the chair. . Mr. W.J. Carter, of WeatGeld, Ind., wiaappninled tomnke a phort-hand fc|inrt of the proceedings of the meeting. Mr. J. A. Thoii)pi>pn, Edinburg, Ind., then read n paper nn THE EARLY MATURITY OF THE SHORTHORNS AS COMPARED WITH OTHER BREEDS. The Buhject assigned me ia "Early Maturity of Shotthoma as Compared wiih Other Breed*." 1 realize the fact that I am not as well qualiflcd a« many olhera of this cun- vention to do this subjecl justice, not haTiiig had ihe experience in the breeding and handling of many of the improved cattle brrede of the country. My experience in breeding and handling conle is confined to Shorthornii, grade ShorlhoroH, w tar aa the beef breeds are concerned. In my experience in the breeding, rearing and feeding cattle, the fact has been fully demonatrati'd to me that the Sbortbum is a very valuable imprnrement on Ihe commijn stick of the country. His early maturity, rapid growth, greater weiglil, smaller shrinkage, much larger percentage of dr^oed beef to live weight in young as well bb old Hni- msls, and beef of a betlec quality, being better matured and selling for more BHORTHORN BREBDIRB. 839 moaej in market, tend to make the Sbortborns pre-emiDeoll; tbe bcxt i^arlj matur- ing beef cattle of tbe couotr;. For come year* I have been breeding Sliiirtliorns and grade Shortboroa, rearing and feeding tbtm witb the cooimoa steers of tbe couQirj, all grazed and fed togdtber. I bave inrariable fpnnd tlie Shurthurns and grades far mora profllable than the common cattle. More profiirtble lo the breeder, the feeder, the nhlpper and the butcher. To the breeder in hnving nn an- imal enaceptible of heicg converted into much more money in mnch shorler lime ; to the feeder in having ao animal of more rapid groirth, greater weight on Hnme feed, and an animal that ivill fatten and mature at a mncb earlier Dge than an; olber breed of the country, and when ready for tbe shipper (at tbe ituiue age and feed B8 other breedsj will weigh from 30 to liO per cent, mure and sell in tlie btat markets of the country 25 to SO per cent, higher than the common cattle of the couDiry. The shipper having an animal mure docile to handle it c^tn be lihijiped more cheaply, beiog able to put more tons in a car, there is mucL lets shrinkage in shipping, and when in market, tbe Sborthom always nelts njore nipidl; and brings better profits to the shipper. For the butcher and consumer we huve ao animal belter matured at an early age, one that will dress 65 to T5 jier cent, net beef to live weight, tbe beef being far superior in every respect to ihul of ihe com- mon stock ; a nice, well fatted, juicy, tender marbled beef, selling more readily and bringing more money. My experience in breeding and feeding Shorthorns is, tbat at thirty montlii old a fairly good Shortbom steer reasonably well reared, with one >vn?un good feeding, will weigh from 1,500 to 2,000 pounds, while the common stouk ttietr at •ame age with same rearing, and same feeding, will weigh some 1,'JOt) iu 1,500 pounds (and perhaps lens), a difference of at least 300 pounds in weight; uud nbcn you sell you will get at least $1 per 100 pounds more ia price in favor of the Shiirt- faorn, giving you a profit of $30 to $35 agaiusl the common stock River, a vary fuir sbowiiig for the early maturing Shorlborn over the common slock uf the country. I can see nothing the Shorlhoms have to fear from iheir rivals, other improvi'd cattle breeds of the country, to-wit: Angus-Aberdeens, Herefordp, Gallounyn, or Holsteins, for where equally well kept tbe Shortburns are superior lo itll other bleeds; all recognise tbe fad (and the fat slock show at Chicago hua ftilly con- firmed this fact) of the superb beef productiveness at any age of the Shorihoro. The claim that he puts in is, "The best beef beasls in the world." This cliiim is based on "eiiriy motui-ili/, rapid growth, great weight, small sbrlnkiige, and superb carcaas." I am fully satisfied that the several fat-stock shows at, Chicago, where tbe rival beef breeds of the world have all come In competition (and the very best have been there), that I am fully justified in the claim made for Ihe early matur- ity of the Shortbom over all other beef breeds of the countr]-. Couiparf, if you pleaBO, the Shorthorns with the Angus-Aberdeens and tbe Herefords ut thu fut-biock ahow at Chicago. Take Black Prince, probably the very best A ngux- Aberdeen bullock ever shown at any fat-jtock show, he having been imported from Europe at a great expense for the expreu purpose of competing against the Shorthorns at Kansas City and Chicago. When ghown at Chicago, in the grand sweepstakes ring, in company with Neiberwood Jock, and other FuUx, wiih AriliHti, I'rince, and Rosy Duke, and other Herefordx, with Clarence Kirklevingtan, Churley Ro^w, .'^ 340 BOARD OF AGRICrLTrHE. Swift, and other Shorlhoru!', the Shorthorn bnllorti, Clarence Kirklevington (s younger, though heavier dad better matured ntilmal than ilie iinp-nrtc-d BUck Prince), took the championship prenjium OT?r sll liU cnnipetttvrv. Thie rhnm- pion Shorthorn ws" fbown at three succewive fat-sloelt shtm-ii in Chicae". slwaj* taking the firet honors over «11 other breeds. lie was phottn first as ajcarliog, weighing at that time l, yearling Shonborn, abows a daily gain of 2.60, while the next hal yearlirig glttughlertd waa a Hereford, Joseph, ahowing a daily gain of 2.22, We will la' e the yearly gaina of the beef breeds shown at Cbicago. The Bhorlhorn aloer, "Storm," attwoycarBold weighed 1,515 Iba., atlhree yenrs old weighed 2,060 Ibe^, a gain of 545 Iha. The champion Shorthorn alcer, McMulltr, al two years old weighed 2,095 Iba., at three years old weighed 2,580 Ibo., n gain of 465 lbs. The Shorthorn steer Sphoolor, made a gain last year of 612 lbs., while the Hereford sl*er, Benton's Champion, made a gain of 390 poiindB. The llerefool i^teer Tuck made a gain of 485 pounds, -igain, take the average weight of two-year-olds shown at five Bucceaaive fat ati^ck ehowa at Chicago. Two-year old grade Shorthorns aTerage 1,702 lbs.; iwo-year-old Shorlboma average 1,670 Iba.; two-year-old Hereford^ average 1,577 lbs.; two-year-old Devoos average 1,1 13 lbs. Eiirly maturing Sborlhorn la^^ly ahead in the Iwo-year-oId ring. Take the one-year-olds shown at Chicago for five i-ucceraive year^i; One-year- old Shorthorns average 1,382 lbs.; one-year-old Herefords average 1 ,225 Ibe. Again you nee the snperior early-maturing Shorthorn largely in the lead. In all the t-esta made at the fat stork ahows at Chicago competing against thv very beat Angus- Aberdeen, Herefords, Holalein, and Gnlioways that conld be found in the country, the Shorthorn has fairly and firmly eslahlitihed his superiority overall other hreedit of beef entile for early maturity, rapid growth, snperb car- cats, and largest percentage of dressed beef to live weight. Mt. MUthell. Gentletnrn, you have listened to Mr, Thompson'a very inlereit- ing paper, and now the subject i^ before yon for diwnsnion. Remember that these meetings are just what you mahe them, and that the best work of such meeting! consists in the free discussion of all iubjecis submitted for your consideration. l.et US hear from you. Dr. Fartythe. I will venture to make aoroe sjggwitions in regard to the melhodt of Fome of our home breeders which I think de^rve criticism. Why ia it that while we have among us in Indiana, many eicelleutty well bred young holts, when- ever one of our breeders warns to add a bull to his herd, he thinks il rieceawry to i "' *>'ftz 8H0ETHORM BREEDBR8. 841 gn (o Kentucky or Canada or aomewfaere rise to get ooe? Whj indulge, as fomc- do, in » prejinfifa agsioBt the Beventeens, ihtto which no betler c.ittle ever liyed When I vfnt lo Kentackj Grgt, many feare ngo. to t^t nome fin? Sliortborn Mocfc, Mr. Wariield (old me not to gel any iinleas they had some " Seventeen " blood in th<-in, >nd yet, ih coon bh they got rid oF them over there, tj^en there wax Fome- thing better. I Jo not believe in these fRDciea of some upecial fitmilies, for which men will pay GitmTagant prices. Again, as to color, we indulge in ridiculous fancies and dlspirage any but all red", yet in England the record of llu> prixc- tnherB at their shows, proves that red is not there regarded a.' an i. afsocialion condemn thrse strange and iinuicefv-ary fancies. Judge E. B. jVarlmdale. I do not think that a paper, such ns ^Ir. Thorn jiMin'a, should be pnutd by ihe anociation without n con versa 1 ion nl ilUcusf^ioii. 1 think the paper in a good one, and seems to me pretty largely made np of llie n-Kiilt of the Fat Rtock exhibition. Of couree, that is the best possible way of demon^lrat- ingand bringini;the atlimalintotest. There is one point absolutely ii'iideniim^lrnttd in the test that 1 would like to hear di>od, and f do not learn fmm the paper what food ihey have been fed on. Thc-y eluiiii for the Hertford breed (hat it will accumulate flfsh far more rnpidty jii- dir«d in favor of the Shorthorn, and think the Shorthorn men arc in Ihi' Ipiid They nre hfncf.idoni lo the farming interesta of the State of Indinna, and ihe more inrnrmation Ihey can furnish the better it is for the community. J. A. Thomptoi. In comparison at the Fat Stock Show, Clarence Kirkleving^on Iteat anrthing Ih:it Came into corapelition, from one year np Jtidi/e MartindnU. Is the increase in weight more from otke lo two ycnnt nld or froni two lo three yean old? Mr. Thampnon. The increase is greater on ayonng animal than on un itlder one. Mr. SlitehelL I served on a committee for that purpose at Chicago; the amount of letd and the weights were not correctly kept. The beat we could learn there is, thai the most pniSt was realized from one to two yenra old. I would like to know how Clarence Eiiklevington was fed ; he ran far ahead of his compttitors. Jvdge J. S. Bueli/t. I would like to say in this connection that the Sborthnm men are ahead in Indiana, and in my opinion, it is our fault niuni than anybody eUe if we do not keep ahead. We don't talk enough or write enough. We nlioutd infuse more life into the attendance, and those qualified lo nri(c essays t^houtd write them, and hf a united effort, I think we may be able in ft nhnrt time lo imike the Shorthorn interest in Indiana hetler than it it. For one, I feel like luking ac- tion in reference to these matters. I do not know any better way than for ciu'li one (o feel (hnt the renponsibilily rests upon his nhoulders and lay to work with a will, I think we should say somethiog more about the different kinds of feed. Judge Marlindik. I would like lo have the experience of ttieae gentlemen here an to hoi^ ihey feed to get the best results. This is the way in which we can gel lueful informilioB on tbla subject. 842 BOABD OF AQRICULTUSB. iSl F. Ludtridgt. It is & verj broad sabject; it is re broad ns Cuiae we have caltle scatlered all avei the world. I am nut prepared lo eland up here and saj that the Shorlhorn cattle are the beat bref producing cstlJe Id the given amoDDt of food. In America we are not prepttrL-d tu buj much upon Ihal eubject. Our Fat Slock Show at Chicago is a new in.ilituiioa, but U growing rap- Idly, and, I tniat, in time will give us much infonnaiiun im thin iiLibjcct- la Eng- land thej know more on this subject than we do. The great t^mithfield xhow and tome otheM have been run for one hundred jears. 1 can not agnv altogt^iher with Hr. Thompson, that some kindn of catlle shown at Chicago are belter than othen. We do aoi know bow much it coats when jou bring ilie animal into tlie ring. As here, ro at Chicago, the results of care and feeding llic Shorthorn, Hereford and Fulled Angus stund out in the difTer^m breeds. Tht Qifh on one of those animaln e other brt'eils. J. A. Thomptoa. I would stale that 1 haveone thoroughbred steer, Shorthorn, two years old, castrated because he was of bad color. Thelir.it year I let him run with the slock cattle. The second year I fed him, and two years old paot he weighed 1,8.J0 pounds. He is now three years old, and weighs soiurlhing over a ton. He bad rough feed the Grst year, but the second year little extra attention was givi-n him. I usually feed mill and starch feed. Thissteer bad utarch feed and bran. 1 had ■ tbree-year-old that I fed two years and was slaughtered here by Mr. Eingan. It A r . SHOBTUOBir BRBEPERS. 343 WM ibe iiic«»l mnrbluth Wales tbe disease was 6ret discovered, and at that time ■otne of the vbcerawas sent to Liverpool for examination, hut, by uome minhap, was eaien by some hogs belonging lo the keeper of tbe hospital, causing their im- 844 BOABD OF AGRICULTURE. . mediate deilh. In 1849 two men contracted the Sbeep were seiied with ii nnd died, as did, dIau, tho shep- faerdi! who akinncd them. As to the cause of the diseiiae at thut time, it woa dis- covered to be most deadljand fatal in damp, marshy soil, and lands poorly dniinedi and durJDK hot seasonn. It not unfrequenlly happened that the fint appearance of the dineune was not discovered until sevpril of the auimaU were dead. They were seen apparently healthy in the morning, and dead by noon. The symptoms first presenting themselves were indden uneasineas. They were eicilcd, eyes prom- inent, colicky pains, urine high colored and tinged with blood, also the feces, Imck arched, very weak, and stood leaning against anything near them ; pulse weak, hard, feeble and small; breathing accelerated. 7'he animal Koon drops, and is seized with cODVuUive twitchings, froth issued from the nostrils, and death clo'e^l the scone, the diwaxe lasting from four to twenty-four hoars Post-morlem «ibiii- inatiou revcutc^l the spleen of a deep, dark red color, and swollen to three or four times its natural size, weijihing from three to four jiounda; all the stomach found hcalihy, except the true digestive stomach, whir;h fhowed a general rednesri. The kidneys were dark colored, anJ occasionally a coO'lderabte quantity of scrum found in the pericardium. Treatment was not Futii^fui'tory, no mallEr what kind pursued. The best preventive measures adopted were low diet, active eiercise, purgatives, and neutral salts in the water to drink. Aud to xhow you the resem- blance of thin splenic fever or apoplexy of Europe has to our Teza-i fever, we will compare it with the outbreaks in this country. In 1796 there was an outbreak of cattle di»ee in Fenntylvania, atCribuled la infection from a drove of cattle brought from South Carolina in the month of Augu^ll. There was a weakness of the limbs, inability to stand, and wLen they fell they would tremble and groan violently. Bloody urine was dii>chai^ed ; bowels costive; kidney found, on post-morl«iii exauiinallon, inUamed (but no meolion made of the spleen or notice taken of it at that time}. Since that time there has bren many outbreaks in many of the Southern S[alc<>, invarinbly in the Bummer months. These outbreaks were cbaracteriied by weakness of the limbs, comiipa- tion, bloody urine, drooping of the head, and loppinfc of the ears. Fost-mortem revealed the spleen the most conspiciiouily diMfLsed organ, as waa also the kidueya. It would be useless to go OD and recite the many oiitbre.iks from that time on, but tlie ones of most note occurred in 18156, '67 and '08, when Texas cattle were carried into the herd-growing sections of the West. In the slock-yardB of Chicago, in 18S8, 161 animals perished in afewdayB,926 in a single township, and 400 on a single farm contracted the disease and died, and to Dr. Snimond, of the Bureau of Animal Industry, who deserves credit for his deep researches into tliehiiitory of the disease, we are indebted for the appearance of the spleen. He says it was the organ, beyond ail others, which suBered in Texas ftver. He described it in one cow as weighing five and three-fourths pounds, and sssocialed with bloody serum in the pericardium. In two others it weighed five pounds, and four others between three end four pounds. Here is where we gel the great resemblumv to splenic apoplexy in European cattle. I ^HOBTBOBM BREEDERS. 345 Dr. fialoiond sIm) tinjB he bad opportunitj of obwrring th« dJKeaw in wvituI liTing animal*, and noticed the following B^mptoms: The sirk oocn wpre weak and stfig^riog in their K^-i'; pulse fefble; the breathing hqrried and paniiag; the cTncualloDB from llie bowels were either bard or profuse and watery; ihe urin- ary ser.retions were either abaenl or profuae and Mood?, and in hh poiii'Uiorlcm of them, the apleen waa etiinrged, dark purple, and in some, blach kidnejn, enlar^d and coiigedlfd ; the hiaddtc filled with blood; arine. The medieiniil IreatmcDt of Texas fever, like all otber contagious diNeaaeii^ is ■VBTj UQitatiBfactorj. There ia no medicine we know of which uctn an a epecifio. Man; have been tried. As constipation is more or less pi«seni,i'«pe<'iBllj tlie third Btomach ; purgatives will be found useful. Occasionall; diarrbten maj l>e prexent, but that may be owing to irritation of the inteelineB, At the same time the third atomacb impaclcd, the gall bladder and ducts connect&l with it are congeiited, iho flow of bile ie impeded, vbich leads to ita absorption into the blood veswl» and some of the worst features of the disease ma; Im attributed to this mixture of bile with the blood, ^iilphnle magnesia being the most reliable piir^nliTc for ruitii- Daots, it ma; be giien in the dose of one pound with four drarlims of puIverUed ginger dipBoWed in aijunrlof warm wat«r. Calomel or aloea ma; he added. From ibeir specific action on tht liver the; will be found useful. AfteT all, some c!uscs recover without an; treatment, and man; will die in Kpile of all reraedies. Eosil/ digpsted fond ihaald be given, and all dr; and indigestililc food }ivuidrd. As some outhreakB in all contagious diseascfl are milder than iHhtrs, recnver; in man; Cbses will take pines without treatment. The disease ubljuIIv jiaB.^i!s unno- ticed in Ihe Texas cattle, but ia exceedingly fatal in northern animnlH. Conlu^iun takes place through (he bawel discharges, and roads, pastures, wuter eourhc^, etc., become efficient bearers of the virus, ft is deBtro;ed ftt once b; Icon, and han never been Hati»faj;Ioril; demonHirated lo be conve;ed from one north it n unimul loan- other. Sucking calves nnd ;aung animals rarel; suffer. .Epix/)otic aptha, commonl; called mouth aud foot disease, i^ a uuuiHgioiiN eruptive fever, affecting all warm blooded animals, attacking man under ccrtsin circumstances, as readil; as an; rjf the d^'iucslic soimata. It consitita of an inflaiu- molnr; affection of the miiCBB membrane and skin, evidenced b; ilie appearance of vewiclea or small bladders, conlaiulng a colorless fluid, on the infiilc ot the nxiiith, around the coronet nnd in the cleft of the fool, in fact, an; pari uni'iirenil with bair. This disesne firxt Hppearcd in England in the spring of ISiill, nnd npn'ad rapirllj over England, Scotland and Ireland, and r and, in the females, on the teats. *The eruption is first indicated by saliva from the mout^, and loss of power in mastication ; the pain is intense and on opening the mouth, vessicles are found about the size of a bean; they sometimes congregate in patches, and are also found in the lips and cheeks; in about eighteen hours these vessicles burst, and red spots are exposed, from which in some cases unhealthy nl- eers develop. The eruptions on the feet, producing such intense pain, they become lame and scarcely able to stand ; and the whole foot may become so Inflamed as to end in suppuration of the hoof. In favorable cases all symptoms of fever subside by the fourth day, the appetite is restored, and convalescence well established by the seventh or eighth. But in unfavorable cases, the fever runs high, the ulcera- tion spreads, the animal becomes exhausted, the hoofs slough off, the blood becomes poisoned, and death occurs about the ninth or tenth day; in the treatment of this disease, if the bowels are torpid, a mi hi purgative may be given, followed by alter- atives, but cleanliness of the feet is indispensable; and the animals removed to a di;y clean place, the sores dressed with some astringent application, the vessicles in the mouth which have been broken should be dressed, and the mouth sponged with some astringent. But cleanliness should be strictly obiterved, and all stables and 'sheds wheie infected animals have been kept, thoroughly disinfected.. C0in'A0I0U3 PLEUBO-PNEUMONIA. The early history of this diseape is involved in considerable obscurity, and it is impos*^ib1e to say at what precise d«te the disease made its first appearance, but, from meagre descriptions handed down to ud, there is every reai^on to believe that a malady similar to plfuro-piieumonia existed within the mountainous regions of £urope in 1603. J. C. Wirth, one of the best authorities in his day on cattle plagues, says it is certain pleuro pneumonia manifested itself in the years 1713 and 1714 in neveral partH of Switzerland. The constant spread of the disease from countries in which it rages to others which, prior to the importation of dit^eased animals, had been free is proven by the fact that it was carried into England by affected animals, from Holland, in 1842. Twelve months after the importation of those animals the disease spread from England to Scotland. A cow shipped to Australia was found to have the di^^ease on landing, but the evil results were con- fined to its ownerV stock, and further spread of the contagion eflfectually checked. It was introduced into this country by the importation of some cows from Holland, I think in 1842, and we have noticed the many outbreaks up to the present time, the last one occurring last summer, and there is no mistake of its existence at the present time. No disease has given rise to more discussion as to its origin, nature and treatuient than this, fur it has been a source of great loss to the stock raisers of Europe and America. The name pleuro- pneumonia signifies an affection of the pleura, or covering and pneumonia, the lungs, both being implicated. It may be divided into three r BHOBTnoRN BRSEDB&B. 347 Bta|rF«. First, the ineabative or hatching stage, secondary o fatal iitnge. The incabatiTe stage is when the disease is making its waj silentlf into the sviiUm without an; external sg« maj last snnie days, varying from forty days to two months. Id ifae second stage symptoms begin to develop themselves, though st first slight. The sninial look) dull and dispirited, and rumination is Bus|«f erred to another animal, of siting up B similar dii<»ity of ^.tumping out the di^enae by ibe destruc- tion of the animaU ia which it commences, am) I'lingretw should not only be called upon to make laws and devise means of pn'Tcnting ttH hprrading, but I'hauld CHiiHe the destruction of all herds in which il t-iUlx, and make appropriationf pay- ing the owner a reasonable compensation fi.>r the lufia Husiained. Mr. Hilclielt, It is stated in some of the papers that pneumonia can Ih? mitiga- ted by vaccination. J)r, EHioit. There has been instances of this kind, and attended with consid- er. Mitchell. Then you give it as your opinion that it maybe done intelli- gently. Dr. EUiolL TakiUK it in time it may h.' dniif, W. R. Gaudam, of Kanmi Lity IndittUor. There are a number of papem which deny that there h pleuro-pncumonia in Ihi-i country. Dr EltviU, It hab been in some sections uf the country, but we do not have it Id Indiana. Mr. UiU,<^ IM National Lice Stock JnurmU. Ton spoke of inoculation just nnvr. At the stage it is now in, in this conntr* don't you think it would be the eaitiest way to eflectually suppress it, and then keep it oui? Is not inoculation only as a mitigation, a choice of the two evils, and is nut the puixe the quickest indicatJon of this disease? Dr. EUiolL The best leet we know of is percussion, or striking the chest with the ends of the fingers. r SHOBTUORN BREBDBR3. 819 Mr. Hid, WbcD a herd U not doing veil, would it not be the henler'i lirat tbiog to Ane if hiH cuttle bad fever and aend for a proft^aionul man ? Dr. liUiotl. If diiteade breaks out, and we could nut acfount for it, it would b« itnpartanl to call in a professional ninn to make an exnuiiniilion wilbuut d«laj. Every atwf. The farmers ougbi to be deiuandiug tbnt this cbalr of veterinary science b« filled. We liave had Home experience already in lhi« ao-called pleuro- pneumonia, and we w^Dt to be informed what the diseii^ in. Une of the tnosi im- portant Ihiugs this mefiing cun do is to get up a rewluiiou indiuwing the aluiement of Ooveroor Ora; in bis inaugural address regarding tbi>' JisenAe. Mr. Tkas, Nctson. [ had Homething to do with, the ex.iminatioQ of the bill yon had with you, that waa endorsed by the State Board of Agriculture, eoott-mplat- ing the appointment of a Veterinary Burgeon eonnecteil wiiU the University and to lie apjiointcd by the Govern or. I like the plan of llie uppoiniing power and thiuk good results will come from it. I would have this chuir iotuled at Purdue Dniversity. The StMW Agricultural Board recommends pi-nious for iruslees of Purdue, but tbt Ooi'croor appoiule, and ibey seleot inalruelora for chairs they see viae to form. Judge MartitidaU. I warmly advoCBte the enggealion of ibe chair— tliat a skilled TtricrinariuD be appointed by the faculty, like (be other protespora, at Pur- due. Our Btock-cwne,*s should certainly know enough lo feel an nuimal's pulse or lo use the clinical ihermometer, and 1 believe Ihe ugricullursl studenta at fur- due aboald certainly be taught ut least the elementary principles of veterinary medicine. On the other baud, 1 do not believe in a State veterinarian. Mr. QuvJc. I concur fully in Judge Martindale's remark*. Having myeelf been a Mudent at Purdue for two years, I can speak feelingly oa ibe necessity for ■nch ^ chair. In thtt respect our collie compares very unfavorably with those in our neighboring Stales, Ohio and Illinois, or even with Colorado. Jfr. GoodKiH. In lie 6tnt place, gentleman, you wani a Professor of Veterinary Science at Purdue, wbrj will devote bis whole time to It. 1 have raised Eome cuttle in Kiin.-iaa, und while engaged in this business aomethlDg broke out among our Angus cattle; they all began coughing, and in two daj^ all the herd were affected by it. 1 iele)(ruphed ta Dr. Holcomb, and in twenty-four hours the doctor ariived. Ha made ft thorough eKAinination and gave it aa hia opinion that the caltle were 860 BOARD OF AQBICDLtUBB. affected wilb the lung irorm. Dr. Hotcomb mskeH thiB b Epecial FLody, and ir go Dg night and day on that kind of bu^iDMS. I can aixnre 7011, from pereonal'ei- perience, that he in doing much good ihero, Wbtn the Texas fever brake oqI ihij were qviarantined and the Governor written to. He checked it at every point ind kept it from Kpreadiag. A. man thoroughly ekilled in hin profession should be kept to attend 10 the nanta of the farmers. iThere ar» not enniigh veterinary anr^eona D ihe cnnntry. Our experience in Eannas, I think, from what I kcow of thi* irork, has b«on profitable throughoat the State. The Chair announced as (he Commitliw on Preparation of Programme for the Next Annual Meeting the following : Messrs. Aikman, Onoper and Quick. Mr. Nelson offered the following resolutions, which were adopted after Nine discussion : Rego/fed, That this convention doe> hereby endorse thecunrveof all live slock and agricultural journals that have taken an active pnrt in expressing, through ih ir columns, the existence of pi euro-pneumonia and other coniagiaiiH disease* among the cattle of the country, and their able advocacy of ih^ bill pamed al the la t session of Congress, known aa the Bureau of .\nininl industry, which haa alrendy ]iroTcd to be efficient as a step towards the stamping out of niiid plenro- The two others were also adopted without disciiKKtoti. The? read as folloHK: Reidved, That the Shorthorn Breeders of Indiann, in cnnvcntion asFombled, are unalterably opposed to the action of the St, Lonie conventinn of eatilemen in their advocaey of a no-called national cattle trail, beginning rotnewhert in Teiaa aad running to the British poese&itons, said trail lo bo tix miles in width iin entire length, and we hereby instruct our representatives in C'ongrnveution at New Orleans, February lOth, and convey- ing a cordial invitation from the National Cotton Planters' Asoiicialion to all agri- cultural asnocialions to send delegates, with an earnest recommend a do n from the Commissioner that it be accepted. On motion, the invitation wan accepted, and the Hun. Bobctt Mitchell was appointed the otScial dclcg.itc of ihe association. The remaining gentlemen who were to have prcEcnted papers to the meeting not having reported, and there being no Fpecial business before the meeting, the chairman, Mr. Robert Mitchell, made a warm and eamett address on the apathy that seemed to have settled down upon the Shorthorn breeders of Indiana. He said: In regard 10 the indifferent manner in which the Sbortharn breeders treat one another, 1 would like lo say a word. I have been a visitor in Kentucky, mnd I would like to see the fraternal feeling exist among oa that prevails then. ^ SHORTHORN BREEDERS. 351 When a breeder goes there in search of Block and one man has not got what you want, he does not turn around and try to prejudice you against buying his neigh- bor's cattle, but takes you in his buggy and drives yon to his neighbor, and tries to get you to buy of him. if I have stock to sell and another man is engaged in the Kame business, it is a part of my duty not to allow that party to go away with- out buying some of our stock here at home. We should try to build up the Short- horn interest in our State, rather than to throw up barriers against it. There are fifteen or twenty of our Shorthorn breeders not here to-day, who should be taking an interest in this meeting. Every farmer should have a pure bred Shorthorn bull, or a pure bred bull of some other breed — instead of breeding some scallawag cattle, going to market and bringing three to three and a half cents per pound. It is a shame on the people of this State to take such cattle to the market of Cincinnati and other cities — where it U positively damaging to say that you are from Indiana* it lowers the selling value of your cattle. We should try and correct this and go to work in earnest and get every man to breed Shorthorn stock, and then where- ever ihey sell the cattle, it will speak for the caitle of the State. In 183;^, Mr. Brownlee, of Iowa, showed a fine cow at the fut-stock show at Chicago, and was successful in taking a first prize over Mr. Miller's heifer. The next year I was there, and the very fact of that cow winning that prize, was said by a prominent Iowa breeder, to have been worth millions of dollars to the State of Iowa. Mr. Mobcrly, of Kentucky, is going to take his herd to New Orleans, and those beef cattle taken there will speak for Kentucky. Mr. Potts is also there with fine cattle, which will speak for Illinois; Mr. II. C. Burleigh is there with one of the finest herds of Herefod cattle ever shown. We want to go to work and populHrize the breed of Shorthorns. The Jt^rsey men hold up to the public gaze a cow giving thirty or forty pounds of butter a week. I say now, without the least fear of contradiction, thnt if we were to quit breeding those little infernal bulls in this State to-day, it would take twenty years to sweep out the evil they have done. The JerHcy cow will do very well in towns and cities, but thcyjp little bulls scattered throughout the State, I would like to shoot down as I would a wolf. The Polled cattle men are working with a will. These cattle and the Herefords are in the hands of good men and making a place, and if the Shorthorn men lie still, as we are do- ing now, they will ride right over us and we shjill never catch up in the world. If you go to Chicago and see the cuttle there, you will w^nt to come home and see how big y-.u can grow your bullocks. We try to grow too much grain in this State, when we should be turning our attention more to the raising of beef. Dr. Stevenson, with his 1,800 to 2,0(iO acres of land, was not making money by harvest- ing grain, but he was making his money easily with cattle— as he once Kaid to me, " I get along very well with this little bucket of aalt." These are my feelings in regard to the Shorthorn int-rest. 1 have b en grading some, but I am now aiming to have nothing but pure bred cattle, and when I get a good herd I am going to push them and get them ahead of everything else if I can. Judge Buckles, We have been neglecting our business too much. We should have a few men who are willing to meet our aiversaries on any field that may be selected; if they beat us to-day let us beat them to-morrow. Another thing is to got our agricultural men educated up to raise good stock. The only suggestion to 852 BOAaD OF AGRICULTURE. m; mind is that jaa maj have as fine a hnrd of t^attte aa there is in the State, jet you have neighbors around jou who don'I know the mmfs of jonr entile, ihey cati not biij or hreed them. The maga of the Indiana farmers phould engage at sometime, not ftir distant, in improving thtiv ptock. The truth if, Mr. Chairman. thai in Indiana, a gpnerat purpose eountiy, wc should plow leas and gra^a mor^ take care of onr stock and better save our niiiniire. And I think we phi'uld hare a Shorthorn department in our a^icullarul paper, and in that we should (ry (o convince the farmers that it is right lo breed iip. We have slock journals which are valnable; but they don't go into every family, while the ap'icultnRil paper does. If that paper could contain two columns devoted lo live slack it would be of ranch interest. Such a move need not be nguiList the interentB of the Live Slock Journals. I wish to make another suggeaiion : that ihc members of (his ttKSOciii' Don make arrangements ihat nach counlv pH per Lave a live slotk departmeoL Wc have such a department in our county paper, which proves to be valuable and iQterestiog, I Ibink the Indiana Farmer itoitld be a proper paper in wbii;h to have ibis department. This would be the most efr<:clivu way in which lo reach the majority of' the farmer* of the State, and it would not be long until we Gnd every body that is interested in his stock trying to improve Ihem. Mr. Mitchell. I used to think 1 was a good judge of cattle, but by attending the fat stock show at Chicago I learned more there in a day tbaii in u year attending [aire. Take two of the best sieers you can get, put them on ^ra^, feed them in earnesi, and yon will get the farmers attention and show them the rcer, and we should do everything we can lo get them interested in live slock Judge Marlindale. I am not in full membcr^Ilip as a Shorlhom breeder, but 1 will nevertheless give the reasons why I am a live slock man. It is becnune I notice cattle raising is a safe and profitable business. Men place money in banks — Ibe bauks break and they lose iheir accumulations ; they put il in luannfactiirGS, and a panic causes a reverse. There is no panic in the entile hustnesa. A panic doei not nlnp the growth of the blue grass, nor quell the arilor of the bull. It is an iQtere«l that is not affected. There have been over prodiiclions in wheat tjid ] |gt»": SEORTHORK BREEDERS. S38 ■xtm, bat there han never been an over prod action in beef. We are becoming, da7 iy day, more of a heef-etttiog people. There are haodredBof thoQBandH of workeis ir. iron, in mines. i:i Tsrioas manDfaetnring induntries, aod the denne popalatioD of -MU cities to be fed, and they demand beef. " 1 do not want aoj veal ; I do not want rabbit. I want it anderatood lo-day that the color in my face i« dne to beef." [Lauxhlep,] Tie PraulenL Yon are entitled to be received here m m fuli-growD Shorthorn btwdtr. Jlfr. MUekdU sirongly arged the otility of, and reported the ie«u It of hia en- deavom to socnre a fat block show at Indianapolis, which would have been under- taken Inst full, nn lie believed, had not the Ohio flood Bafieters become jnst then an abject of nymjiiiihj (o which all wanted to contribale. After ibis, of courEc, he bad to forrgo any farther collecting of the necessary guarantee fnnd. Mt. Tktmp'ini. I move wr, that the State Board of Agriculture take nome steps to hold a fet Atock phow in November, and we gnarantee that Jofaoeon count; will Mt. Miehell. From what I have seen it shonld be laler than at Chicago. Our beeven shonld be here two or three weeks before Christmaa and jon can sell them for Chri»lmBB beeves. If, we have the show in November, yon would have to take them hnine and wait for the Christmas market. I think Chicago will recind the killing of premium cattle po early hereafter. The carcamta of Star Prince and Roan Boy upoiled on their hands, owing to warm weather. Mr. Tkimpfon. By fixing the time before the Chicago show, it woald indnce them tn exhibit nt Chicago after showing here first, but I am willing to leave this to the Stole Ili.ard of Agriculture to arrange. Motion carritd. Convention udjonmed until 9 o'clock to-morrow morning. WBBNEBDAT — MORNING SKSBION. The meeting came to order at the call of Vice-Preeident Mitchell, pursuaot to The p.irties whn were to have presented papers l>eiug still absent, some time wae taken up with dlHCOHsiou regarding the propriety of joining the National Cat- tle Growers' Association, b'lE no definite action was taken. Jiidgt Btieite* took the floor and spoke some time in favor of his aoggestion made the day previous, that a column or so of (tpacc should bo secured in some weekly agricultural paper published in Indianapolis, for a Shorthorn department, to he edited by the secretary or some other properly qualified person on behalf of the society. If it was necessary to pay for anch services, ho, tor his part, was quite ready to do his part towards it. The good accomplished by the stock papers he waa most ready to acknowledge, but, uufortunutely, they circulated among men who were already breeders and did not reach, or but rarely rcacbed, the general farmer. ZH AOBICITLTUIIE. -ir^ 854 BOARD OP AGEICCltl'RF. Mr. Ifiekridgt, Judge Biick1«« bas spoken voll an to the necessity of onr ahow- InR more activity in pushing our own interests. I am not quite sure to what eiten the pliin he proposes is feasible, but 1 know we »rc moving along in a rut, ami •« niiKi ^t out of it. It is all very well fur us to meet once a year and hear a &« pB[icrfl rtnd, interesting and instructive though they may lie dincusfl them a lisle, anil then go home again. That may be plen.sant enough for us, but it doeynoL hel|iourcauie»mongout«[dera. This society h Ihe olila'it Shorthorn Associition in the country; it is actually the parent of [he Nutional Association; bit we Qiusi do some vork for tho,cause or we might as well ceuse to exbt. Mr. Xiiehdl. We want to do like the Jersey men ure doing. If any of yfiihave a cow thtt will give forty one pounds of butter a. week, put her up ; thi^ ix one Important thing which ii> too much overlooked by Ihf Shorthorn men. Tkej brred for color and beef altogether, and neglect the milking qualities We want to get to work, anl let people know that the ShorthorQ is the best breed of ctitle in the world, and induce ihem to bring their cattle out lo faini. The generality uf Fnriu- er>> Wlieve thesf cattle are taken care of at home, and blankcteil, and tlify can Dot do tbi-^. We want to get the steers taken to the county fairs, and Hhow the fiirmera what can be done with the steers. If the membtrs of this Associaliun would take ■n aa is, we are not on the rijiht basis; we should have something more to do. Tiv -National Association got in the name rut, and did nol know what to do untj] llifv yolhold of the National Herd Book. Atwr that they bought up the .^meri- Ciiii Hi^rtl Books, and consolidated them into one. They have now a live work. Till* Assnciation wight, in a less degree, accomplinh much more in the boundarien of imr ovn State. This Association should have a bi'tory of the Shorthorns of tbii Siale; wlien 6rBt introduceil, and who were the first breeders, and have this history tib'i! Mway in the archives of this Association. ,V<. Mitchell. Every Shorthorn breeder sbmild rtpnil bis n.ime un^t He apjuiinted, to which thin uliole subject may be referred, to carefully cnnnider and place ilon some speoiHc basil, anJ do work a little more otfii'lul. In ga-tbering facts, make ibera palpable, thiit they may be referred to the next annual mti-tinK- Mr. Buckles presented the f8cnce on committee work, and haaciation to make a live aaxociation. I nndi'riitaod the Bee Ki«perH snarmed here last week, and we •urely can have as large a "round up." Let us have a few good, iiite res ting papers, and have good lively diHciisaiuna aflcrwardx. These dL«.'Li«Hinns are what make an interesting and profitable meeting. The Committee on Programme for next meeting announced their ruadincss lo report. They submilled the fulluwing: 1. President's Address -Rnberl MilcheU. 2. What is the Standard of Eicelience of Shorthorn Cattle?— Thos Wilboil, Uiddletown. ti 3. Value of Shorthorns over other Breeds of Cuulo-James N. Sankey, Terre Haule. 4. The Necessity and Value of Local Effort-Jud^ri 8i)i;klucUtioii. At th&t time tliere was not a single pedigree bull io that cuiiuij, AFicr wt!Couqin«iici>d holding fairs, a man coni« from another flection oF country and showed mime Rne cattle, and many of our people were induced to hay. A f«w years ago a liurd of thirty cattle were brought into our county from Kentucky, re)ire>«nted lo have tine pedigrMrK. Bud quiie a number were induced to buy ilieni, and wilhiti a yt^nr it was found Co be a fraud. Un« of our farmers bought one, and paid $1,000 for it. Ii It]>ced the Shorthorn ini;n ia rather bad repute. Tiitre ars a number of an Gne herdd in Northern Indiana as can be found in the Slate. Tliere are*now two or three hundred good Shorthorn cattle in our part of the country. If you could get all your entile men together, representing different bri'edn, it would be better for all couceruo'i. It is an aJmitted tact that there are more of tbe Shonhorn bioiid in Indiana than any other. Aa far as I am concerned, I have not raised any other. CoDTention adjonrned nne die, UEMQERS OF INDIANA SBOBTHORN BRBEt>E[iS AB.'tOCI ATION. Tlioiuas Wilhoit, Midaielown, Henry county i W. W. Tlirashcr, Gnivei, Rush county; Hon. Tbos. HelMn, Bloom ingd ale, Park county; Hon. E. S. Fraaje, Ui^ ange, Runh rounty; Rolt- Mitchell, frincetOQ. Uibiton county; L. M. Aikmnn, Dana, Vermillion county; Hon. Claud Mithcna. Clinton, Vermillion county; Hon. 6 F- lA>ckridge, Oreencut^ tie, Putnam county; J. W. Bobe,GroencaHtle,Putnam coun- ty; Hon. Heldiug Beelcr, Indianapolis, Marion county; (leo. W. King, Eklinliurgh, Johnson county; S. R. ()uick & Son, Columbus, Burlholomew county; Henry W. Lambert. fWiimbuB, Ilarlholomew county; J. P. Forsvthe, Franklin, Jobnaon county ; J. A. Thompson, Exlinburgh, Johnaon county ; Elijah Clore, Alamo. Mont- gomery county; W. D. Cooper, Cadiz, Henry county; John McCaalin 4 Sona, Franklin, Johnson eounir; O. W. Thomas, Homer, Kuah county; W. A. Banka. Laporte, Laporlt; county ; Dr. N. Di Gaddy, Lovette, JenningB county ; Mr. Kins- ley, ShotbyvLUo, Shelby county; Judge J. S. Buckles, Mnocie. Delaware county; T. A. Cotton, Manella, Shelby county ; James N. Sunkey, Term Haute, Vigo county; Newton Cornell, Cjoldsmith, Tipton county; Dr. J Elliott, Indianapolis, Marion county ; W. E. Yost, Muncie Delaware county ; Warren Muson, Wab sh' Wabash county; J. G. Bjwer, Muncie, Delaware county ; J W. Harjier. La Fon- taine, Wabash county; William Bealty, Edinburgh, Jolinoon county; ^umucl Purcell, Indianapolis, Murion county; Judge Murtindale, Indiunapolia, Marion INDIANA JERSEY CATTLE BREEDERS. The ihinJ annual meeting of the Indiana Jersey Cattle Breeders' ABsociation occurred Tncaday, Januarj 20, I88S, at the rooms of tlie Stiite Board at Agricul- ture, President Haujfhey in the chair. Upon ihe opening of the meeting tlio President read his annual address, as follows: The return of the second anniverearj of the liidianii Jersey Culilc Brcedera As- sociation 18 to tliem an event of deep interest, ufTordiug an opportunity (or the ad- vancement of their favorilies to a fitill higher degree of appreciation, not only in the eyes of breeders and fancien, but as well in the esteem of the farmer and dairr- A review of transactionH in stock for the past year gives a remarkable showing in favor of liie Jersey, and Ihey represent about mit-iliird of the entire nunil er of pedigreed cattle sold under the auctioneer's hammer. While the average for 188 was $4:i6 i>cr head, for the seaaoD for 1884 the general average was S34ij, and for females alone over S375, showing only a slight dctrcase from last year, thoii^'i tie number disposed of was largely in excess of the preceding year. As cooipsred with other breeds the average is about double the sum realiiteil fur like numbeni. These prices can not be styled fancy, but are rather tlie outgrowth of a convic- tion ihut has gradually grown upon the people, until tho Jert^ coir stands prct- eminently the " Dairy Queen." Kot perhaps, in quantity of milk, but unques- tionably in <]uality ; the product from the chum where Jerecy blood predominates, eonimanding the best priees aud the readiest raarkel. The price in itself di>cs not vel fairly represent llie Increased profit \o be ro*l- ized from her, for it is obtiiincd at a far less cost in ilnivriiig tliu milk, caring for it, and in less amount of fond required. She is Ihe "mvlliim inparvo," Uentlemen, in associating ourselves together, we have done so that we may the better promulgate these factn, and introiiuce to our brethren of Indiana, ■ better and more profitable breeil of cattle; demonstrate In ibum other methorirt for deriv- ing profit from the farm— methods that shall giw an increaseil revennc, and at the same time lighten their burdens, open up new fields of thought, brighten farm life, and introduce to them one of the most fueinsting occupations. Our soils, naturally fertile, are, from continual cropping with grain, being grad- ually depleted, and ^le returns in consequence precariouo. The inletligent hna- JBRSB7 GATTLB BRBGDBRS. 359 b«iidinan, looking to his inlereot, will xeek to diverl the farm to the pmijiictmn of some condensed product readilj marketed; one upaa whicb llie trnti'ipiirLiK.ioil ahill be reducad to the minimum, and at the name time command the Tr.iiiiniim, The united effort of the memhera of thi-i organization, prnperl; di»('i>*d, u'ili enhance in value the dairy prodncl of our State mors than any other hdiiti^c pnn- a.b\j can, and we will d'l well to diacuK wajn and means. The publication of the proceedings and di^cusiions of this meeting itill iTi]pn.rt information, beset inquiry, and create desire. How, iheu, shall thin np»lv-tMiin wiiih find development? Only in posiiereiiin; and it would seem conHintent in order to facilitate that end, that a series of sates should be to n si dp red and eiici>nragi>>I under Buch restrictions as to inspire confidence and give sntisfaction to all I>reei. A. Moore, Indisnupolis; Chss. L. Henry, Ander-on ; C. W. FiKh.T, Noblesvilie; A. B. Taylor, Columbus; Dr. H. W. Wiley, Agricultural Depanment, Washington, D C; H. H. Wheulcrafl, Southport. Beay: "Jeri«ey (tow, her pasi, present and fulurc," by George JacVsnn, Beech Grove Farro. In the abienco of liiat gentleman, a letter from him tu Pr,-sidi-nl Haughey was rend, in which he eipresscd biA rt^rcts that absence from hnme iiiid pressure of business had rendi'red it imposxibte for him to prepare the |inp>-r. Commnnlcfltion^ from other bodies, a circular letter, and articles of aastici^linn of the " National Cattle Growers' Awociation, Chicago," were presenLeii, in wliinh ihe I. J. C. B. A. was invited to unite with them. Mr. J. D Connor, Jr., niovefi lite papem be suhmitted to a comminitiee of three. Carried. The Chair appninled J. D. Connor, Wabash ; Dr, Levi Bitter, Irvingloo, and Sylvester JuhusOD, IrvingLon. A communicaiion from the Iowa Jetney Cattle Club relating to the A. J. C. C, and asking co-operation of thi* Association in securing a reduction of re{ti'''ruLiiin fees io the A. J. C. C. Herd Register. Mr. Hanselman moved it be laid 'iii>..ii the table The motion was lost. Dr. Ritter then moved the matter be ref-Trvd lo a committee consisting of Messrs. W. J. Hasaelman, George Jachoon and J, I). Con- nor, whicb carried. Mr. J. D. Connor, Jr., moved the action be reconeirlen-d, ihe foregoing committee coneisting of only membcraof the A.J. C. C Ue would move 860 BOARD OF AGBICULTCBB. that an eqaal number ol non-meniben be added to this rommillee, (o be appninitd by the PrcBident. The motioa prevailed, and the President added Job. C. Railiff, J. A. Giiannl and Peler Raab. ENsaj: Topic, "Trntinn; ita value in the development of the Jersey Cow," J. D. Connor, Wabash; a paper that waa attentively listened to. Dr. Ritter then introdnced Dr. W. H, Wiley, chemiut of the Department of Ag- riculture, Waghington, D. C, who gave an inslruciive and highly appreciated ad- dresf, which be was requested to give the ABaociation in writing, to which he con- sented. Emay : " Inter- breeding ; to what extent may it be followed ;" a profitabk pHjicr, by Dr. Ritter, and was followed by one from Prof. A. 8. Heath, New York, on " In and in-breeding," full of good Buggeetiims t. Connor, and Dr. Levi Kitter. Upon motion, pmceedcd to the election of offioert, whereupon the Secretary was inslracted to cast the hallot sa follows : Presidenl^-W. ?r. Hosselman, Indianapolis. Vice President— Dr. LeH Bitter, IrringlOD. Board of Manager?— Clias- L. Henrj', Andenton, Samuel C McEeen, Terre Hante; 8. F. Gray, Indianipolis; J. D. Connor, Jr., Wabash. To Gil the places of those whose (ermB expired aii follows; W. J. Ilasselmnn, Samuel C. McEeen. B. F. Gray, and J. D. Connor. MoTsil that the Secretary notify all delinqoenU to forward dues, nnd also to publiHh in the Jeney BiUUtin a complete list of names of members uii'i onii'er>>. A eommunieaiion, premnled from Commiieioner of the Departnient of AKrlciil- tnr^ Qfut^ D. Loring, requesting the Association lo semi delegates (o the .^gri- cnltural ConTenlion, lo be held February 10, 1885, at New Orleans, By conaent. Theo. P. Haughey, Dr. Levi Ritter, and D. H. Jenkins, were appoinled such del- Praideiit elect W. J. Hneselman took the chair, returning thankt. for the conBid- eration nud compliment in hi» nomination and election. Dr. Levi Kitier, Vice P-esident elect, made remarks eulogizing the Jemey cdw, and the important psrt she will yet take as the source of food supply for iht? The ciBuyH referred to above will be foand in the following pages. Upon motion, udjuuruuil. Thbo. p. Haiuhet. T. .\ i.r/>YD, Prrjirfm/. TESTING— ITS DEVELOPMENT OF THE JER8EY COW. m- J. 11. CONNBtl, JR., OF W4B4aH COUNTY. Mr. P.-aideul nnd Qtntiemen of Uit Indiana Jenty Brtederi^ Auoeiation : A few days ago I wna ramewhat surprised, I might say, by rrceiving a card from our worthy Secretary iotorniing me that the President had aligned lo mn as the Buhjeet tor an essay, "Testing — Ila value in the developfiient of the Jersey cow " for the reason that iti^t one of the most important subject-i, >iid nhould have been aHuigncil to a wiser held, and to one better able than my«eir lo discuMs and point out its vast importance to us, who are breeders of that eighth wonder of the 862 BOARD OF AORICt; LTORE. world, the Jeraey cow. But as all tha knowledge atiif in For ma lion of ihiB world is not poBsessed by any one perann, nor alwaya derive.] from (he most learned, but ia mnde np of the little picked up here and (here, like the ^reat rirera of ihi? coun- try, from the silvery (hreada which goainging and >-pnrkling Ibrough our meadown and WDodlandn, bounded by ihe luxuriant graB&rB, daiaim and bult«rcupA, on which the lillle Jersey ia wonl to graze, so we must each contribute our mile. The cow has been truly drFCribed aa our second mother, and one that ia loo often neglected and her merits ignored, and until ihe Jersey cow reachrd our shores and her ivoith waod, solid, hard cash, through the milking pail, out of which contentment aad hoppinet» leap. Bnt wbiiE is the condition of the high-bred milking; cow of this coimtry nince the Jer- eew euw made her appearance? I suppose if I tlumld »ay she ha« beeooie one of the family, and that her wanis are a-imelimes considered even before the membere of the family, I would about eipn-ss the truth. And in the case of the Jeiwy, our friends come to ste her, her liitls calf is pemillltd lognmbol on our lawns wilh the children, admired by sU, and should ihe lilile thing perchance, or bj design, find a soft (dace to recline in our wife's flower bed, it is undisturbed. In order that a correct conclusion may be arriverl nt, in the discuaiion of any question ard in determining the value of any article of machinery or mcrthan- dii'e, it is necessary, in the fintt inatance, to thoroughly acquaint our-elvea with the facts iu the case, and a^certairi for what purpose the article or machine is to be used, and then «e are in a condition to determine ila value. Now, take the Jer- sey cow— why W.19 iJie imported from her flowery inland home to this country, and, indeed, lo every other country in the known world? The answer is, her beauty ia unrivaled, her disposition perfect, and when her value as a butler cow is diiwnsaed, all breeclere are "compelled to take oB" their halK and bow tbrir knee to ber, as she is unsurpassed. Aa to her beauty, let us take a walk with nur friend down through the shady grove, to the pasture where she is gracing; we reaeb the fence, she espiea ■IB, and up flies her head from the luxuriant clover on which nhe is feasting, and she comes walking leisurely to meet ns, possibly in a rich seal brown cloak, or, perhaps, in a silvery gray, or fawn circular; or, pcrrhunce, she may have known that we were coming, and meets us in a cloak varied in color. Ah! with what grace she approaches us, supporting a beautiful head, on which are perched smalt crumpled horns, the rJehnetw of which can only he comparetl to pure golden amber; neck thin and straight, clean cut throat, barrel hooped, broad and deaip at flanks, showing great capacity for food, and for tho free action of the internal machinery for converting the same — in short, proGle perfect, She has reached ns. and with her full placid eyes upon us, how can we refuaa her the apple in our pocket? As JfiRSBY CATTLE BREKDBR8. 363 eh? ea-ia it, we walk sronnl her, and, in stroking her hair, we are sarpri»cd nt its floFlneaH; but when we taka hold of her skin, which is as soft and pliuiilo im chum- oLi akin, the aoftjien is explained; and when we heboid the udder, whi,'h is nwun^' nndor her, unit notice the great number nod aiie of the milking veina Ihut ithss and recrosn before entering the adder, whirh seema too large, we are lod tii bolifva that the goddi-aa oC milk und butter, in all her perfection, for the fiM time, ma- fronts OS. Ah to her Tulue ax a butter cow, upon what is my fnrmpr .ituiL-mtnt based? [b it on theorv? No, indeed; it is on actual tC!it. It is hamil on the amount of butter she will make in a specified time, aa compared with ilit miiount of bntte'r made in the same time brother breeda of cattle. And I take it that nn/ reawnttWo mind will admit, that if the Jerney COW will make more h'ltltr in weven days than an? cow of anj' other breed, and that, take them as a family, more of them show superior excellence aa batter makers, thati thoBe o£ any oiher family, that she in the queen of all, and as such should occupy the thmiic. And that thie is true, no one can quetition, us the reported records of all trsi'i to tbia time wiJl prove. Hence, the value of testa to the Jersey cow. It i,i Inn- that there are cows of other bree'ls that give more milk, but it h equally trup tli»t hh b good cow, crossi^d with a good corn-crib, gives good milk; no one gallon of «nod Jersey milk, crossed with about three gallons of good, pure, BparHiug spring water, givea qnanlity wbiih equaU in quality and richneaa the milk of thet* re- puted Inrge milkera of certain other breeds; because, as all know, quanltty in at the eipen-* of quality and richnewi. What haa tcstiug done toward the develop- ment of the Jersey cow? It lias done everything. Ii has diacloecd iind bninnht to the knowledge of the breeder the comparative abilitie«of certain fjoiiliis aa hotter produecra; haa disi^losed to us the best croaaen; haa shown what [:iioille:i .ire best locnuple together lo produce superior butter cows; has li-d to the invp-iif^ati^jn and annlyiatiun of the tlementa composing the food which is fed, and \u\ii di-ter- tnincd what kind of food sliould be given the cow to produce the bent reiiill*". so thiit eoonomV can be ased in trtding. And when you couple this with the fai t that the American Jeney Cattle Unb has pre^rved tor us the record of the brei-iiing of thoroughbred .lerseys and has kept it in anch a careful and jealous way, that it is almost inipofwibl-' for an error to occnr, and permit some presuming miss to creep into the register, too much can not be said iu commendation of tho^e who have taken the pains to test their cown, or have it done, and report the test for our bine- fit, and to the A. J. C C'., tiM:ause the one is imperfect without the other. Vi,r, iin- hfls aller the lesl is mad', we know, beyond any question, the brcedinj; i)f Ihc teste"! animal, and this w,' can only know by the records of the A. J. C. (.'., Jr wtmld be im|KrA^ible to reach that high excellenec in breeding, which has chantctorii^ed the breeders of this country and of Canada. Like many of you, gentlemen, 1 have enjoyed the pleasure of visitini; (hi- honicH of, and examining such iicited cows as Mary Anne of St. Ijambert, and Ida vf St. Lambert, and their KWtent; Burotas and Bomba, Hazt-n's Bess, Cooma-'nie nod her close ri-laliona, Fadctte of Vcrna 3d, and Vulhall i, and many more of llie l^ignnli ; T-^y Mel 'id. Dandelion, md Favorite of ihe Elms, and, in fact, repres.;iTtii Lives of ■Imoat all thu noted families, and I am comp lied to confess that, had I ntil been odviaed as to the records uf these cows, I would, in many cases, have BL-liKii-d cer- 'T- S64 BOARD OP AGRICULTURE. tain other cows not of tbe herds repreneatcd, in prefcrenoi to the shove coint. And whj 7 Rimplj becaiiFe il is impoBsibla lo know from an examination of an Hnimsl what is ber >bilitj toprodnce butler, but when 70a \fn\. her \\J the churn und hcsIps, and are able to show, «■ a repullof jour l«Bt, a golddi iiuj^et weigbiug rrotn 14 lbs. up to ST) Iba. 12} oi. in seven dajfi, wonh from 50 eonln Id SI per pf>iiiiJ, vou hare Bometliinc tangible upon ubich (o base a calculalion as to the worth of llie cow for dairj or breeding purposcB. A few jearH ago about $200 would bny one of tlic hmt JprseT cnws in the Unitcil KtaleH, but to-da; we think it ie money wt-ll epeol. if for thai amnunt we can virit the homes of a few of the mont noted butter-make rv, und even look at them ; and if, for that amount, we could purchase a distant rfhilion, we would think, in the wordK of Col. Sellers, "There's millioDS in it." And, again 1 ask, why is tliis bo, but the answer is siaiple : berause the Jersey cow hnK bi'i:n tolled and hns demoa- Blratid her superior ability lo produce butter. Dues any one suppose for a moment that if the ilHughtem of Stoke Pogis 'td had not been lesteH, that his descendants would have brought such fabulous prioof? Why, geiilJcpjen, about two or three years ago Mr. Romeo H. Slevent offered us Prince of St. Lambert for $125; to-day he stands for service at JlOO, beoause hia lislers have demonstrated iheir ability to make as high B!i 3(1 tbs. 12} oz. of butter in seven days. What would have been the s(andin|;nl thi> and olhemoied animals not before mentioned, such as the St. Heliers, the Victor Hugo's Champion of America, Columbiad 2d, the Albert -Pansys, the Victors, the Alphea's, and the noted Island celebrities, had there been no te»ts of thnn and their deFcendaule? Alt would have stood on an equal footing, and the price would have been governed, as it was several years ago, by ihe fancy coloring and fsncy points. Anil, while I admire solid colors, with lull black points, yet I du not think that it makes aay difltrence, when you sit down to milk, whether the cow kicks you over with a while and fawn colored leg, or a solid colored one, or whetlier ehe ala>'bes you across the , mouth with a black or a mixed switch, as il hurts juut its bad ; nor whether the milking machinery is encased in a solid colored or a broken colored eovcring, pro- viding the number of pounds of butler are tbe same. It has been said by some one, that it does not m^kc any diflerence what kind of a tail a cow has, as il is not used as a handle to pump out the milk. Hut I am not certain. It was but a short time ago that when a ttFit of ]R Ibn. was reported as having been made by a Jersey cow in seven dayn, thnt no one believed it; and about the time thfy came to believe even that, testa were reported of from 22 to 2-) lbs., which no one lielieved eicept those who were brof-ding Jerneys. And when Ida of ^l. Laml>ert was reported as having made 30 lbs., 2J oz. of butter in seven days, even the Jersey men did not believe it; and when Marj Anne of St. Lambert was reported as having made a record of 3f! lbs., 121- oz. in seven days, all the Jersey men arose, as it were, in indtgnaiion, and said, "Here, gentlemen, we have stood this thing long enough. We have stood by joo and tried lo convince our friend* that some one was tiot lying about this thing, but when you in):ist on us cramming that .% lb., I2i oz. lie down the throats of our flienda, we will have to abandnu you." But it has been demonstrated beyond any question that the record was, id fact, made. And iu view of these great strides, is it unreasonable to prophesy that I JKRSBY CATTLE BREEDERS. 365 when tbis Jeney Inland phenomeoon ib thoroughly nndeiBtood in all her partfB, that some ingenious Yankee will discover Bome method of gearing the tail of the cow to hf>r milking machinery, and that in turn to a DeLaval Cream Separator, with a churn and butter-worker attachment, so that the youngeet member of the family caOi by gently pumping the tail, supply us, on hhort notice, at the eud of the but- ter-worker, with all the fre^h golden butter that we may want, even to forty pounds per week. In which case the pumping quality of the tail may become a very im- portant factor. I tell you, Mr. PrcBidcnt and gentlemen, you don*t know what a jewel you possess in this Jersey cow. She is capable of almost anything. Why, gc^ntlemen, she is the standard of excellence for comparison, for all other milking breeds of cattle, and all bretders are attempting to secure a cow that will equal her in butter quality, but they have not been able to do it, and never will, as ^he occu- pies a plane of excellence so far beyond and above them that they will never be able to reach it; but should any of them perchance approach any ways near her, all we have to do is to give her one more quart of feed, which will act as did the peg on the head of the fabled enchanted horse, and off she goes, and the scales are tipped at forty pounds in seven days. To the Jersey breeders, then, more than to the breeders of any other strain of milking cattle, is due the fact that you must demonstrate by actual test the butter ability of your cow before she has any stand, ing. A few years ago it was thought a great feat for a hon^e to trot a mile inside of three minutes, but what speed haabeen reached at this time! Maud S. has made a record of 2:09], and Jay-Kye-See 2:10. How was this accomplished? It was fiiund, by investigation of the breeding of the horses that made records of 2:30 and under, that thirty-five of them were out of daughters of Seely's American Star, fifteen of which were sired by Rysdyk's llarabletonian,' of MeeKenger descent, eleven by his Fons, and two by his grandsons ; and that the daughters of Pilot, Jr , got twenty horses in the 2:30 list, and that the best trotters out of the Pilot, Jr., maree were by direct male descent from Rysdyk's Uambletonian. And it was further found that when the 2:20 test was applied to 6ir<^s that had at least two sons or daughters with recf)rd8 that were fast, the Hambletonians monopolized nearly seventy-five per cent, of the honors. From this is it not evident that these two fly- ing wonders were not the result of accident, but, on the contrary, could only have been produced by the judicious uniting of the best blood, as proven by actual tests of speed ; and so in breeding Jersey cattle, is it not absolutely necessary that there should be butter tests, coupled with a thorough knowledge of the ancestry, in order that the best results may be accomplished ? I think no one will deny this. Hence I would add, in conclusion, that you, as breeders, owe' to your fellow breeder the duty of testing your cows and reporting the same, so that they as well as yourselves may have the benefit of the knowledge to use in crossing and breeding. And should you contribute only a dandelion to this garden of rare flowers, you will have done your duty. As yon remember that from the lovely though unpretentious pansy has sprung some of the richest plants, and, perchance, sonie one will cut a flower here and there, and couple it with some rare plant or shrub found sunning itself near the warbling brook of his own meadow, and give to us a flower of such unsurpass- ing worth and ezoellence thai the best and rarest of to-day will seem common by comparison. BOARD 0? AaRtClTLTliRB. BUTTER AND ITS ADULT P: RAT IONS. 1 Ur, Pruident and Mtmben ^ the /ntftana Jera^ GallU Brada-n' AntiKiaJum ; Good butter is n mark of s higher ciTilizstion. You mnv iind a tchool houBe on ererj square mile of land, and church spires usv be eo numerous in ererj Tillage that they remind jou ol the maxta of Liverpool, but if the butter i^ streaky and rancid, full of big lumpa of uncruehed xalt, and little tukce of ciirdj brlne> the communitj baa nut jet reuched the higher civilizalion and tbe nobler culture. Wherever you find sweet, pure butter, there you will And peace, contentment, prue- perily and refinemenL You have kindly aaked me to address you od the aubjfct of " Butter," and from what I have just said the address might also be called the " HLitury of Civiiiiaiion In America." We find tbe same diflerences in butter as id men. At the bottom are the pro- lelariaoB— the tub and scrap butteni of comoierce. Then wo rine to the middle clam — the butters of good farmers and their wivea, full of sulid merit, but niihuut pretention. Tht-n the " upper class" la represented by the creamery butter, often depending for value more on'a niiDie than on any particulnr meriL Then we have the genuine aristocracy butler, with a pedigrt-e and a future, old in lineage but frefh in compo-ition. ThU, of course, is the " Jersey butter." Then we have too, the race of shams and dead beuiK, the olenginous Irnmpe. These are lypitied by the oleomargarines, the butttrioea, and all the other substi- tutes which try to pass in the world as realities. To study the characteristics oE all these classon, t'l dcficribc the properties by which they can be isolated and detected, aud to pujnt out the way by which tbe real can be separated from the Epurious will be the iibji>cl of this ntidre^s. Two methmls of collection are employed, vh.: (u) purchase in o]>en market, and (b) from reliable dairy men- It is evident that by the first method it will be chhy tn arrive at the percent*^ of adulteration, especially when it is considered thit these purchaHC-s urill be niads In varioua parta of tbe country, and under the uper.ition of State laws bearing on the manufacture and sale of butter subslilules. By the second method, samples wilt be secured which will give accurate dstk of tbe composition of genuine butter. This research at the present time acquires additional inli^rest from Lhe fact that the manufacture of butter aubetitutea has readied in thia country large proportions. v - JERSB7 CATTLE BREBDERS. 367 >nd seriously aSrctn tht interest of that lai^ claei of oar BgricultQral people who are engageii in the (lair/ bn^inent. Even if the butter lubstitute be as wholetioma and palutable as the genuine article, and if it be sold ander its proper name, as ia, indeed, ufien the case, ^t it tends to orerrnn the market and thus cbeapen tb* price of real bnller. The conlfcntB of bnlier in water variea wilbin wide limits. This is due to many caunei', but tblifij depends on the treatment of the batter Bnbeeijueilt to churnirng-. It in the prictice of soine to "nork" the batter after churning onlj etjongh to rnugbly incorporate the ssll. In ibis way much water and curd are re- taintd. Oihertj wsth llie batter well to remoTe the card, and thos a batter poor ill cuni and rich iu ivnt>;r is obtained. Still others — and this is ibe proper method — wash well to n-uiuvp (h« cord and then work well to remove the water. This treat- mrnt pTOflutVK a biitltr poor in water and curd. The amount of water which a good butler should i^onlaia sboald not exceed 12 per cent In thirly'one bultt-ri, as seen by the following table, tbe highest percentage of water m I4.:ll, and tliu lowest 7.34. Forvigti atiAlysts ba;e found in some instances the percentage of water to be above 'lb. It is generally acknowledged by thrse chaminis that 12 per cent, water is a juRt limit, beyond which a good butter ought not to go. Ptrba^ia it would be somewhat arbitrary to say that more water than this would tllllicat« an inlentionul adulter^tiiin, but manufacturers should not send tbelr pro- ducts to market until the water has been reduced to 12 per cent, or leiiB. BATDRATION ZttUIVALENT. The Edturatlon c[jiii7alent is the amount of potassiutn or >odiiim h;drale necec- pary I" saponify u Biven weight of the faL The fat is prepared forutponiBcatioD by ni<.'Ulng, allowing curd, salt, and water to subside, and then filtering. An ap- proxiruate wmi-nonualaolutLon of the alkali in alcohol isetuployedforthesaponi- ficalion. The alcohol employed should be previously filtered thr.:ugh bone black, otherwise the solution vill be too highly colored fordelica(e titration. The Balunition equWalent ueipresxed in abstract numbers, obtained by divid- ing the molecular weiglit of the alkali employed ^y the number of milligrBmrnei of it used in aaponiRcalioD. Tbe numbers for tbe two hydrates thus become the It appearo from the table that tbe saturation equivalent ie an almost certain test of pure bnller. lis range in the analyses made is from 24d.S to 239.8, while in the oleomargarine it riFcs to !84.7. The best proof of a poor or adulterated butter is in the relative proportion of ■oluble and insoluble acids which it containij. A firKt-class butter lat may have as high aa 7 per cent, soltible acid, while the average ma; be placed at 6 per cent. On tbe other hand, the adulleTaDle used in BOARD OP AflRIOULTUKB. A butler und the aubatitntes therefor, will be fmiDd ta contnin gnly 5 per cenl., or ites, (if nulnble acid. It maj be granted that no unndu Iterated butter vill ocintnin lenx tUau 4 per ceut. soluble ftcid, while the limit might well be placed at 4.-^ per cent, without excluding anj desirable gcuuine butler. The eHtimaLiun, therefore, uf tbf soluble acid is an argument cuuvinoiug alike to the chemiHt and the cuurt whenever ihe puritf of butter m calltd in qurvtiou, lu the loltotiiug table will be fouud nn«lyiieH of thirlv-Bii samples of butter, oleomnrgnrioeB and fata used in buttur adtilterilion. Nearly all of (heae Buniple* were 1"'>ig)it in (he open market. NoH. \Ti8, 1TI2, 1717 and 1718 wtrc obtained directly from the manufactureiB. The mtlCing poiat is given in dt-greva of the Cuntegrade acale. To change into Fuhrenheii Bcale, multipl; hj 9-!} and add 32: -^ JB8SBT CATTLl BBBBDBH0. S5^?3sa:gSSE; » j SSS^8^^S532f;s^^S^§saiS^^s:5 iSS^SSi^SsS^HSiiiSl^i^ls^^^^SS^^h: :!S(^^ii^S^se3aS^isi!J^^^^»;;s§^^s^S^^S^^d^^ ^szmms^^^nnm^iiUsisss!^?ifip.sn^ns:ii I||p|||||i|lsiii|p|l55i|i|||^^ : Ui '.^3,s■s^■s.^^■2.^Bss^^^^?iR^?^:;■£s,^ mmmm^ 'm^%%m%m^^Mm^^Ai' S?Ss55=^3!K ^z-sa^s?^Ss;^gS^s2^5S??];-" ;■ f-^ S|.2^|.-lis; if:.$>al3i3A:i^^^^^:jQ;a>i ^iSS^^SiSS^ isssspia :ss!3^sssssR£^^/.^'.r;^^ 1:: Is :e S4 — AauoDLiruKX. BOAKD OF AORIOCLTUBE. CHABACTERtBTics OF A aoon B Creamery butler is more highly valued thtin that made in n Hma.II way, becABW the condilioiiR of ita mBDufaclure are better aDderJinod, the mndiinery nore per- fect, and the cream uaed in better condition. In this nay n butler Is secured of • pleasant color and agreeable flavor. In respect to chemicBl and physical composilion. u gond biKler nhoutd pre»«nt the following charBCteristicti, viz : 1. The percentage of water should not exceod inelTe. In moat nf the aamplca examined it was less. 2. The percentage of salt may vary irithin large limitci prefer butler perfectly fresh, while others like a Inrge nrnnt ful whether the small percentage of salt added ordinarily to butter acts as a pre- aervative. Its only use seems to be one of tant^. Judging from tbi^ lable, 3 per ...cent, appears to be the amount of salt in Amfrican butter, the variation boing from a minimum of 1.23 per cent, lo a maximum of (1.15. The perecnlage of Halt, therefore, is not lo be mnch regarded in making our eEtimali? of purity. It wonid probably have to go above 8 per cent, before it could be reganlcd hb an ndiittcra- 3. How much curd can a good butter have:' Thiq is ii difficuU q^ueslion II a butter ehould have no caseine In it at all, it would be a nlrong prG>tumption ia proof of adulteration. If it ha> too much, iu keeping properties are impaired- One per cent, of curd cannot be regarded a« an excessive cjuaniity. The bmt but- ler, however, should contain lew than this amounl. Un iiccuLint of ihe great diffi- culty of estimating ihe percentage of curd, it would not be safe to use common Eals as adulterants. The specific gravity of batter fat h about 912, water beit^ taken at 1,000. On the other hand, tallow and lard have a relative weight of 011I7 900 or less. This la a slight difference, and yet ii is a valuable one when the qne«- tion of adulteration is raised. But liie difference ia so Hmal! that only the mont CBivfnl work in determining the specific gravity with litrict atlentiun lo It^mperlr lure nnd manipulation, ^ves it any value. laurimuch ub most of the fate w hick are need as butter lurrogates are liquid at 40 ctegreea C. (104 dcgreee F.j Thii temperature of determination has been used in the foregoing anslysea. The numbers given were not obtained by calculation, but by direct compariaoB with distilled water at the same temperature. Wbile this method is not absolutely correct, owing to slight differences in the rateo of expansion uf waier and oils, it yet gives the comparative differences, and these are of Ihe greatent iinporiance in aucb analyses. A butter affording a fat whosi; specific gravity, tulcen us abo*<^ falla below 910, would have its gennineneas subjected lo doubt. SATURATION EQUIVALEST. 5. The quantity ef alkali required to aaponify the fat, is another means of judging of the purity of a butter. Butter fat contains an acid (butyric) which hia a lower molecular weight than the oleic, msrgaric, and palmtc acids, which fom .^ JERSBT CATTLB BKEEDERS. 371 metrlj all of Ihe common butter sdulterantc By rewon of this difTercoct tliL' ^nantitiea of alkali DecMsarj for saponifi cation are different for ei^iiiil wtighta of butler rsU Bud tbo«e of lard, tallow, ete. This difference ia Blrikingly lllLiEiiriiled id (be table of analjaes, and is Ihe mo«t reliable evidence of the purity or impurity •f the Sam pies under consideration. The manipulation of the anal yso^ liejng an •Mj one, the determioaliona of the aaturatioo equivalent ia fgenerally ilie Gnit teat in detenu iniag the genuineoeas of the butler. If thia number ahould fall under HO it would be safe to call the sample genuine butter. 6. Pure butters have a large percentage of acids soluble in wau-r. The per- «enla^ of these acida to the total weight of dried butter fat ia about five. In the MialjBea given, this percentage does not fall below 4.49, nor rise above G, txcept in •ae case of Jersey butter, made under eicepCional conditions. In ihe butter aub- ■titotes these acids rarely go above 6 per cenL Their determinalicn, therefore, in •B almost certain one of the purity of the saimple. ■^^ OPTICAL PROPERTIES. ^ 7. Pure uninelied butter, when viewed through a eelenite phitf by pulitrixed Eght, presents a uniform tint over the whole field of vision. On the other hand, butter aubstilutea give a field of vision of a mottled appear- ■acp. This phenomenon is so marked that, with a little esperienr-e. the observer will be able to tell a genuine from an artificial butler, with a fair ile^rce lA aceu- nej. While the examination should never slop with this optical test n)iove, it eB.u bo advantageously used us a preliminary step. By coojulting the table of analyses, it will be seen that two saiu]>lea of Jersey Bolter were examined. Both of these were from the celebrated cnw Vuhie 2d, •wned by Watts & 8ech, Baltimore, Md. In Ihe first sample analysed, viz: No. 1,708 the percentage of mdnhle ncidw rises to the high figure of S.79. Thia is by far greater than in any otbtr butters sub- jected to examination. This sample waa secured from the 25 ponndr- produced in •ue week while under test. In No. 1,712, we have a sample of butler taken from the same ecuv imniwiinlely ■Iter the test had been made, and wben, it is fair to presume, her sy^'teiu van isome- what deranged by the severe trial lo which it had been subjected. In thi» sample the perceotage of soluble acids-was only 4.62. In both cases the melting point of (he bnttrr fat h remarkably lii^h, nnd I lun lold that Jersey butter will keep its form in hot weather better thiiu auy oilier variety. This point, however, could only be determined by examining a much lai^r number of samples. -1 372 BOARD OF AORICULTUKE. I sni iDziouB to tecnre ft l*rge number of samplra of pure Jeirvj batter, mnd troulil be under mftny obligations to the membt-ts of this naaociation if the; wovid null f-tiuipleeof iheir butt«r to roe at Washington. cure Departmenl of AKrimUiire, By ilri loetbod, rannj point" in the chnmcter of such butltr ponid be dclermined, 111 iln inot'ial profit of producer and <'onsiimeT. Till: inportance of some such an invfeligation will be apparent at once topverj one tiitjaittd in tlie proiiuciion of butter. The mnrket is now stifcked with bnittr of an inferior order, and with butter sub»tiluleft. I have nothing to say again-t the wli(ilcsomene« of a good oleomargarine. Beef fat ia certainly nol injiirioui fo hi 'l1:!l in its natural state, and I see no reason nhy it should becnmt ea during tlia prn:!-. ij manipulation into fo-called oleoroarRarine. It is true that a very un- wli'l'^-finic article might be made, but this we will not fear whfn proper care and clo.uiilncw are eiercised by the manufacturer. Since the conlinntd sd!c of such Bttlcli s dfp^Dds on their purity, we have little to fear in ilie direction of unwhole- sniueuiHi, The real fraud in this case is in the matter of price. Pure bniicr is fore il into competition with the spurious articU, and thus its price ia forced down to ilie level of such .competUinn, This is a positive robbery of the dsiryniun, and nol II greil benefit to the consumer. What you genllem^n should demand ia a law, tiuppiirteil by a healthy public opinion, requiring all hinds of food to be sold uudei their proper name and description. 1 have no objeciion whatever to a dealer ei- poi^ing any amount oE oleomsr^arine for sale under its own name. Whut 1 do object to, is purchasing oleomargariDe under Ihu imprefu^ion that it is genuine biiit-r, I If Jersey butter should prove to have properties t [or iHbleQse than ordinary butter, it is but fair thai i ibe bi-neSt of this superiority. The way to secure show ike people the facte of the trade. The Here technical analysis of butler could have •re practical butler maker', but it acquires a real Buperinrity o( your butler, and enables yon to proieo In this country, where food ia so cheap and so ahi for Hilulterating any article of dietary importnnce. practiced, and will continue to he unless the people a of the danger, and the necessity of protection therefrom. Uuping that theee data may aid in securing such a protection, I de#ire to thank yon for yonr courtesy and a i ch make it maker of uch a state more deeirabltr should receive of affuiru U to possible valuB for job who Ine when it h^Is forth the danl, there is no nfcefsily But such adulterations are awakened to the magnitnde r JERSST CATTLB BREEDERS. INTER-BREEDING— TO WHAT EXTENT MAY IT BE FOLLOWED? BY DR. LEVI BITTER, OP IBVINafOIt, IND. The United Btntfs poesesaes advantages of climak', noil, grmssri), and grain, that have enabled it, even ttiis early in its historr, to pniilii(;e tlie Ssitsl callle in the world; and we think the Jeno^; cow bus been det^iiledly improved in quuliiy, beaut)' and v»lue, since hi^r impcirlution into tbis connlry. The topographiuil and climatic conditions, nnd tb(^ f^-cd xupplicH of the diHer- ent sections of our country are eo unlike, that, in a hw gcncrutiond f rckoi the aame parents, animalM eeloeled from different herds will exhiLjit gri;al phyxical and con- ■titiiti>>nal contrast; fo that.bj crossing the best spiclmetia eileeled Troni herds brrd from too bundrid to two thouKand miles apnri, we are relieved from tbe necessity of inter- breeding, tod De«d not neort to it unless it Is tbe bcGt way to ioipriive the animal. I am sorry that but two weeks notice wos giTvn me in which to prepare this article; it should hava bevn (wo ytarit at lea^t. I liupe il will be asKi^ed to a camrtiittcc, «boae duly it Hhali be to collect statistics fr^m all the bivtdeni in the Stab', and from time to time report to this body the facts thus gathered and the conclusions drawn thtrefrom. In this paper 1 can only sabmit some general reflections ni)on ihc laws oT pro- creation intbennimal world. It is rrasonabie to axi-ume that the rame gentrol law rnns through all .inimal life, and that a practice that proved injurioUK in one spocies wonld produce the same cfTfct in all, the intensity being increosed oh the highest lype of life is ap- pniBched, and dimir.ishing toward tbe lover. Tbis general law is poHitivcly deniid by the ultra- advocates of inter- breeding. One phiise of the subject can easily be dispot«d of; for it is undoubtedly trne tbat many breeders have found it Gnanciallr profitable to carry in-and-in-breeding lo the fulkflt extent. This always prewnis a strong inducement to the fortunate owner of a flrsl-claBs cow or bull lo make a "comer" on their bloe no Jcgal marriage. They were collected from twenty-five States, with great care, ami inrwilj reported by members of that learned body. From such intercson« tlit-re roi^ulled 3,942 children, of whom 1,134 were defective in body. Tea of the^L' caai-s ucre between brother and sister, or parent and child, resulting in thirty-one cliildrcu, of whom twenly-Gve were defective in body and mind, ranging from dwarfs and idiots to scrofulous, insane, deaf, dumb, blind, and hideously deforineil pcn^onH. tiix hun- dred cases were between persons no nearer of kin than first nuisiiii'; ^,778 children were produced, of whom only 'i93 were defective, and these were not bo greatly de- formed as thoHe of the first class- By the then law of Ohio, statistics were gathered upon iliic ^tubject. Included in the above aggregate are reported from that State 165 ca^tf, from which rei-ulled 1,021 children; of these, 244 were defective. From the samt repurtH in Ohio were taken, at random, and from the same counties from which ihi' i>llierB were reported, so as to give a fair average, 125 cases of marriage between pnrticH in no way re- lated. Eight hundred and thirty-seven children were prodiR'cd, of whom only 18 were defective. A like result was believed to ciist in other Slates by the Itnrued reporter of thene cases. A great proportion of the children of these blood relationn ditil young, showing diminished vital force. Here, then, is shown a rapid diminution of vitul force and bodily vigor and beauty, as we approach the most perftel caM'n of iii-nnd-in- breeding. Dr. Walshe says: "The mule, the dwarf, and the idiot, urc .ih certainly the re- sult of the marriage of blood relations, as sorrow is the oSi^prini;; of ein." But, on the other hand. Dr. Voisln, of Paris, from obscrv:iii<.n of 1,077 cases in ihe hospitals of that city, concladed that none could be tr^Li.i! to "hailllof," coo- sanguineous marriages. But the word "healthy" parenui i un lie made to alone for any amount of deformity and disease, for, in any given i"^eey, we have only to assume that the parents bad some known or latent predispoBJilon that produced the detect, under and by virtue of the general law of atavism. licwis F. Allen, in his valuable work on " American Cattle," while strongly ap- proving in-and-in-breeding, feels constrained to say {vid, page ^12): " We are not an advocate of the practice Tunc except in particular cases, and under pecn- ¥■.. 876 BOARD OF ASRICDLTL'RE. liar circanutanoM. There in, indeed, no neceivilr for it, to any extent, is our pop- ular breeds of callle are ao wide)/ dii9lributeecenilier 1 7th, uses this lani^uaga which will bear rep«tiiion : "Select breeding ttock «itb c»re, giving much mora importance to peculiarly ui ful qnalitiee tbnu lo color or any npecin) point, baling our decisions bvlh on the appiarance of the Hnimiil uud llic character of the an- cestry, avoiding long eoniinued close inbreedinj;-" Thomas & Drane, of Clarksville. Tenn., advertise Woxsie G802, one of those wonderful inbred bulU, tracing fourteen tiaes to Ht. Ilelitr 45, and five times to lanihe 4562. Of the same cIbps is Altihia Star 74ST, ret^nlly sold by W. J. Ha<«e1man. Hia blood is almost |>ure inbred from Saturn 93 and Kliea 166. Mr. Walker's catalogue shows numbcrd of such animals. These only iiluetrale the tendency of the day. Such animals would be very valuable for eraHi«s with other of the beat families, but it is our opinion that such blood fhould be mixed thenceforward. I believe that many of as good animsls as (he world has produced are the properly of members of ihin association, and I hope that you may build up great family names for these bnt animals, and mnke fortunes. But a gruater achievo- menl for this aasociation would be to mnke liidi.ina famous for the vigor and beauty of our Jersey cows. Let us have the greaiest proportional number to pro- duce 8(» lbs. of butter per year, rather than ihe greaie.-t number ihst will prodnee four pounds per day tor a few days, and be [iraeticully uaelees for twa-ihirda of tha r JBBBET CATTLB BBEBDINO. IN-AND-IN BREEDING. BY A. a. HEATH, ( Permit me to make a few off-band state mtatn nn thr Kiihi^rt of iD-and-in bre«d- I have not the time al my diiipoaal (rom my maoy cati-b, obllgationn and em- ployments, to do the subject that juslice thnt your Iparncd apKncinlion uughl lo ex- pect from an outsider. Could I be preeent at yniir grave del i be rati on » lo defend my ramlom remarks, I nhould feel the BatiKfacticin of a reply to crilidsroB. But u you kindly nuggeit that my BlalemeoU will Hnd ibeir wbj iolo ihe Jerwj Bullelin, I feel a degne of aworance (hat I ahall b« permitted l« I denire to bring forwarl n living, n poleniial, and a long-eiiiting argumeat ag^iinat in-and-in breeilinj;- And before I reFtr to, or indicate my eiample or illuaCration, 1 wi>h to give some degree of re- •pecl, admiration and oredit lor the subject t doHire to uhc as my first, fon-mostand Btrongeat argument against in-and-in breeding, as It holds equally good in the human, ns in the comparative animal subjects. While I regard the Israelilish people ns the grandest apsocinlion of hnman be- ing:* under the providence of God Almighty, for the advancement of mankind in prosperity, civiliiaiion, and successful human advancement, yel 1 can out ilix^uise the fact ihit the inter and JD'and-in marrii^^ of tlie Jews liiis enlniled ii]Hin man- kind ifae m»t monstrous physical and mor.il evila the world has ever seen. Do- ereplilude, diHeope, suffering and premature denih hare all followed in (he conae- qllent train of human evils. You will see that I have laid the fonndnlion of my argument in history and in fact. I need not, therefore, state that it Ih universally admitted that among Ihe Jews there is a greater degree of deformity, physical infirmity, and mental pros- tration than among any other people of the world, when iheir favored circum- ttani-es are fairly taken into account. Then, I say, that nimiiar inQiiencea operating upon animalp, result in similar phyMcal dJcctH and drgeneraliug results. One or two, or even wveral, incestuous cohabitations of animals may not strike one as iujiirions, when we are blinded by a degree of rcGnement aod be:iuty in the offapring. Bnt wben we study the stamina, iilren(;;th and constitution of the pro- geny in a fiir, full and nnhiaaed manner we shall God a surprising degree of de- feneration. ^ k 878 BOARD OF AORICULTCKB. "^ It IS therefore, deBirable to perpetu&te the excellencies of domealic animala by tnuBferriiig our use of remoter Btrains of blood of the name breed. Thus, bj bieediog arcond, third and fourth couaioa together we succeed. There are eicusiog circumatancee where the oesn^t relations maj be bred to- gether Thus, to perpetnate a nearly eitinct eicellence, or family, this is ei- Cnsable when out-breeding maintalus health, stamina, slrength aud vigor in the future progeny. It IS often desirable to duplicate, or perpetnate, an excellence ia near relations. This Bhould be done even at the risk of aome slight debility, rather than to forever lose ft coveted excellence or quality. This can be compensated tor by reaching »fter desirable and saving, or recuperating strength, n litile way off trora the close consanguinity previously used. This will probably enable me to assert that rather than loEie a desirable quality, I would breed the nearest relations of aoimals together for once, or twice, or even thrice. But if I would not be very cat«ful to fortify Chin desirable quality by ce- menting Htrengtb, health and vigor, I should not oaly lose the deflired quality, but ■Igo much more excellence. This, probably, will enable me to state that in-and-in breeding, when too long persisted in, without ample fortification to maiatain the cuveted exoellence in per- fection, muHt result in depreciation. The excellencies of breed is only the sum total of the excellencies of individ- uals. And IhouRh the breed can not be eo soon injured by the maltreatment of indivldaals, yet il ultimately militates againnt the purity of the flowing stream of the breed; for each animal sends rivulets to the grand elreum, and the purity of thew assures the purity of the grand flowing current of the blood of the breed. I only intended this as suggestive, and not by any [>o^»ibility as in anj degree exhaustive. • But, Mr. Secretary Lloyd, you must permit me the expectation that your argu- ments, pro and eon, will also be published in the Jengy Bulktin, that I may receive the instruclioo on the subject I so much desire from your learned association. f T INDIANA WOOL GBOWERS' ASSOCIATION, PROCEEDINGS OF JANUARY MEETING, 1885. The annual meeting of tlie Indiana Wool Orowers' ABsooiatioa was held in the rooms of Ihe Slutv Board of Agricultiirt^, in the ciiy of IiKliaaipdlix, Jiinimry 29. 1885, at 1:30 o'clock p. H. In the absenee of Presidunt C. T. Nixon, Vict President Hou. Fielding Bei'ler took the chnir. Mr. W. J. Carter, of Wetildeld, Ind,, wae appointed to make a stenoj^rapliii: re- port of tbe proceedings for p Lib Ileal ion. Mr, Cal. Durnell called the attention of the Associati sively without freeh importations of new blood that it may well be adopted as a native sheep. Many excellent flocks are now self -sustaining, and under their American nativity lose nothing of their original excellence. The Maple Shade flock, originally the property of Mr. John D. Wing, of New York, but some years ago divided and now owned by other parties, is one of the many instances of the 8ucoet«fal acclimatization of this most valuable sheep. The Cotswold has an ancient origin or history. It is said to have been introduced into England from Spain, by Eleanora, Queen of Henry II., of England, in the 1 2th century. Although there is nothing more than tradition to support this, yet there is some corroboration of it in the fact that in Spain there has long existed, and is now, a breed of coarsCi long-wooled sheep not unlike the original Cotswolds in some respects. It is known, however, that in fifty years after this early date the wool of the Cotswold fiheep was a source of material wealth, and was jealously guarded by law. Three centuries after this (in 1467) permiraion was granted by the English king, Edward IV., as a royal favor to export some of these aheep to Spain. They were originally very coarse animals, with thick, heavy fleeces, well adapted to their home upon the bleak, exposed Cotswold hills. So valuable and staple a breed could not long re- main without improvement. Naturally the sweet, nutritious herbage of the lime- stone soil covering these hills favored this improvement, and as the pastures be- came enclosed, and agriculture improved in character, the flocks improved with it. AVhen the Leicester became the most popular sheep of England it was made to assist in this course of improvement of the Cotswolds, It gave to the breed a better quality, a smoothness and'rcfinement, and a greatt^r aptitude to fatten, while it did not lesst^n its ancient hardiness of constitution. The modern Cotswold is still capa- ble of enduring hardships and exposure, and is at home on all sorts of soil. It produces a large carcass of excellent mutton and a heavy fleece (if valuable comb- ing wool, adapted, by its peculiar character, for a class of goods of wide connump- tion, it being in demand for various manufactures from the small matters, such as worsted dress braids up to various kinds of cloths for men and women garments. The breed is large, and matures at an early age. A full grown sheep exhibited at a ChriritmaM cattle market in England, dressed 344 lbs. or 86 lbs. per quarter. The weight of the fleece should average 8 lbs. for a flock of all kinds, and some of our naturalized flecks surpass this; uiany ewes have shorn 11 lbs. each. The fleece of Champion of Entj^land weighed 18 lbs. and the fleeces of the ewes of the same flock weighed from 11 to 16 lbs. The famous ram Golden Fleece, owned by Mr. Wing, of New York, sheared, in 1867, 19 lbs. 4J oz. The def*cription of a well-bred Cotswold is as follows: The face and legs are white, but some times dashes of brown or.gray, derived from the original stock, may be found on both face and legs. The head is strong and massive, without horns, and having a thick forelock of wool upon the forehead. The neck and forequarters are not so square and heavy, nor the brisket so prominent as in the best Leicesters, but the hind quarters are square, full, and broad, and the thigh solid and heavy. The back is straight, and broad, and the ribs well sprung, giving a round body; the flanks are deep, the legs of moderate length, and the bone not so fine as in the 1 882 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. Leicester. The general style and appearance is good and attractiye, and indicative of a vigorous, active and hardy animal, and a prime mutton sheep. They are ae- tive and well fitted for gathering a living upon a pasture in which a LeioesCer would hardly thrive. The lambs are active and hardy, and the ewes good mothna. The fieeoe is closer upon the back than that of the Leicester (on this point, Mr. Kavin and Stewart disagree.) The wool some times reaches a length of nine incheti and, although coarse, is soft and mellow. In many of these sheep, the fleece ia beautifully waved. Xo breed is more valuable for crossing than this. It has helped to establish several permanent and valuable cross breeds — the Oxford Downs and the Shropshires in England ; a Cotswold Merino in Germany and another of cross which is well under way in this country, and last, though not least, a promising cross-breed, originated on the Beacon Farm, Long Island, by Mr. Willi Crozier, called the Beacon Downs. It has, moreover, been used to produce many cross br^d market sheep in various parts of England, and is extensively used by our sheep-raipers in the production of market lambs. Being capable of adaptatioa to almost any locality, and producing a wool which, both in its pure state and is its grades, is of wide availability in the woolen manufacture, it may justly claioi to be the most valuable sheep we have acquired, and to promise a more extended usefulness than any other we at this time possess, or can probably procure. Mr. Stewart's work was published eight years ago, and there has been a great improvement in this sheep, in quality and quantity of wool, brought about bf careful and intelligent breeders of England, Canada, and the United States. Had Mr. Stewart written his book four years later, we could with pride and pleasoie have given him much heavier weights in fleeces, and in length of staple than any thing he has recorded. I feel no little modesty in saying (as it may savor of egotism) that in 1879, if I remember right, I sold Mr. Farquhar, our present aeo- retary, a ram, sired by old Gray Prince, that clipped 21| pounds at thirteen months old, and what was very remarkable, he clipped about the same amount the second year, which I presume was about one year's growth, and we have wool om exhibition in this room that we clipped from another son of Gray Prince, that measures 19} inches, clipped at fourteen months old, the fleece weighing 19 pounds. Two years ago thLs coming spring, one whole flock of 180 head of Cots- wolds averaged lOil^ pounds. This is good, considering the number, but many flocks of less number have far surpassed this. It seems e^lmost incredible, when we consider the wonderful change wrought by the art and ingenuity of man with many breeds of sheep, and perhaps one of the grandest triumphs of genius waid ae- complihhed during the seventeenth century in the production of the improvei Leice^ster sheep. It has been nearly a century and a half since the old Leicester sheep fell into the hands of Mr. Robert Bakewell, of Leicestershire, England. They were then large, heavy, coarse animals, having meat of a poor flavor, a loqg and thin carcass, with flat sides, large bones, and thick, rough legs ; were poor feeders, and at two or three years old made about one hundred pounds of matton, the wool was long and coarse, and of only moderate value. By a course of breed- ing, about which he was very reticent even te his best friends, and which he k^ secret from other breeders, he totally changed the character of these sheep, and built up a reputation for himself as a successful breeder, which is second to that of WOOL growers' association. 388 BO ether in the world. He apparently used any animal whatever, without refer- ence to breed or color; nor did he regard relationship, if he considered those •oopled together would be most likely to produce the results he wished to attain in the offiipring. His ideal sheep was to him precisely what the desired Short- fcorn was to the Colling Brothers, Mr. Bates, or Mr. Booth, and all these breeders fSYe their whole soul to the attainment of their one single object. Now for the result of Mr. Bakewell's labor. He began in 1755 ; in 1760 his rams were let for an annual sum of about §4 each. In 1780 he received $50 for the season's use of a MUD. In 1784 the price was raised to $525. In 1786 one ram was let for $1,575. In 1789 he received $6,300 for the use of three rams, all born at one birth; $10,500 for seven others^ and $15,750 for the use of the remainder of his flock, making a grand total of $32,550 for the let of his rams one season. We present these figures to show you what one man can accomplish in money and reputation by the careful, intelligent and judicious selection of breeding animals. The Southdown sheep were as successfully transformed in the hands of Mr.' Ellman. He says when he commenced with them they were of small size, of bad shape, being long and thin in the neck, high on the shoulder, low Miind, high on the loins, down on the rump, the tail low, sharp on the iMck, the ribs flat, narrow in the forequarters, and the only good point they kad was a good leg. To Messrs. Ellman and Webb, and their successors, belong the credit of weeding out all these bad defects^ and to-day the Southdown stands vnrivalled for its beauty and symmetry of form. But you will excuse this digres- sion ; I present these thoughts, hoping they may be an incentive to the members of •or association in the improvement of their flocks. Do not buy a ram because he is cheap (the cheapest usually turn out to be the dearest), but have your ideal type •f sheep, and spare no time, money, or labor to breed up to that type. As to the adaptation of the Cotswold sheep to our own State, I will say that there are portions of our State, and every other State of our Union, that are not adapted to sheep husbandry. An old saying is that sheep must have a dry foot, or disease follows. All men who have handled sheep know that the soil most suit- able for any kind of sheep is, one that is naturally drained with a sandy loam or gravelly soil and subsoil, but as all have not this character of soil, I would say that any drj^ land, naturally or artificially drained is adapted to sheep raising, and I have only to say in relation to (Dotswold sheep, that they will accommodate them- •elvcs to, and do well on any soil that other varieties will. It is said that Ohio and Western Pennsylvania, with their extensive coal-bear- iog formations underlying dry rolling fields, have more sheep than any other State, while New York, Illinois, Indiana and Michigan, which cover an extensive deposit •I lime-stone and sandstone come next on the list. So vou see our State is included with th6se adapted to sheep. What is often considered a lack of adaptation of domestic animals to certain ■oils and climates is nothing more or less than a lack of good, wholesome, nutri- tious food, pure water, and careful attention. Why is it that some men always have fat, sleek horses, and their neighbors have poor, lean ones, with the hair turned the wrong way? Is it because the lean ones are not adapted to the soil and climate? Na The one is groomed regularly, well bedded, watered and fed regularly, and. BOARD OP AORICULTtlBB. last though Dot leait, treated hiiidlj tnd hmnnael/; while the other k ted eoJitft at one feed to do him u daj or two, aad wniercd ererr othrr dHj*, and, h* » salnti- tiil« for yroomitig, be in lreal«d to the bont-hecl or loe of hin mwter occaiionkll;. 80 it is with theflheep, or anj nf mil iompiUc siiiiiial*. 1 am uwarc ri the fact that qnite a number of men in lodiana who inniHied moaev in Coi»no!d cheep wiihin the pnst ten Teara have had bad luck wjih them, anil cimdurlsd they vera delicate creatarea aod nnl adapted to our climate. The Cot^n'«ld'B boom remindi m>i Terj forcibi; of the grange moveniPDt ia our cnonlrr- ^~^H^1v all onr farm«n went into the order, and the great mujoriTj went in bfcnoBe ii woe ihc fatihioii, wilhont underalandiDg the grand and nnhU priQciplen of the order; bat when thej fonod thej had to make a amall sacrifice of time and monov, aod that thev were Dot getting as much mooey out of it as ihry expected, mHoy abitmiooifd the order. The trouble was with the people, not Ihc grang<', fur I am conrinced that it i* tiis beet order ever iottituied for 1 he benefit of the farmer and bis family. So when combing wool was high and tnattoii a good price, everybody embarked in Cola- wolds. Yea, you remember we did not hare any other shei-p scarcely at our fairs bat i of a good thing." utd Id nee. and in tlie meaa- ods, and a little farther ae deinoraliaed and coo- ; very few good flocks of itself; in the early psrt ■e-bred Merino rams sold id Merino cnea an high as • said that these Ehoep could ColBwolda for jeare, and the result w produced more combing wool than oar manufacturers co time fBHhlona changed and women quit wearing alpaca j on the tariff was reduced on foreign wool, and many bee eluded to abandon the bueinew, and the renalt is, there 1 sheep in our State to-day. It is said that history repca' of this century, fine wool wld for $2.50 ))or pound, and from a thousand to two thousand dollars per head, thousand dollars. In fire or six years after thia, it . bo bought for one dollar a head, but they came a Merino rums have sold for five thousand dollars or more. We Fhould not think of abandoning any huBineas ou account of these tenjporarj dcprcBBiona and fluclai- tions. ffoping that the membens of the Indiana Wool GrowcH'' Ai«ociantion may continue lo iicprovo their flocks until they are brought to the highml degree of perfection, I re#pcctfuUy snbuit thia pajrer. DISCfSSION. Mr. DaneU. I do not want to criticLaii the paper, but 1 want to aak Mr. Dna- gan if ho is or b not a friend of the Cot-Rold i-hccpT Air. Dungan. I still have about one liiiudrcd and fifty (.'otawold sheep, and likt thorn, although I have other breeds of tliecp. 1 have been cipcrimcniing with three dittereat hroedsof sheep. A year ago tbia winter 1 bud a nnmberof pnra Merinoa, aome fifteen imported Ehrop-'iiirco, and five or ^ix CotHwold, all fed to- gether. All those sheep were iu good ahiajic when I oommenced with ihem, and in •till Letter shape in (he spring, and I did not sec any diOennce as to hardinea,i'le. It in a conQrmatioa of what 1 aaid in my paper, that what Is often cunsidertd a lack of adaptability is a lack of good treatment. I gave thope tbcep all the clover and timothy hay they could eat, and bran and corn miicd, I am pic3H;d, lod WOOL QKOWERS A8B00IATIOIT. 385 expect to conlinae with the Colenold sheep. What made onr combing vrool to Tilaable in the middle of oar centniy. Our alpaca goods wete produced from bd niiiiD&l in Sooth America called the "Alpaca," aod no other vool yon eniplojed in tlieir mannfacture bat thin. The manufiicturera of England conceived the idea that the wool of Ihe Cotswold, LIdcoId and Leicester coald be maiiufHCtured inU) alpaca goodn, and the United StateH commenced eoon to maDufacture goods from ihe eame material, and hence this long combing woo! came io general favur. Thoiie nlpaca goods so common as an article of dress among Ihe ladiee, were from this w<>ol. ll has not bern long bidco we imported annuallj over iM-enly iniUioDS of combing wool, beaidca the other wool imported here. There was a grand field open and ever^'body went into it, but fashions change and we all know we some- limes go into extremes. When ever; farmer goes to rearing the same kind of ulock tea over-do the thing. It reacts, gentlemen ; mark what I tell jou. Combing wool is not BB high in the market lo-day as when it was in demand before, bnt the time is not far disUnt when the combing wool will be as high as in IB7», 1S71I and 1880. There was not much demand for this woo], and people qnit raising it. In five jcan combing wool will be higher than ever. Alpaca goods are coming in stjie again. Mr. Mcrritt told us last ajiring, after he examined this loDg wuol, "don't Blop rabing this; there will be demand for it." Mr, Homlimd. Is the Cotswold the best breed for producing long wool 7 Mr. Dvngan. Yes, the Cotswold, Ljeicester and Lincoln are all long wool eheep. The Lincoln has the finest woo! of any. JIfr. Hdvland. How about Lincoln sheep, mainl; called Bakewell? Mr. J>ungim. It was in England this sheep was produced, in Leicester, hence the name given. Mr. liotcland. Was the crcu made between the Cotewold and I^eicester after Eakewell got them? Mt. Dungim, No, this was done before. Mr. Hoalai\d. Has Ihe CotHwold any other blood but CotKwoId and Leicester? Jfr. Dmigan. That in a hard qurstion to anewcr. In all those breeds tbej nse dificrcut animals that show nymmetrieal form. Mr. Navin used nothing but Lei< c«Etcr in making his improvement. Men differ on these points. Mt. Jloalaml. Yon don't know jui-t what blood is in the Cotswold. Mr. Dungan. Yes, and manv others. The Lincoln is the largest sheep in the votld. There have been hundreds and bundredx of tliem brongbt to this coQDtrj by English breeder", and Fold as pure bred sheep. The sheep we raised nere pure- Mr. Darnell has the honor of briuging Gray Prince, the grandest sheep ever brought to this coontry. He took the premium at the Centennial Exhibition. I tun very much pleased with the Shropchira. The bhropshircs have much Cutswold blood in ihe face. They prodnce the original better than all ihoie cross breeds. Mr. Ae(iOT. I roust «i>; that I have been well entertained by the rending of Iha Mr. Farquhar. We'havewinteied the Col* wold, Eon thd own and ShropR hi re breeds^ and at clipping lime the Col(>wold sheatcd ij Ibn., F^oiilhdown S lbs., and Bhrop- ■bire 6 Ibp. Taking altogether, 1 think the Cotswold is the most profitable theep t* keep. I can^not speak of the Leicester, Merino and Lincoln, 26 — AOAIODIiTD&X. ^86 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. TIfr. WUey. What number of eheep would you consider proper for a flock m do well, of the different breeds. Mr. Farquhar. I think fifty would be enough, and twenty-five would be better. Mr. Dungan. As we have commenced giving our experience, it would be of in- terest to hear from all the members, that we may know what kind of she^ are be- ing raised in the different neighborhoods, the condition of the sheep; and the feel- ing of the people 8o far as they know regarding the present outlook of sheep hus- bandry. Mr. Beeler. I learn that about 60 per cent, of the sheep in Tezss have been destroyed. W. R. Goodwin^ of the Kansas OUy Ifidicator, The destruction of sheep and cat- tle down there is attributed to the storm. The cold weather has extended farther down than ever known before, and the sleet and snow has covered up the grass from the sheep. At the Kansas City Live Stock Exchange, we have a market for the western trade, and sheep have been selling from 25 cents to $3.00 per head. There have been several hundred sold in the last month at 25 cents per head. For some reason the farmers are bringing in all the ragtail sheep in the country, and there are many of them in Kansas and Miijsouri. I have been trying to find oat the cause of this, but I can not tell you why it is. Some think the tariff has some- thing to do with it. There ia a general skirmish all along the line ; but they are advised there not to be rash in selling oS, but to hold on. My private opinion is, they have tried to use the grade too much instead of pure bred sheep. Mr. King. The gentleman from Kansas has expressed the condition of affairs in our country. We are breeding some high grade sheep ; are now shipping them at low prices, after having to feed a month or six weeks. The lamb trade is spoiled. I used to make it very profitable. The last lot of lambs, connbting of 100 or more, made me no money. The reason of this I can not tell. Men are selling their entire flocks and quitting the business. Mr. Henley. The part I was most interested in in the last address was the adaptation of the Cotswold sheep to the wool growers of Indiana. The general inclination of wool growers and sheep breeders is to get rid of their sheep. I think the gentleman from the West struck the key-note when he said we breed too carelessly and breed scrubs. I have had some correspondence with parties in Kansas 4Uid Texas as to the character of their breed of sheep, and they pay they have not the sheep that they want. Low prices cut a large figure. Men will abandon the business if it i's not profitable. We must import a large amount of wool this year, according to statistics. From the destruction of sheep in the United States, the importation must be larger than it now is. The general tendency seems to be to get rid of the sheep. Some men are keeping their flocks up pretty well in numbers, while a great majority are cutting down in numbers. Men are not careful aboat breeding, and we are losing in price and quality of mutton and wooL I look upon our State as regards soil and climate as being a State in which sheep may be raised profitably. We have much land, low in price, which is well adapted to the raising of sheep. I claim that I can take a good flock of Cotswold sheep and make more money, even at present prices, by forcing them, producing a large amount of wool Jind heavy carcass, making more money out of sheep than hogs. WOOL GROWERS ASSOCIATION. 88T Mr. Bamah. I have had some little experience in raising sheep, and my reaeoir for attending this meeting is to hear from others. I have not been as extensively engaged in it as some, and have not paid attention to improving the different breeds, though I have given that some attention. The last gentleman on the floor speaks of people quitting the business. Ever since I have been in the business I have seen people quitting it. You take a man who has an adaptation to the sheep,, and he will do something with it, notwithstanding the low price of wool. This is one cause, and in many cases it is owing to their inability to manage and take care of them and see in the future something that might grow up. The price of wool to-day is not remunerative, but for mutton g^od sheep would to-day bring 6} to 7 cents, gross. Our best bullocks Reldom do that. Good early lambs are perhaps worth 4J to 6J and 7 cents. It conts less to get Bheep than cattle. Poor land makes poor sheep. My experience has been that where I have treated them as I should they were as remunerative as any other class of stock that I have handled. Mr. Darnell. We would like to hear your experience with crosses. Mr. Bamah. I bought some Cotswold sheep of Mr. Darnell, and I like thent very mnch. Beally, my favorite sheep had been the Southdown. I bred these ewes to an American Merino buck ; from the lambs I took all the bucks, and made wethers or sold them, keeping the ewes. I am now breeding to the Southdown, from which I get good returns. I had some experience sixteen years ago in cross- ing the Cotswold with the Merino, and got a fine flock of sheep. I am getting back to that now. I like the cross very much ; I get the size and form, and closeness and fineness of wool ; in other words, it makes a general purpose sheep for muttoa and wool; also, by crossing with the Southdown or Shropshiredown. Mr. Robe. I think the folks in our neighborhood are tired of raiding sheep, because it is not profitable. My opinion Is we can raine wool in Putnam county for twenty-five cents a pound. L:ist year we got twenty cents, but it did not pay> I breed Cotswold grades, putting a Merino cross on tiiese Cotswold ewes. The low price is genally laid to the tariff question ; I am sure it affects the price three cent9 a pound, and this makes many want to go out of the bupiness. Large numbers are thrown upon the market, which reduces the price of mutton. Mr. Henley. Kushing the sheep on the market in unmarketable condition makes our prices so low. Mr. Wiley. What few flocks have been raised in our neighborhood do not pay. Some of my neighbors were highly elated with the Cotswold, but in a few yeara they were the worst sheep we have. The main reason was putting too many togeth- er, and not caring for them. We are now using the Shropshire cross. Mr. Yoke. I would have a few sheep on the farm if I did not make anything on them, they are better than any other stock for keeping land in order. Mr. TonUinsfm. Before I began the business of raising sheep I had a c^ain pastnre containing many weeds. I had noticed that pastures clean of weeds was an indication of a good farmer. Two or three years ago it occurred to me that it was sheep that had cleaned a certain farm of weeds This man had nice pasture and sheep in them ; so I got some good sheep and put on my pastures and killed out the weeds. It is not every man that can raise sheep successfully, but if you see a man who raises fine Shorthorn cattle and horses, you will generally see a fine 888 BOARD OF AGRICULTURB. flock of sheep. There ib not so much in the breed, as caring for them and diTJding them into small flocks ; they will make a greater per cent, of profit than anj other ' animal. I cull mj sheep very clo^selj, taking out all the rag-tag and bob tAils and •end to the stock yard.s; every sheep left is in good condition for mutton, and my flock U in better c mdition now than I have ever had them. The trade U dull bat if you have g>>od sheep you can get almost your own price. They will make you more money besides keeping the farm in g^ood condition than any thing else will; they can clean out an old fence row or briar patch better than I can. The price of wool is a little off" at present, but I never pay any attention to that; the wool comes in about the time we pay our taxes and we are always glad to g^t it. It is the mutton that I am after and I am running into that stock of shcrp. An old ewe is not worth more than a dollar, but you can sell six dollars worth of lambs from her. I have been letting my flocks out on the shares ; it makes me from fifty to one hundred per cent. I could let out a hundred flocks if I had them. I fur- nish the ewes and half of the increase and half of the wool is mine, and the ordinary flock is mine the first day of September. Mr. DameiL You spoke awhile ago of culling your sheep out, selling the womt •nes because they would not winter over. Mr. TomUnson. The last time I culled only six out of fifty or sixty. I have no thoroughbred Cotswold. I use only grades, breeding to Shropshire bucks. With balf-bloodn and good mutton sheep I make my money. When tht* buckf* get in good shape I sell them ; the ewes I keep over, some of them weighing 175 pounds at two years old next spring. I keep all my sheep in goodjcondition. Mr. — . Do you have any of those bob-tails that sell at 25 cents per head? Mr. Tomlinson. No, sir, I have not. I sold my ragtags for what I could get. I sold five or six to a neighbor, and in a little while they were better than mine. That convinced me that I had too many, as small flocks do best. Mr. PretnU. I think all the diflerent breedn of sheep arc good if put in small flocks. I never put more than forty head together. Walter J. Quick. We are breeding Cotswold and Shropshire, and are convinced that they are good mutton sheep as well as wool sheep. We have had very good iucce^ft in selling, yet the Got«*W()ld are not selling quite so well as formerly ; but we shall hold on to them. While we have cut our flocks down, we are keeping the best and bn»eding carefully as heretofore. Our grades arc mostly Shropshire. We should advocate small flocks; I ihiuk they are preferable to large ones. We don't have more than forty in a flock. In the summer time I think it is very advan- tageous to change our flocks from one tield to another. Turning them in an old field they will clean out old hedge rows and briar patches efiectnally. I want te gay right here that few flocks get enough salt. I am favorable to this rock salt ; it id splendid for stock; it is. perhaps, better than common salt. Mr. Dungan. Please give us the method of using it. Mr. Quick. It Ls not nt-cessary to keep it dry ; put in troughs, it makes a briney which is not a good way to salt. If put in troughs it should be under ashed. A good way is to cut a hole in a log and put some in there; the brine will sink away in the log, and the sheep will gnaw at it. We also use salt and tar a great deaL WOOL 0R0WEB8 ABSOOIATrOK. S89 We tbongfat the ^ub via in our sheep, and we Dsed tar; wotilii pour pine tar in A trough to the depth of three or four inches, then take salt and .-'irliiktt' over tliii; it would sink down in the tar nnd make the larsaltj. TbeBhi?c|> Imil I'tci' HcriEistD this ull the time. We think this in aguod thing, but use it onl; in t!i.> FiimTiier time. Dr. Onutft. Hj habit of lining tar i» to bore fm inch and :i hnlf tio^ tlirce inches de^p, in a log and fill it with tar and salt. The aheep noiiM pil eii'iiigh to keep the fly oS". Mr. Quiet. We have sheds where the sheep can go all tbe tinio nnd l):ivi: accen to it. Tuu will find some sheep there all the time. 3fr. Dutyan. Dr. Conkle, what injurf would occDr from the usf uf t:ir if the eheep would eat more than the aystem required? Dr. Omkie. Ko injur/ ; but some would get on the wool and muki! tliem kiok nnaiRhlly. Mr. ytlntn, I have given mj experience in ahaep raising ))t'fori^ hiiiI n-hnit I might 6ay now would be a repetition of that. I keep a im.ill fluck cif xbi'ep - any about two hundred — and keep them in three separate and distinct liitt, iinil iim not diacouraKrd in the basiness. I told you, last summer, that I cruKHcd my CoLswnld ewee with Merino bui^ks. This I have done, aud had good sni^ci •«. 1 Jiuve Imd more sunc<«8 with that cross than Boyibing elee duriag the last lH('i]ty yi'srs. I have always used a pure breed buck, ua I do with all male aniiii^ils 1 li:iVL' nut beeu aheitering my sheep, with the exception of my buck ]anil<~ :ii>il n.E,'t(l Imcka. Uy lambs are now half blood Mrriiio, and are lively, notwitli-MiKlin^ thix bad weather. They are playing, no doubt, auch a day as this. I ii-.iv,:, ntw, one lot that I am going to put off as mutton sheep. I grade cloxely, and uirii ulj iinnuully as they are In condition tor mutton. I sold my wool last jear fi>r 'Jl ci^iili |icr pound. It was alow price, but I am satistied. They average ei^ht and h, Imlf poQudn to the fleece. I remember, in England. some forty years at^o, wlii'ii ri^ntiits, even then, were much higher thao they are anywhere in this country tr> d:iv, wool wot tben worth about IH nhiltingH per stone (which is fourteen pnuiidi in wi.'l);>il1, or, in our money, 23^ cenls per pound. The English farmer cuiilrl do Hell at llial. We should not talk of being discouraged abont sheep raising. 1 Iieivu ittn':iy..< lir^ crosses, and 1 want somi- one to tell me what should be my next crn-s. uiy cwi >• be- ing Cola wo Id and the buck Merino. I have ihnught of takins ihi' fSlini|. shire. There is a discouraged feeling in out part of the State in regarl tn slicp raising. They complain that the depresaion is caused by the tariff. I am Mirry iliiii sunjc in our country do not know what tariff meuna. I can muke money oil' of i-hicp. The wool comes in a nice time, when money in p-eded, and is very cpiivcniii ni. I Mant to breed the best of sheep for mutton and heavy fleece. I can ko p fifty sliL-ej) as well aa twenty-five, but not one hundred. The selection is half i.lie iiatilr in sliecp raising. Mr. DunjoTL What do yon feed your sheep? Mr. ffeiian. I change my feel. The only grain I feed is cora. but do not jj;ive that entirely until about tbia time of the year. lie t (hem run in ilie iit,>lk field and on blue grow, and eat anything they can get. It is gnod to clianf^e sheep around, but I have obviated this by letting them have frea range nt all my pns- ture land — if it is 400 kctes, ao mucb the better. 890 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. Mr. Beeler, You don't limit them to fifty in a flock ? Mr, Nekon, No, I do not. I let them go together, but I have other stock also with them. Mr. Quick, If we have only one kind of sheep, it is all right ; but if we have different kinds of sheep, and bucks and ewes, we have to have different pastures. It seems to me we would have difficulty in that case, but if he only has grades he don't experience this difficulty. Of all animals, the sheep is the most delicate and particular about food, grass as well as grain. After they run over a pastare a few weeks they get tired of it, and they renew their appetite by changing to a fresh pasture. Mr. Nelson. I don't wish to be understood that I let my bucks run together with the rest of my sheep. I never use tar among my sheep in connection with salt. I salt every few days. They require much salt. They will take a little every day if they had it. Mr. Conner, My experience, when I was actively engaged in breeding sheep, was with grade Cotswold, and was similar to that of Mr. Tomlinson. Bearding the diRposition to sell off and quit the business, some flockmasters said, during the pendency of the Converse tariff bill, that they hoped for the restoration of a bet- ter condition of tariff rates on foreign wools, that in their opinion the present tariff affected the price of wool three or four cents on the pound. I had some cor- respondence with thot^e who were engaged exclusively in the business, and I have had some correspondence with the flockmasters, since the defeat of the Converse bill, who expressed themselves as being hopeful, with the intention of hanging on to the business, while some seem to think the profit in sheep was not so great at pres- ent as in other branches of husbandry. Mr. C. A. Howland. I do not attach so much importance to the tariff question, as relating to the price of wool, as some others. People make a great blow some- times about little things. If there was any profit in keeping sheep when wool wag twenty-five cents per pound three or four years ago, there is profit to-day at twetaty cents per pound. Everything else has come down in the same ratio. There is no good reason to assign for stalling off our flocks of sheep ; overproduction is the starting point of this. There has been an overproduction in many things by the American people, which often occurs; they enter in it with a zest, giving their whole soul to manufacturing implements and raising wool, and out-do any other people. This small matter of two cents a pound should not afiect the sheep hus- bandry. While so many are i^eeking to get out of the sheep business, it is the very time for us to step right in, and have a good lot on hands. We will make money if we do. I have stepped out and in again. My advice is to "Stand by your guns," and in a few years you will make a good thing of sheep raising. Mr. Smiley, I can not say much of interest to the Society. I breed a small flock ; I have full blood Merino, and also some high-grade Cotswold and Leioester. I use Merino buck on my long-wool ewes. My idea is to produce a general pur- pose sheep, one that will produce a fair yield of wool and mutton combined. My flock last season was half and half divided. My sheep averaged 8} lbs., when clipped, for the Merino, and the long-wool a little less than 8 lbs. I would cross with Oxfordshire. I use pure buckp. I sold my wool last year at an average of twenty-tvo cents per pound. WOOL QROWBBS' ASSOOIAlIOIf. 891 Xr. AHenait. I iroQid ratb«r haadle a Shorthorn bull than a shct-p. There in no mone; in th«m for me at present, owing to the low price of iri>f>l. My fnibc?r and I were in partnership in the sheep busineHg. He retired from tlit^ furm, and I conld not attend to all. I preferred hogHand cattle loaheep. If iveiukt tliu right kind of ctre of them, and the price of wool i« ample, there is eijini? nK)i](.-_v in Mr. Bartnen. 1 breed Cotswold sheep, and am better pleased thiii year ihuu I ever was. I make it a rule to take good care of my sheep. A yenr ui^u a nianu- faclnrer gave me a little information on the subject of wool. I wsfnioi nw.iri^ ihut wool ezpoeed to ihe weather was of better quality than "stable" wixit, 1 hud a difierent opinion, bnt he said he would rather buy wool that had bU, and ercn 60 cents a pound. We can produce wool as cheap as any other I'lunlry, Our pastures are ample, and we need not fear England or Germany, or ^ny of those countries of the Old World. I shall TOtc against the motion. Mr. Darnell. I am in favor of Mr. Mitchell's motion, and shall hiipport it. Mr. Neltem. I am a tariff man. We can not rai>e sheep and nnid tinder the present tariff, f shall support Mr. Mitchell's motion. I should like to ai-v the tariff restored as it was. Mr. Milehtll. I am astonished that those gentlemen will say we <'aM rum wool as cheap as in Australia— in that country where land and labor are ru cheup. The United States Congressmen are our servants, and we should tty to have them adjust thb tariff question satisfactorily to na. I am decidedly in favnr of giving expression on that question, so our law-makers may know the wiaheri of the wool growers of Indiana. f" S92 BOARD OV AdSIDOLTrBie. Dr. ConH*. I «m in favor of aaking Congress for protection j if we do Dot m we can not ceceire. We have not com« to the time that we can be put dawn, sod we miiBl be prutacted wi^ all our labor, and if t>e nsk protection *e will gel ic Ifr. Hoidand. It ie good to have sheep pHBtun'd an ihe ground; here is when a part of the profit comee in, nolwithstanding- our land i« worth from $30 to (40 The motion prevailed, and the Chair appointed Meesrs. MitfJicU, NpImd u Tomlineon as committee on tariff. On motion, the fol I owinj; committee waa appointed to prepare a pn^umme fir neit meeting, consisting of Mears. Dungan, IlarkQen and Nebtun. A vole of thanks was tendered Seen t>ry Ilemn of the Sulii Board fnr his ef- forts In securing rales on the various railroads for mombets attending the ounvEn- CouvenUoD adjonraed until 9 o'clocli to-morrow. FSIDAY MORNISG SESSION. Convention met at 9 o'clock, President Beeler in the chair. The reading of the minutes of the previous lesBion was dispf nsed with, BI.ECTIOtf <1T OfVlCSaa The result cf the balloting was: iVejid«ii(— Hon. Thomas Nelson, Bloomingdalo, Via Pre»trf«ni— John TomlinBon, Shelbjville. StcrrtorjF^l. J, Farqnhur, Winchcxtec. TttanuTcr — J. L. Thompson, Arcana. Mr. Bungnn. 1 regret very much that those petsoiu whose names appear on the prt^rammc are nut licru; it often plo/^en as in b bud poaiiioQ, an we ciime here to hear thos* suhjects dittcusHed wliich are full ui interest to the wool growtn. Mr. Letting. I am not well prepared to give my ideas regarding the Shrop- shire. I am young in the businc-s, but le:trnliig :tll I cun by guthering idiai- from others. It is a matter of great importance lo kno* the diflcrenee bttween the Shropshire and Soutbdown. They are Kometiines difficult to distiuguish. I •act gome one to write an esaaj cbardCteriatic of the difftrence, so I may know fjjiue- thing more about tbem. Mr. Hotcland. I should like to have Mr. Duogan give uasome knowledge os the Sliropehire, not the ShropHliiredowns. Mr. Dungan. I have talked too mwh in tlii?sc meetings in former years anil am trying to quit ofT a little. I have been a member of ibis usaooiation iuagcr than aur one present, and feel, and aJvays havo fell an intereBt in the succckb of WOOL QROWBBS ASSOCIATtOH. this usocintion. In relation to the Shropshire, my eiperience is qnilL? l\mi h»Te only been keeping Shropi-hirea two yeare, I imported twelve heaii ■ daced by a cross between the Cotowold and Uampahirpdownt, but tiit.' ih: Istic of the Colswold is nearer than the other sheep. The head and i:m<:r of the Oxford sheep resembles the Cotawold. The Cotswold posseffi.L-fl ihc p transmitting the good qualities to the oflspring. The Oxford shoep U tl on the Cotawold and Hampshire down, and it Is a grand sheep, Ur^ir tl Southdown or Shropshire; in fact, tl Is the largest of the downs. In r. hiili adaptation to Ihe wanls of the peopis, I have no doubt but it is om; of t yet they do not produce as heavy fleece or carcass as the Cotawold. Mr. Sdion. Is this Horfe Common sheep identical with the black I^irpit Mr. Dttngan. It is a black-legged sheep. It was produced in Eoghmd, of Scotland. Mr, Ntlson. My knowledge is limited in that matter. If thatflherp is ii with the Scotch sheep, there is not much change. I have my doubts w^ u, i origin of the Shrop*hire nheep, ai there would be no down in their oiiite ni wa» quite cusloraary. in raising their early lambs, to aekct Scotch »hi'e|i, H or Leicester, jind all become white-faced. This Morfe Common sheep U n,>i Mr. Hoviand. I would like to hear a geuerul diNcuwiuu i,\\ ilic of the Shropshire sheep. Il is something that [ am iutere--ted in, and here to learn about it. 1 am disappointed, in view of ihe fact that vr'e li come to any definite conci union regarding the origlo of this sheep. 1 -ii; the committee has not completed the programme, that they continui.' Mr. ' son as an ewayist for next meeting, and ask him to prepare a paper on llji^ Mr. Leverinj. I notice quite a number of breeders are favorable in iln toced sheep. I confevi that I like the black face the best It is ttio m'l-t tive feature between the Southdowis and the Shrop^hircdownn. Eciuii'thi difficult to d«Ene the features on Ihe Southdownn, ShrupshiredowiH :iiid downs. The bci^t feature of the Shropshire in they have thin ears and m II ^ on Ihe neck, and have a bunch of hair between the eari. I should like been suggested, thai Mr. Thompwn, In his address next year, give us lii'> di- cross of the Shropshire and Hampshiredown sbecp. We do not call lh<. ( down sheep. Mr. Pruitt thinks it is a cross of the native black ^)i>.i-fj, i ■eems to t>e a difference of opiuion In this respect 'ThliitatemBDtrsfsnto Enflaad as It wu aosnturr aso- -^ ^ •a- i Oifi BOARD OF AORIOULTCRE. ^r. Dmngan. To m; record book there is a very valuable note, uken from an addre«e by one of the moBt prombeDt mea of England. Perhaps it would be per- tinent to read it bere. [The article in question »m bere introduced and read to the eonveniioo, but ii misaing.] JUr. IMeoB. I am convincetl more thsji ever that the Shropshire breed don't come from the black sbeep of the norihero t^iotis of Englaod. People nnd slock don't spread around there like they do here. The climaie is different. The very kind named in that article are in the south part of Englund. Mr. Dangan. I will stick close to Mr, Btewiirt's worka. He has done more tfasn any man in ihe United Stales to inveatigate the origin of shepp. I am ronvincied when I handle and look at the Sbropehiro that there ia ctTtaJnly a crow of long wool in them. Mr. MUrJtdL . We get the black face from the Southdown. The Southdown i» the ori)(inalor of the black face aheep. Those long h-imcd sheep, accustomt-d to the hills of Scotland, are a hardy variety. They inhabit Ihe hills of that country, and are known by the peculiarity of their horna. To my knowledge in the low lands the larger »heep have predominated, but in the Grampian hills the Cheviot sheep are there in immense lots. The Southdown has been from time immemorial a good Bhfcp in England and Scotland. The Oxford in a more recent crois. The Hampshire is an older sheep than any. The Oiford and all the down« f^prang from the Southdown. Mr. Dungan. The Oiford is produced from a cross with the Southdown and Ha m pbh i red ow n. Mr. FraUL The Shropshire has, without doubt, Eome bkxittidown blood. Mr. MiltheU. Thetie sheep derived their n&iue fniiu the country in which they originated. It is the same way with cattle and hogf. Mr. Stevrorl claims ibc original type of the Shropshire. Mr. Ihtngan, You don't claim the Southdown ia older than these other breeds, do yon ? Mr. MUchtlL I think it is. Mr. Hoalajtd. I think it would be well to discontinue this discussion and mak* it a subject mailer for next nieetiag. It is a question of great inl^recit as to tlw Shropshire. The origin is of Bo great a date that ne can hardly tell much about it, but few aulbors have written oit the sabjecl. If ihc Shropshire ip the b«l at Prenent Prices of Wool and Mutton toFarmenof Indiana?" Hon. Thoroan Nelson^ Btoomiagdate Indiana. 4. " Preparing Sheep «nd Lambs for Market." A. C. Bemy, Indianapotis. 6. " DistinguiHhing Characl eristics of the Southdowns, Ozfurdilouns and Hamp^hiredowns." Mortimer Levering, Lafayette, Ind. 6. "Influence of Climate, Feed and Shelter on the Growth and Fjlipr of Wool." J. R Tomlinson. 7. The Shropshire Downs; their origin, together with their adajitntion lo the wants of the sheep raisers of Indiana. J. I... Thotnpeon, Arcana, Ind. a W. DoKOAS, Thokas NE].8nK, John B. IlAnuLKae, Mr. MerrilL The Merino fleeces will shrink from 70 to 80 per cent. We have eeteral samplea sent us from Illinois and other Slates. Mr. , Is it best to shelter wool or not? ^fr. MfrrUL My observation is that the pheltering of wool an practiced is injurious, but I can not see but that a moderate amount of eheltur fnim the severest storms would be beneficial. Anything that keeps the xheep Ik'uIiIi]' vill improve the quality of wool, and anything that injures the sheep will !i1ho :ilIi'Ct it- Sheep when sheltered ire liuble to get too hot, the wool is generally we:ik imd tender, breaking easily, and unlit for combing purposes. Sheds, where they cun get under and out ut will, would probably be better, Mr. HfAtfand. Have you bad any experience with any of thope e:itra fine fleeces from sheep not permitted to gfi into the weather at all? Huve you bad any of that kind of wool under your treatment? Mr. Maritu Yes; they are inmenee in the way of Bhrinkage; the fiber is not matetially bark Mr. JOUeMI. I t«ke good care of my eheep; I do not compel tbcm to go into the bam unless they want to. I have shelter easy of acoen, and they go and come at their will, and when a storm comes they are sure to run there. I think this in probably the beet plan for sheltering sheep. A sheep has a wonderful instinct. It is remarkable (o read of some in Scotland protecting themael Tee under snow- drifts, and finding feed when the snow is deep. They can always find shcltfr. I think it is bettor to let them go to shelter when nature says go. What we want ie oya BOARD OF AORICULTLRK. to gol a wool that will be acceptable to the wool huvers, with a good mutton car- case combined ; if we don't they will nut give good returoa. I thought the Shrop- shire was going ti) be that uheep, but from what ynu nay, I am a little off. I am afraid of the Merino, but think they will do in the range. Hove you had Cota- |rold croaeed with (he Southdown fleece? Mr. Mariu. Sach a croaa would not be profitable an lo luumifac'tuna. The Southdown is a light shearing sheep, but you would keep up the mutton ([ualitics. But do you think it impossible, by careful selection and cro>>eing the Merino with the Cot^wold, to keep up tbe quulityf Ut. MilchtU. You seem lo ruD Mfaore; you dnii't know whether t» go back to the Cotswotd or keep Meriao. If we could atop ii would do, liut we hare lo keep going on crosfing. Mr. MerrilL There U a taarked difierence betwevn tlic Merino and Mexican- cross sheep. We get those croaseH from Kansas; often there is material in them that is unfit for anything. Mr. MUeheU. Have you bandied those Hampahiredown Heecee? Mr. Merrill. I do not know them at all. Mr, Milchell. I want to use the most proRtaMe kind of xlieep for wool and mutton. The Shropshire don't seem to be the kind Mr. Merritt wants. Mr. Merriu. Last year I bought Shropshire wool and paid two cents leaa than (or Cotswold. I paid full price the year befora, but lost money on il. Mr. MileMl. I had 300 fleeces last year, sixty of which were cronsed by Shrc^ shire buck and Cotswold ewes. I thought I would realizu umch from thorn, bat only got eighteen cents per pound. Mr. MtrritI, What U your objection to following up crosses HrsI on one side and another, keeping your cross ai> near half blood as you can? Mr. MUchctt. When you do too miich crowing you injure the animal. If yon ■commence one way, then annther, you don't know wlietlier you are going to get the type of the animal or the liktm'ss of the progeny. I would rather get a good sheep end hrted right in that line. We must u^e pure sire*. Mr. Merrill. The only objection is not for breeding purposes. Jlfr. MUfMl. If we do not use a pure aire the lambs will not be like him, b>- -CBUse it is a croNs breed. No, «ir, we want a full-blood buck, that he may transmit his qunlitips to the lamb. Mr. Holland. I hold that the Shrepsbirc is llie bc»t gcni'ral purpose sheep 1 «ver came across. Il may turn out that I may havi: to take two oents a pound Ie« for wool. That is a secondary object; the mutton i.-< the tiling I rai^ nheep for. Living close to the city, aa I do, I sell my lambs. Two or three years ago medium wool was most desirable for the manufacturers here. They never objected on ac- count of being Shropshire, and I generally got the best prices for wool. I got 21 cents last year, and it was mixed up with the Shmpshire breed. 1 think I got 25 cents a pound the year before. The fashion chan^tes, and we have got to consider whether certain breeds of sheep, though a little out of fashion, sometimes wonid not be best to raise. To the man who raises fifty sheep it is a i^mall matter whether the Uriff is on or off. I have looked at this thing very carefully. Tbe tariff is for the benefit of the large sheep raisers. Wheth'-r it would benefit tbe people or i WOOL GROWSaB' ASSOCIATION. 399 Indians [irmere generally is ft doubtful questioD. Not more than i)n: nr^l uliiit^^clber ■ lack of interest in the afsociation, but due to the cold weather. 1 iVnr v.i might make a mistake and it would be best to let it go by ibia year. Molifiu lust. M. J J. Farquhar offered the following reeolution, which woh udnpitii. Sa(^jxd, That when this association adjourns, it adjourn Id a\w\. iiti ihc last Thnisday in January, 1S86. On motion of Mr. Mitchell, Hon, Fielding Beeler, was appointed » [k'U'gale to the Agricultural Congress to be held at New Orleans, February lOlh. The following substitute for article 3, of the Constitution, wn^ iifioreil by Mr. Dnngan : This associttioa shall hold its meetings annually in the mnnth ot Jntiiiary or February, the date to be aunonnced in due time before each uKeiJn^ by ilie secie- X^ry. The election of officers shall be held at these meetings togellic r wiih all other bnsinecB and discassionH pertaining to the association. Special nutting muy be called b; the President, A vote of thanks was tendered the Kansas City Indicator and tbi' N'uiinnul Live Stock Journal, for their faithful reports of the meeting. Also a vote of thanks to Secretaij Heron of the State Board, i' well known that it needs no description from my pen. It ia a well-recognited fuel that they may be kept in larger flocka than any other sbeip, anil will ttland more eipos- nrf, their wool being more compact and containing more yolk and oil better pro- tects them from inclement weather. And the records hliow that tbej arc the heaviest shearem known among the sheep family, not only in pounds but better price, as was fully demonstrated at the late ah eep-ah caring festival of the Indiana Wool Growers' Association, hi'td at Indianapolis. praErunmo, hut oHioE to illDeFt at tha anther, was m 1 1 WOOL orowrrb' association. 401 ■ But DotwithElanding (he numerous good points of the Merino, w« find ooiiiparu- tivelj few Merinos in Indiana. The farmer han not taken to the Merino, and we often hear the quextlon aaked at our fairs, " What kind of a she«p is that dirtj black thing over there 7" showing that thej are not so common. Tht Merino haa, in the last few years, got a back-set from the low price of wool, it bemg raised mor* eepeciallj for wool. Some Bay the canne was overproductioD ; some t;ay IhiiL it was low larifl'; some saj that it was because the Bepublicans were in puwcr t^i) long - but these questions I shall not atlempt to settle, neither shall 1 lejl you what the present Congress will do in regard to the tariff, but I shall not be surprised if they do nothing. Then we miiet take things as they are and not wait foi ihcm to get ae they should be, m the gentleman did when he entered the public library pre^iided over by a lady, and a^ked tor the book "Woman as She la;" the lady informed him that that book was out, but that she had another book, " Man as He Should Be," The gentleman took Ihe book but never returned it. Now, gentlemen, I iim in favor of taking the present price when we con do no better, and nut returning a siDgle ('ongrcssman that votes against the wool interest. Now, sir, with the low price of wool there is one point nettled for ibe wnol grower in regard to the sheep — that is that he can not raise sheep for wool eidu- lively, but he must bundle a sbeep that will go into ibe market as mutton at b good price, and also one tliat will shear the best fleece possible for a niuttun slii-ep ; then, sir, we wilt not be iu the fix that Mary Ann was when she kid two bL>aux, She said, "If lean not get Tom I will take Jo, and if I can not get .In I will take Tom; but I do not want both." We sheep raisers want both fleece and mutton. And ray experience and obnervation has taught me that a cross of Merino blood on the common sheep, Southdown, Sbrop hired own or Colswolds, will increoiie the weight of the fleece and produce a wool of the greatest value and of the greatest demand of any wool produced, there being more fabrics manufactiirc'd from thie class of wool than all others. YoQ who attended our lati- shcep-slie^iring fcdtival well recollect the sheep shown by Mr. O. Pursel, being a cross'of a Merino buck on a Cotawold ewe which sheared sixteen pounds and took the lirst premium on wool in the grade department, ontweighing the premium fleeces of all other sliL'ep except the full blooded Merino, showing a sheep both adapted to wool and mutton, iind I doubt much whether we can make a better cross than the Cotswold und Merind for the farmers' sheep, although I have succeeded well in croteing Ihe Merino on high grade Shropshire, getting a good sheep in site and a good flc-i^te in rjuulity and weight. Qentlemen, it is easy to talk of grades and cross breeds, but when wo come to continue this crossing, grade upon grade or full blood upon grade, then, sir, you need all your judgment, experience and skill to know what to do when you get to certain polntH. I have used a Merino and Shropshire buck, crossing back and forth on each other's grades, the original ewes being high grade Cotswold, and have failed to retain the size of sheep and weight of fleece of the Grst crossi the first cross being better than the ewes crossed upon. I have emue lo the con- clusion that after a few crosses you mnst fall back to an original net of ewes to breed from, or get a buck of the same blood as the ewes vou started vvtih. But I think the coming sheep is yet to be produced by a wise crossing from 26 — Aq RiciTLTuaK. 402 BOARD OF AOKICULTORK. TirioDE breedB; that is, the eheep that is to cat the grass of the eommuo fanner Rnd till oar butcher's stall witli mudoQ and hirnwh the wool that elolhes the mill- ions, and in ibia coming sheep ire nhall find a good per cent, of Merino blood, let the reniiinder be what it may. We find nu eboep that leaves iu impress on its offspring as a grade atronger than the Merino. Now let every sheep raber stud; well what the character of the criming sheep should be, then let him breed ui as U> produce that Ifpeof vheep which will give the Jargent profit for tfaeAmalleat outlay, and tw the object of this paper was not !o laud the Merino above other ^heep, but to point oot some of lie charaeleristies of the Merino, then- let him who dislikes the Merino follow the conree tbat thought atid intelligence mny suggext. INDIANA SWINE BREEDERS' ASSOCIATION. Tbe ninth KDim&l mee'ing of the ludiajiB Soine Breedei>' Asaociaiion, met in the rooms of the State Board of Agricaltnre, in the City of Indiuiiapijlia, January 28> 1886, %l 1;30 o'clock p. h. In the tlweDce of President Jones, tbe Vice Preudent, Mr, D. L. Thomns, called the meeting to order and waataade the prvaidenl pro (em. The Secretary, Mr. W. H. Morriii, also being abaent, owiog to gevere indispoBi- tion, Mr. W. E. Jackson was requested to serve as Secretary. Ouluotion, Hr. W. J. Carter, of Westfield, Indiana, was appointed to mnke a stenographic report of the proceedings for publieattou in the annual agricultural The secretary read the minutes of last meeting which ^rere approved. Mr. Mitchell, of the State Board of Agriculture, made the following rerbal re- port in reference to the proposition made at the last meeting to bold u Fat Stock Show: During the spring of last year, in order to carry out the wishes not only of the Swine Breeders, but aUo of the Shorthorn BreeJers, the Slate Board of Ajiricul- tuve appointed me locanvassthecity to ascertain what could be done before attempt- ing to hold a show. Th^t canvass wis made and $1,500.0(1 subscribed; in the mean- time a great flood came in the Ohio valley, and the people were called upon to con- tribute liberally to the relief of the suflerers by this disa«it'r. and also being a year of high political excitement, we thought best to postpone ibe Pat Stock Show. JIfr. MilthdL Tt has been our custom to invite the Governor to call upon as some time daring the session. I move an invitation be extended to him lo visit onr meeting before its adjournment. The Chair appointed Messrs. Mitchell andBeveal to confer wiili bi^ Excellency on the subject Mr. WiUvmt. I wish to call the attention of the asfociation to the death of oar aged friend Samuel Dragoo, of Edinborg, one of our beat and moat experi- anced swine breeders. I think it would be proper for this (iRMciatioo to draft ap- propriate resolations concerning his death. On motion, the Chair appointed Messrs. Williams, Cooper and Barker to draft •Dch reaolutions. 404 BOABD OF AORICULTrRB. D. L. Tkomaa. I would like lo know wbrit ihe Stale Pair Assi regarding a show of hogs under twelve maDthn oid. Mr. Mitchdl. This will come up before our Februar? meetingof [he Stnle Board. Mr. WiUiamt. I move that we recommeml ibe premitim llnl laid down by th« National Pair AssociatioD, with the exception that we have two classes under one year old. 1. N. Barker. I second that motion. Mr. WiUxatta. A small breed of hoga vrill allaiu their gr*wlh enrtier than larger ones. It will be better lo hare one jear old and over than one veur cdil and yonnger. Note the fact that there la but one clofH for bunrt and pows iindfr ime vear which I regret very much. I would rather bnve livo Klafsex under one year and one over a }ear. The Ohio State Fair \.\sl nuyit: Be«l boar under one ytsr. and a\m, best boar under six moathi — their liiii i^ divided into two claaieen thai capitalii-ls are being in- duced to make large investments in blLKii.' i slock. Kow, for my pari, I know of no other means so potent in awakening hi> li tu'nil an interest and so much eartlu-t- neaa in the work as the county, district ninl Htale fairs. From year to year the progressive farmer, the slock feeder, the lnn ilci' hai attended ihese fairs at wherein he may learn many valuable let.-. ins in regard lo h' we believe that the present high grade of sivine would be found among the fjirmcra, that the large herds of recorded swine imir in our Stale would be in eiistence, were it not for these annual competitions whii'h bring together under the scrntinlxing glances of farmers and breeders, feeders anil imckerB, the best Bpeeiuiens from their lespeclive herds? At lhe*e exhibitions encli notes the iniprovemenlmnde by others, and soon applies the lesson to his own ht'rd:<. Indee^l, I wonki say here that the prize money, compared to the other benetiia derived frum these shows, is u very in- significant item. The cheapest meat is produced from sivine. So other animal will, from so small a beginning, attain such growth in iiini five to nine monthx, and thia from the direct productaot every farm where uiiscil farming is practiced. .Vccording to the latest mctlioda of preparing and uuriiiM pork, the most popular weights for pigs seem to run from 180 to 225 lbs.; thewe command the best prices fur the great- est part of the season. With the most inijiroved breeds of swine such weights are readily attained at four months, an averagi; gain of between one and one aud a half ponnds per day, and it is generally conceded tiiat the firel 100 lbs. is the cheapest 4fii BOARD OF AORICULTURE. It ia said, OQ good authority, that the DumLcrof owners of tlioroughbred animali to-day, bj comparUioa with eight or tea yeai-d ago, in as ten tooue; andio thoaewho have not carefully watched the growth in thie particular, Che results of a comparison between 1874 and 1S84 would be moat Barprisitig. Hardly a neigborhood but what ooDtaios some apecimena of improved stock, and in many one can not pass a single tmxm of which the aame may not be said. To-duy, in Indiana, we have five bun- dled recorded pure-bred awiue, where six ymra ago there were nnt ten. Evidence prevails everywhere that people are determined to teat the v:ilue of bloiKl in their domestic animals. This means encouragement to brceder«. The firvt relief from financial depreeaion will result in a large demand for breeding Bninials, and on a Lberal scale, resulting from the conviction in nien'iii minda Ibal by thus improving their stock, they will be taking an important Btcp lowardsilie improvement uf their own interests. It ia Dot too much to expect that the progress of the next decade will be fully equal to, if it does not surpass, that of the IuhU While the ultimate end of all meat-producing unlmnb is the meat barrel, there are tew of our farmers who have had an opportunity to compare the several breeds^ of awine when well fattened and dressed, ready for con»>umptlon. Now. if our State Board coutd be encouraged Co hold a fut-^Iock Bhow here in our midst, that would be an important step in the right direclioD. I have faitli that the swioe breeders of Indiana can make one of the fiaej-l exhibits of (at hogs ever held ; the show of swine at our annual State Fair is one of the finest in the world. I have recently seen reported a paper, read at au lovrn nUitk oieeciug, exprefuing the view that there should be but one great national fut-elock ithnn. I mnaC say I can not agree with the speaker. _A larger show might lioubtlcss be Hecured in that way, but I am sure that, in (he aggregate, the good efiects of four or five shows in various parte of the country wollld be much greater. No reporla, however fully publislied, can equal in practical benefit b personal inspection and study of (he ex- hibits, and the further the reader is from the scene of the show the more slender his interest. A show at Indianapolia wollld secure n much tai^r ntteodance of farmers from Indiana, Western Ohio, and even Eastern and Soalbem lllinoLi, than the show at Chicago. I venture to say fur the Indiana swine breeders, that they are thoroughly enthusiastic, and enthitsiasm, un haji been well auid, is the tocotnotive that draws along the highway of progntis the great ideas of civilizs- ^on. We are organized, gentlemen, and organized enthusiasm is simply irresist- ible. Mr. Tkomtu. Is the first 100 lbs, thecheapcHt meat made? Mr. Reveal thinks i( is; I do not think it is if we count the exfienau of keeping the sow. Mr. Reveal. If he is going to count the Gxpen*« of keeping the xow I am beat, and will give that up. Mr, Williamt, As to the coal of the fiist lOO lbs., 1 Hbould look at it juat Ui& way : For instance, we have a sow weighing 400 1b«, when she liaa pigs, say six in Dumber. By the time those pigs are weaned she lia» lost l-'fl to 200 lbs. There a that much lose to make up a gatD on the pigs. If you get u pig at three montht old to weigh 80 to 90 lbs. you have good pigs. They arc now through with the sow. BWiKB brewers' ASSOCIATIOH. 407 gettiog 160 Ibe. off of her, and feeding three timea a daj the last six wetke. Take thcae pigi aod put aoother 100 lbs. on so aa to make tbeni weigh 180 to 190 lbs. at six months old ; the second 100 lbs. is as cheap as the first. Jfr. Mvttard. Will it pa; to keep the bow 7 Mr. SoMoi, The question is, making the flrsl 100 lbs. the cheapest Af Kr a pig weighs 100 lbs. it eate considerable but not much before. If you go to GOO ur 800 Ibe. it will cost more, as the anima! grows slower. The question is, nbicti ia the cheaper hundred. I claim that the first is the cheaper. Mr. Mtalard. I am feeding a little just now for ftin. The first 100 Ibn. won't pay at all, if yon stop there, but (he second will. Mr. Barker. Yon want to know if the first hundred is not the cheapir. I am satisfied there is iiot much difference. Mr. Afugtard, We must take into consideration the keeping of the sow. It may be, Mr. President, that you snd I are a little off, but I think thatislhe right way to look at this ; after the pig weighs 100 lbs. the sow has nothing to do witli it, Mr. Dye. It does not occur to my mind that we should take out the rent value of the BOW for the first 100 lbs., but only the cost'of feeding her while the pigx nre growing the 100 Iba. Mr. Beder. We should take into accooot the time and expense of f«eiliiig und caring for the sow from the time she was served until the pigs are weaned ; also of the boar which would serve many sows. Mr. Thomat. I am satisfied that I can put on the second 100 lbs. t(iecheaper nftcr caring for the sow and paying for a graded boar. Mr. WiUiame. I can take a hog that has got its growth and in thin order, and put fiesh on cheaper than on one that is growing. A pig that is growing you must have some feed for bone and muscle, while if it has its growth il fattens mure readily. Mr. Retieai. Do you advocate keeping hogs thin for breedeis? itfr. WiUiamt. No. I can n«t sell thin hogs. I believe the best reaitlUi in our herd have been from pigs under gr«de and left at home. They have made some of the grandest show hogs we have bad. Mr. ThoBua. With sows and pigs running on grass, the sows will gel tliin by the first of September. Mr. H'iUtnnM. It takes more com to make the sow, bat all she has to di> i« to eUnp. Mr. Dye. I want to know if there is any breeder here that has eiiierimenled as to which would make the greatest gain, feeding in good flesh or a thin hag; 1 never read of bnt one experiment of this kind, that man moved on a f»rm and let a part of hia piga rnn on clover and did not feed any grain more than feeding ID the fall. The others he fed some grain during the summer, and he stated ihnt the hogs that were fed through the snmmer put on flesh more rapidly than the nihers. Jfr, Oo(A. I have had some experience in feeding hogs, counting Ihe cost of feeding sows and boars the first 100 pounds is not the cheaper. In fact it coiiIr con- ■iderablfe to keep a sow through the winter, and by the lime the piga nre weaned they are ready to fatten. Counting the cost makes the second 100 jKnincU the cheaper, btlt it we do not count the cost of feeding the sow and kee[Hn^ the boar, the first 100 pounds is the cheapest. ^?^ ^,' 408 BOARD OF AaniCGLTUBB. These t>t stock shows are great cducatorB. o witness that show at Chicago. He i in one week about meat produciDg qualities tlmn lie would in n year any other way IE we do not have one of oar own I would rccommetid lo go eren is (ar as SaD Francuco to attend one. It is a grand affair. Mr W E Jadcetm. I am not going (o buahwhiick, fraui thii< fact, I hardly coincide with the fat stock ishow at Chicago. Laat fall I wan there. There is do one who doubts b.ut it was a grand ebow. From the eagtcrn pari uf the Stale there were very few breeders, and aa a whole we were not well represented. It wa» a large exhibition, worth a trip to go and see, but it in a little out nf our reach. If we had a fat stock show near home, we would be more benefited ihsn to hiiTe one at Chicago, altbough a larger one. I am in accord with an; movement ihnl would tend to incr«a)« our knowledge and lead to raising more thorouglilired stock. In- diana, in proportion to siie, stands first in the production of pork ; why ehall we not still hold oar ground? There is no reason why we should not. If we met with reveraes last year on account of the flood and the political campaign, we should not become discouraged, t favor starting on asmallhcale hi>re ai Indiann.poliH. We need not confine it here, but organiie it in conjuociion with other national shows. As we have other organizations I see no reason why we xhoiild not take steps in that direction, on behalf of the breeders of Indiuua of the various kinds of stock, and start a small show this next fall. Mt. WiMia^B. Is is no use for us to undertake a fat stock show. There are thousands and thousands of dollars donated at Chicago to aid that show. When I went to Chicago 1 was surprised to see so few people there. Nevertheless the show was great. While there I saw (he grand sweepstakes hug and also its owner. It was of the Poland China breed. He had betn "trimmed," and a man paid ten cents a pound for every pound of flesh he put on. He was fe!i>etliiiig more bulky and less concentrated than corn if the feeder expects to kei]> Ihcm in a healthy condition for any great length of time. I find pumpkins the cheapest and best feed to give in conoeclion uiih corn of anything I ever tried, and hogs will fatten much faster when so fed iliaii when con- fined exclusively to com, and as pumpkins are so easily and -ohcuply ruiaed, it will readily be seen that pork thus uade is much cheaper than when produced ex- clusively on com, and the hogs in a much more healthy and nainntl condition, hence more profitable; and as profits is what we are all after I would recommend this plan for health and profit When hogs are so fed aod hiivc the run of a grassy lot or field, they will be in fine condition for market in Nuvcmbcr or earl; ID December, and the pork thus made is cheaper and healthier ib:in that made from hogs carried over winter and marketed at eighteen to twenty ninnlhs. Pigs, when fed on my plan, will be eight to nine months old when re:idy for market, es) will weigh from 275 (o 3M pounds BOARD. OF AO&ICDLTURB. DtaCUHSION. Mr. Wiilianu. 1 hare two sowa vhich hud pEgs in Nuvember. Cold weather came on, and thejgotcoDBtipated. I fed them onE-lialf pumpkin every daj, cooked, and they done well. I believe that hogs kepi through Lhe winter Ehould hare pumpkins. It is oae of the besi health producers vtv have, eilher cooked or raw. Mr. Ratal. I have nocriticism to offeron Mr. Bnrker'.-i renjurka. Mr. Barker advocaled iu his address feeding the cheaper food fur making pork for proGL I would i>sk if those pumpkina would not have buen mnre beni-flcial cooked. Is it not economy to feed some cooked food ? I am inclined tu think it is. Mr, Mutlard. I have been eiperimentiag some with pumpkins. They are one of the best things to feed to swine there is. They relish them, and they keep the bowels iu good condition, besides they are a cheap artitle of diet. We can grow a large crop on an acre of ground. I intend to feed mure hereafter than I have done. They are good to feed to brood sows. Yon oever see a Kick hog if ilsliowels are in good condition; if sick, their droppings are nuL natural, but constipated. JIfr. Beder. I would add my testimony to the benclit of puupkins. They are of great advantage in the feeding of awine, and also good for cattle in the fall, preventing constipation. They are easily raiiwJ. -^ very good way to plant, is every seventh corn row, the spnce betwen the rows giving room for them to vine. As to cooking, I have never had any experience with thiit. However, I Ihink it wonid be attended with considerable loss/ as they are quite bulky, and would re- quire much handling. Mt. MwSard. Do you leave out the row of com 7 Mr. Better. Yes, sir; I leave it out entirely. I can among llie corn, very well. Mr. Cook. I always cook my pumpkins. Aiier the con 1 want to know if Mr. Barker fed his hogs all the pumpkin Afr. Barker. I aim for my liogs to eat their ford up clea first and then pumpkins, they would leave the corn and go tt has been a good full to keep pumpkins, and a nio hogs are able to digcKt and assimilate fond when you give some pumpkins. I have also given apples with good results. I want to give my brood sows some sugar- beets, apples or potatoes. I know nothing about hog cholera, and think as long as I am careful to feed on raw potatoes and hoets, iliiu time of year, we will have no trouble with the cholera. Vegetables of this kind are a changu from dry com, and a good tonic for toning up the appetite. A year ago I used a great many pota- toCH in that way. Our common purple strap-leaf turnip is also good. JIfr. Thanua. Three or four years ago one of the most nuccewful hog raisers I know of lold me that he had an entire crop of hogs dentrnyed with the cholera. Be took notice that the cholera took his hogs when he had no pumpkins. I waa at the Chicago Fat Stock Show last fall. An old breeder there told me that there was nothing better to expel worms from bogs than piimpkina. On motion of Mr. Kobe, the following committee was appointed a\ Messrs. Barker, Reveal and Cooper. CoDvention adjoureed until 7 o'clock P. M. lot raise puir ipkins in becomes drv feeding. they wo ulde 1. If 1 throw out com o the pui npki na. This >ed e about right for nhoalK weighing 100 pnuDd»<, and two or tbr«e drops for s pig. If 70U see a hog grunting around you mny be sure it is effected with worms, Mr. WUliamt. I agree with Mr. Mnstftrd in bis remarks. Take two gaUoDS of water and add crystaliied acid as you want il. JIfr, Muttard. In using crude carbolic ncid, I lake a two-gallon sprinkler aad put a cupful of the acid in and pump it full of water. It Ih heavier than icaler, and sinks to the bett/im, and will require shaking. I put it on the hngH when eating. It deatroys insects, and if there at« any soren on the hcigs it will heal ihem up- Coal oil ifl excellent for killing insects, but will make the sores worsL'. 1 sprinkle the house and beds in the spring as soon ai the sows farrow in the bed where ihej sleep. To clean these out, the carbolic acid should he administered a week before farrowing. If you put this in a day or so before (he sow farrows, it do«s not bare time lo evaporate, and is too severe for the little fellows. PttsideM Thomas, My observation about slop is, if you have hogs running on hluc-gra^g or timothy the bowels become somewhat constipated, and sour slop is helpful, while those rtinning on clover do not re<]ULre it. 1 do not have any faith in those hog cholera remedies. It is money to the proprietor, and that is all there is in it, A druggist told me that a Detroit hrmne analysed this Haas remedy, and bad it also analyzed by the chemist of ihe .\grtcultural Department at Washing- ton, who said ihey bud the right solution of the matter, and went to mnnufactnr' ing the medicine, with the addition of carbolic acid, and nut up packages just twice as large an Haas' $1.00 packa)^, which they sold for 75 cenls, resulting in the reduction of Haas' price. These patent medicines arc all humbugs I. K. Barker, of the Committee on Programuio, made the following report: PROOOAMME. 1. "Winter Management of Breeding Swine," James Mubtsrd, Broad Kipple' Indiana. 2. " How to Secure the Best Growth on Pig^i without Breaking Them Down in the Feet," S. E. Hollingsworth, Bicknell, Ind. 3. "A Breeder's Observation on Judging at the Fairs," T. M, Reveal, Qer- mnnt, Ind. 4. "Swine Breeding in Indiana," Jamis M, Dye, Sheridan, Ind. 6. "la it Detrimental to Brood 8owb to Run on Clover before Farrowing?" 0. N. Helms, McCordsville, Ind, 6. "The Best Hog for the Farmer," Japptr Heck, Waldron, Ind. 7. " Value of Boot Crops and V^etables in Swine Feeding," W. C Williams, Enigbtatown, Ind. 8. " What are the Sticcessful Qualifications of a Saccessful Swine Breeder?" Thomu Moritz, Mt. Comfort, Ind. I BWINB BRBBDEBS ASSOCIATION. ElSCTtOH OP OFFtCBRB. The balloting reaalted Id the election of the followiD£ otTicen fur the ennuing Preeideot— D. L. Thomaa, Bushville. Vice Preeident— r. N, Barker, ThornUiwii. Secretarj — W. K Jacksoa, Eaightstown. Treaiurer — A. S. GHaore, Gieenaburg. Executive Commitlee— J. M. Dye, Sheridao; W. C. WiHiuraH, KnighlBloirD ; H. McCord, McCordaville. Mr. Sarker. I move that we request the State Board at Agriculture to put one man to award preniamB instead of a commitlee of three. la support of uiy motion I wish to laj that I have been an exhibitor for fifieea years, und have been a close obserrer of the manner in which committeeB are often aelei^tcd, and the (general satisfaction or dissatisfaction with the awards. I am more Grmlv convinced with every year's experience, that it would be better and more Gati--riiciory by one man than by three. In ibe first place he will- feel the whole reapuFi-ihllity, and nobody to dodite behiod. Fair associations will feel the necessity nf ~'l<'iuii^ii miiD of character and standing, who values hia reputation. When hi- l-i ~ek'L'ied and com- mences passing on unioiali, he is a man who is considered a guud j\idge and wiH be pretty roughly handled if be don't do what is right. He can not, under any cir- cnmstances, ebirk the responsibility, and I think he should be paid wbut we pay three men. He will get along fully as fast as three, because when there ora three they disagree and divide up the responsibility and dodge behind one another. There can not be anything of the kind when we have but one uiau, Mr, Dye, I must say that I have more confidence in tlie verdicl at three men than one. Where we have three men, things will be looked after a little more par- ticular than when there is but one. Every man has his favorite breed of liogn and it Is very hard for him to be impartial. W. E. Jadaon. Never having shown hogs I have not the experience olbcrd have. At the same time I have seen some of the judging business. I muiit say thxt I pre- fer the one-man nyslem. If you want more than one man, hnre two to uct and the third to act in case those two disagree. This plan has been kniiu o lo work to good satisfaction ; perhaps it won't work well everywhere, but gr-nunilly it will in all branches of stock. Mr. HiU, I im rather favorable to the plan depicted by Mr. Jacksoa. In Iowa they decided to have the one-judge system, and, as far >ih I l>ii?e l>i.-eii able to learn, it was successful. 1 would like to see Ihexe matter)- hriiii);ht up ut each meeting and discusaed. You want lo get a man for judge lik: i .i-ui's wife— above suspicion — to give a judgment that he can prove and awe;ii v>. WV want a man who is able to point out his reasons for giving the premium lu huib an unimal. Mr. Wiilianu. I am in favor of a commitlee of three, but v^ould be willing to have them dividcd^-two to act and one lo serve as umpire. If we select three men to judge our hogs, we get them from different parts of the State. If we have a one-man expert, his idea is on a certain kind of hog, and if you are acquainted with his breed you know what kind of premium you will get, and if he is an hon- .416 BOARD 0¥ AORICttLTURB. est man, ;ou know where it will gp. If ve have three meo on this cv^mmittee, I think the judging mould be more satisfkClory. On ihe other hand, it in impossi- ble to gel an expert udIsh jou send a distance for one. One man might not be able to see nil the points in an animal, while if [hire are other men on the cnm- mitlee, this might be obviated. Mr. MeCord. I am in favor of. an expert. Bj t one hundred two of ihatcom- s decision being / r SWmB BBBBDSRS ASSOCIATION. THUEaDAY MORNLNG SESSION. Treuurer I. N. Bnrker made the following report i Balance on hand Jurnarj SO, 1884. $4& 40 Beceived of W, A. Macj 2 80 Total receipts tiS 20 Paid Bhort-hand repoiWr 10 00 Balance on hand January 29, 1885 $38 20 Respectfallj' submittcH, I. N. Bakkeb, TrensiirtT, A bill of S3.50 for prinliDg postal b; the Morris Priming (ltjnif many years ago, and all died that he doctored. Mr. Mltchdl. Are you feeding atone coal to your ho(pvnl educator. The idea of Mr. Williams is a good one. It is widely different regnnling horses and cattle, for wo do have good veterinariaos for that stock. Besolution adopted. W. C. Williams prawnted the following concerning th« death of Samuel Dragoo, which was adopted ; , Whkbeas, Iu the death of Brother Dragoo this aisociation has I»it one of its Srst and best members, and one of the early advocates oC thoroughbred xlock; being a man oF strict integrity, closely adhering Co all the princi^ilc^ of rigbl toward his fellow man. His character was above r.-proauh. While bold to de- nounce the wrong, yet he did it in a kind way, so th:it ho endeared each member who knew him to himself. He was a consistent member of the M. E. Church, and practiced what be preached. Soothed, That we tender tbe family of tbe deceased brother our heartfelt sor- row and condolence in their sad bereavement. W. C. WiijjiMa, W. D. COOPKK, I. N. Ba&kei>, QmmitUe. SWINE BSEEDSRS' ASSOCIATIOIT. 419 Hon. Robert Mitchell offered the following reeolntion: Wbereab, The French and German governments, ander the pretext nf MOoitar; leasonn, alleging infection of American cured pork by trichina, bavbpruhibi ted lk« importation of the same into those conntriee, to the great delruneni of the Bgri' COllaral interest of the United StaleF, and Whekeas, The facta do not warrant Uie exclneion of the cnred pork of this country for thia reason, therefore be it Raohud, That the Indiana Swine Breederp, assembled in annnnl convenlion, respectfully ask the Congress of the United States to take such prompt iiction con- cerning this mailer as, in its judgment, will relieve this important inJiiatry from this unjust ban, and that copies of thia resolution be forwarded »o our StnMorn and Bepresenta lives in Congress. Pending the adoption of the resolution, Mr, Mitchell said; This i- something that the swine breeders are interested in. It is evident that the eral);ir|;o which the French and Qerman governments have put on American meats is unjust. The American meals, as a rule, will compare favorably with any meat* in Ihu world so far as health of that meat is concerned. It ia simply done by that govtrniuent to give protection to the industries of that coontry. Do they expect of us to admit their eiporls when they protest against American meats? It is thesenliiiienl of ihe swine breeders of this country to urge Congress to take some steps in this matter, but I am opposed to recommending retaliatory measures at this juiK'ture. The swine breeders are unanimous on this Bubjecl,,and I am anxious to see this go out as the sentiment of this body. Resolution adopted. Mr. Gilinore submitted the following resolution : Btmlrtd, That all sows of breeding age which have not farrowed and raised a litter of pigs within twelve months prior to time of exhibition, will be excluded from the breeding rings. Pending its adoption the following discussion ensued : Mr. Williaraii. This fall, as well as last fall, at the National Svhw iJrecdcrs' Association, Chicago, we adopted that rule. If we have a national u-'v^'claliou we should endorse what it does, 'if it is right. After a sow has raised a IUut of pisis, you can not Kbow her as well as one that has never had piga. Moreover, it i' htsi for breedere not to feed and exhibit young aows before they have raistrl -.i litter. It is too risky. Mr. I'Aonuu. How does this rule in the premimn list work at thirlicn months old. Mr. WiUiamt. We don't generally want to show thirteen months' nld ; we show under a year. Mr. MileheU, The tendency of fairs, and a very popular one, is, nut tn tinciiur- age theehowing of young animals before they become breeders. Fairii iire hthl lo CDConrage the breeding animals especially. ilfr. Gihiore. Where a sow is twelve or fifteen months old, and has not inised a litter of pigs, they are excluded from the ring. Mr. B rei-oriU'd. The pig U sold, and the buyer must hare it recorded, or it iB not dune. I dim't •ell n calf before it ii recorded, and believe tomething as suggeRled ^liould be done bj this meeting. * Mr. fViUianu. If I sell Mr. Cooper a pig, and it is eliigible, liu t-nn puy his dollar and have it recorded. Mr. Choi. I am in favor of the herd book, and I aim to keep my ho^:^ re- corded. 1 am Dol favorable lo excluding any hogs from 8howin<; for tlic reaiion they are not recorded. If any man wants lo take anything lo tlif iair wo sbnuld be villing to allow him to show. It looks as though half breeds nre 1>Ftler thitn recorded hogs. We had better let this alone for the present. J/r. MUckdl. The Poland China is graded. It can not prodiipe ila Lvpe like the Berkshire, which has been bred pure for one hundred yean. PreiiiitRt Loekharl, oflhe Slaie Board. I want to know what you are afruid of l)y asking the State Board to take thi* position? , Mr. WUliatm. We want lo have the grades brought up. Mr.RtmoL I am astonished that Mr. Mitchell is favorable (i> unlv grided jifr. MitehtU. The gentleman has misunderstood me. The n|ili<>ii of Ihiii lesolution will have a bad eflect on the swine interests of Indiati:!. 'I'Iuti' if tint a Berkshire in the country that if the sow and boar are pat to^'ethfr but will produce the same type. The Poland China can not do this. Ynu >«eiii to be afraid to meet the half-breeds. This thing of recording will havi' lu be worked up gradually. The motion was very warmly discussed by several others, tliu iiiajnrity nf the breeders being evidently ou the side of the record books, and when in llie midst of earnest discussion Mr. Beeler, Oeneral Superintendent of the fair, puinli'il out that the ruling asked for by Mr. Williams was sctually in the Slaii' lair Premium List itself, the merriment was general and prolonged. Mr. Mitchell said he feared that, like some other rulet, it waa a i;iiipd denl of u dead letter, and Mr, Williams withdrew bis motion. On motion of W. E/ Jackson, the thanks of the Association '■'••■n- U'lidcri'd lo members of the press, including the Indiana Farmer, National I-i^'r Siiii^k Jnur- nal, Kansas City Indicator, and the city press. Mr. Goodwin, of Kanaua City IndicnUir; Notwithstanding the ilislnncc, Krin- sas City and lodianapnliH clanp hands with each othvr. The man Ihal puMisheR the paper which I represent is a hog man himself. There was huiI) a tbing; when live iie gentle- men have fully realiied the value of the industry, and have turned tbeir allention to planting such crops an figwort and alsike clover, oa food for their bees. A report of ihe result should be made to thia convenijon. Indiana has eleven societies, repreeeuting fifteen counties out of the ninetj-lwo in the State. There is plenty of work yet to do, in the way of bringing bee keepers together, for by organization we hope to educate the old gum out and the new {nproved appliances in. fnt of tlie industry. Whilst our literature in making great progress and imparling knowledge, I take It that our conventions and fairs are reaching the mii?iie« that know nolhing of the literature. In our conventions we hear of the successes and failures uE the professional and amateur, the experienced and novice, and can glean valuable Icbboub from all. At our conventions we educate our producers. Of ichat use if we do not adopt some scheme to educate the consumer in like ratio. What bet- ter opportunity can we have than our county and t^tate fairs? Ar our last State fair we had for space 16 by 32 feel. There «ere ten exhibitor out of all the bee i kee[iers of this t^tate. The show consisted of honey plants, honey iii comb and ei- iracted, beeswax, honey vinegar, honey cake and bee keepers' supplies of all kinds. j The eihibitora were Mr. and Mrs. A. Cox, Mr. and Mm. A. S. Lane, Mre. K Utoat. I Mr. F. L. Daiigberty, Mr, Raab, Mr. Hutchinson, Mr. llrowci, and yonr President. J The display was creditable to those that made the exhibit. The premium list is ' all that can be asked for until we work up to the on.' now in exiiilence. Bee keep- ers, there is no better way to bring your businens before Ihe people Uian at these fairs. It should be a matter of pride as well as profit to every bee keeper, to have quantity aa well as quality on exhibition. I think it would be advisable to swure \ the right from the State Board to sell honey at tfie fair, and each exhiiiitor to come I with his or her honey put up in the most convenient way to sell, and with a price that would induce people to buy. I wish every apiaculturUt would think well of the subjecl and prepare his or her crop next season with Ihe express parpose of making an exhibit at the Stale fair, and in 80 doing yon bring your crop ap to a BBB KBBP&RS. 425 point of eicelleace that will iaaure jrou a good price that will anipl; repay you fur yonr extra care. While it is iDteresting M note progress ia bee keeping in general, it ia ammutliing of vital importance to know that bo maaf iromen have become interested in npia- culture; it is one of the occupations that women are engaged in that ^he ri'iiuivea the same compensation that her brother does. But lo a great many iromen that engage in bee keeping, the dollars and cents do not comprise all the comppn^^itiun The fact is that to besuccesHfulin apiacullure, requires eladj, thought and investi- gation. And while Ibe honaebeeper U going through the monotonooi and never «DdiDg routine of her home duties, a routine that in many, breeds disconiunt nod dif^nat, and often cauiea insanity. Happy is (he woman that can break up this niouotony by turning her attention to bee keeping; it is then a blenin^ th»i a money value caci not be put upon. It compels her to read and observe; to be out in the open air, to commune «ith nature; brings her nearer to her God. Bbc orten gets atung by the little industrious insect, but a mere physics] pain of a f<-w mo- ment:', and the mere fact that her time and attention was taken up in manipuUiing her apiary has saved her from slings that never heal and are aa lasting as Uh-, T.adieer- fecl harmony has prevailed ever since the organization of this society, we (liink we have made some progress. But is there not room for greater advanc<:'m{?nt? Your President would recommend a stronger financial basis. Yon have heard the report of our Secretary, Mr. Daugherty ; also, the ropori of our Treasurer, Mrs, Stout. I would suggest that we raise the annual duo Irom fifty cents to one dollar. I think with the increased dues that each mfinl'rr will have a money value that can not be overlooked. I would recommend thi- -u.ii'ty to appoint an efficient committee lo memoralize the Legislature for a bpioI] :i|ii>ru- priation. What ii/ now an uncertainty will be a certainty, and wmciMrii; that every bee keeper will be proud to have known, (hat he is idenlified wiili -m li -.ui organization. We can have our reports out on time, and not have to m .ii[ atid wait until we loose all interest, and do not care whether we have them or ii'>r. We can not do anything, as it is now, in the way of getting up something iiiti n-.tnig for our annual meetings, unless we meet the eipense with personal fuiiii-, miil 1 know if the members of this society would think for one moment liow miiili wurk your worthy Secretary does gratuitously, you certainly would not allow him to advance money necessary for what is as much iritercst to you as to him. It is not to our credit as bee keepers to manage thus. I hope this subject will receive your earnest attention. Brother and sister bee keepers, I fully realize the honor conferred upon me an a . woman, in placing me in the chair as your President. I thank you coriJially for your aympatby and support and patience with my inefficiency, and for your kind Which was referred to a committee of three, consisting of Messrs. Jolinnon, Scholl and Muth. The convention went into the election of officers, resulting as follows : President — Jaaon Scholl, Lyons Station. Vice President— C, F. Muth, Cincinnati, Ohio. J^ 426 BOABD OF AGRICULTURB. Secretary — F. L. Danghertj, Indianapolis. Treasurer— Mrs. £. Stout, Indianapolis. The President-elect, on being conducted to the chair, spoke as follows : My Friends and Bee Keepers : I feel truly thankful to you for the honor conferred, yet, at the same time, I think you could have selected one who would fill the position as President better than I, but yon will find none who takes more interest in furthering the cause for which we have gathered here. I hope you will not look for any set speech, but proceed to business at once. There is much to claim our time, and we want to employ it to the best advantage. As brother Bee Keepers we come here to further each other's interests. I hope a spirit of good feeling will prevail through your discussions. As a society we have reason to be thankful for the fact expressed in our worthy President's address, that there had no death occurred among our num- ber the past season, and grateful for the half crop of honey this season. Perhaps we makQ it in other things, and I see no reason for discouragement From the best knowledge I can gain throughout the State, the crop lb less than one-half ; but none seem to be discouraged and drop out of the society, but keep on, with the assurance, as promised, that " Seed-time and harvest, summer and winter should never fail,'' and look for a honey season again. We come here to gain all the knowledge we can, and should put our light on a candlestick, that all may see. On motion, the following committee was appointed to prepare a programme for the next meeting ; also to extend an invitation to Governor Gray to address the convention, vix. : I. N. Cotton, J. Kennedy, and Mrs. R Stout. Professor H. W. Wiley, United States Chemist, Washington, D. C, read the following address on ** Composition of Honey and Adulteration " : THE COMPOSITION OF HONEY AND ITS ADULTERATIONS. BT H. W. WIIiBT. Chemist, U. 8. Department of A«rionltaret Washington, D. C. Honey has been the theme of the poet rather than of the chemist Sugar made from starch has been considered legitimate prey for the crucible, but ascertain sacredness has enshrouded honey as "divinity doth enhedge a king." The bee and the flower, from time immemorial, have been the theme of dan- cing dactyls and stately spondees, and the hand that tries a dull prosaic polemic may well hesitate before the risk of being called impious. But although the chemist may not be as felicitous as the poet in the language in which he describes honey, he certainly will be more truthful. Poets and poli- ticians, by common consent, are allowed certain liberties with the truth whiefa chemists and other church goers are not permitted to enjoy. BIB KBEFER8. 427 Vitgil, however, U the oaly poet who h^ condescended to devote a whole book to bees uid their prodactg. His fourth book of the Georgics treats of the ciillure of beee, and indulges in wime aide remarks on the composition of honty. He re- gards it aa ii[ they build it of the gases in the air. Virgil continues b/ giving directions for building the hives and managing the swarmn, and describes a battle between two discordant kings, forgetting [luiL they are always too lazy to fight. But lately on re-reading the lines of this ancient poet, I was overcume vvitli the BlUpicion that he was nol so anxioui to tell us about honey as to find rorue eicuae for describing the matrimonial troubles of Orpheus, and his descent inio hell in search of his aemi-pln Ionian wife. Just what this story has to do witli be<> eulture I am told can only be appreciated by the unfortunate apiariat who has incurred the vindictive enmity of a belligerent swarm. CONSTITUENTS or HOHSY. Hooey is componed of several kinds of sagaia, water, certain acids nnd various atomatic substancea derived from fiowen. In addition to these are fuiind, nUo, particles of pollen and other fragments of Qowera, bitter alkaloida) priiioijil'V, and always an alcohol. The question is often a^ked, " Does the houey in the hive have the '^anie CDUipo- aition as the sugar iu the Sowers?" No satisfactory answer has yet butn j^'iven lo this question. Certainly the change which is produced in the organ in m oc the bee, if any, is a slight one. Cane sugar, at least, is somewhat changLil )>y |i:t-ning through the organism of the iiee, and emerges therefrom largely as a kind of glu- BVOARS OF HONEY. I%e priDcipal sugars found to hoaeyare as follows: (a). DairoK. This sugar is a kind of glucose which twists a plane of jinlnrized light strongly to the right, whence its name. It cryBtallize ical compOBitiod is expressed by the symbol, C. 6, H. 14, O. 6, (e). Dexlrim. This is a product half waj betwi-en starch and dcitrose- It polarilee etrdngly to the right, is not fermentable, and does nnt act do Holutiotu of copper. Of theae sugars, dextrow and Icvulose are the only ones of commercial impor- tance. These two sugars appear toeiial in about equal quantities in honey. This is shown by the fact that when solutions of genuine honey are exiimined in the polsriscope, the plane uf polarized li^t is either not turned at all, or if so, lowardfi the left. Since levulosc has a slightly stronger left liuoded power than the right handed dextrose, this fact shows that they exist in honey in almost equal qnajiti- tiee. If either of them ia in excess it is the deitnisc. The total percentage of thc«e two HUgan in honey, varies greatly. In English honev^ it has betn found aa low as US. 4, and us high bh 79.4 per cent., a dilTerence of 11 per cent. In llie analyses lately made by the Bureau pf Chemintry of ten Kiimplefl of honey purchased in ot>en market at Washington, and given below, it varied between 67.4U and 74.75. But i( should be remembered -that neurly all tliese samples were spurious. Wutfr. The average percentage of water in honey sppeara to be about 18. In English honeys it has been found extending from 12.4 to 23.U4 per cent, fn my own Hnalysef given below, from 16.^ to 23.90. Tt is prob«ble that the Plate of the weather, quantity and duration of dewa and the tempetsliire, have much ^) do in determining the percentage of water. It is but reasonable to expect that a hot, dry sea.son, nlmoH devoid of dewa, would give a honey with much less water than a season of an' opposite kind. In perfectly normnl honeys, therefore, a vnri.ition of five {)er cent, in the amount of water which they contain, need not excite surprise. Water is generally coniidered a harmless subiitancc, but we ilon't care to pay twelve cents a pound for it. A honey with fifteen per cent, water is, therefore, more val- uable than one that bos twenty i>er cent, in it. Color and Odor. — The color and odor of honey are dtie to the character of the (iowerx from which it i^ taken. In Vermont, I have seen honey as clear as pure water. This honey ip jostly celebrated, and is taken from white clover. The honey of Mount Ida, In Crete, and liist of Merboune and (.'haniune, in t'rance, are jUNtly much eHt^euied for their whiteness and delicate perfume. The connoisseur of odort and taste is able to tell by these iLe charui^ler of the flower that furnished the honey. Perhaps the day may come when honey, like wine, will be sold according lo its brand. That gathered from every source would eorro^pond to I'l'n onfinaire. The golden anter woiild furnish the honey clnrctH. The clover clad hills of Vermont the White Rhine sweets, while that gathered from the orange groves of California would be the delicious Tokay, lo be u»3d only al wedding feasts. These elements of color and odor exist in honeys in such small quaniities thai ii i« im- possible by any chemical or physical means lo estimate their value. BEE KEEPERS. 429 Some timcB poieODaUB particles are taken from the flowen, and rmil liitir waj inU) houej. It U well koown that headache aod vomiting oflen follon' ihe iiac of ordinary pure honej. The caotioii of the economical host, then'fijre, wm' not whollj out of form when he placed liia honej before his guesta will) Lhc invitation to eat freely, but he added, "Remember, if it makes jou sick, it in ilic woraL iiicii- nen in the world." In these cases economy, if not wealth, is certainly health. The hiincy ili^rii-etl from a species of rhododendron, the Amiea ponliea, is said to procluii' lliesti toxic efiecla. The soldiers of Cyrus appear to have met with a honey of tliis kind, the effects of which are described in the following selection from Xemjili'iria Ana- "And there was in a vil lane- near Trebionde a number of bee U'wi^, nnd as many of the eoldiers aa ate of the honeycomb became senselen and wore neiied with vomiting and diarrhea, and not one of tbeiu could stand erect, TlioKe who had swallowed but little looked very like drunken men ; those who me much were like mad men, and some lay as if they were dying. And thus thi^y lay in such numben aa on a field of b.ittle after a defeat, sod yet no one was found to have died. All recovared their senses about the same hour on the following daj . And on the third or fourth day thereafter they rose up as if they had sufft-rred from the drinking of poison," Tbia description is mildly suggcetive of the possibility that a band oi hungry Boldient might, by free acceiu to a supply of ordinarily good honey, eat of it with such intemperance as to produce effects which the facile pen of the great Urecian liistorian has described as the results of toxic action, just as i>ometiini.-s in eaj^rneis to serve a good cause the unsuspecting victim may consume such quantiliea of the harmless circus lemonade as may make him a subject for a newspapur unicle and an undertaker, Aridi.— Honey is always slightly acid. This acidity is due to nri-anic com- pounds derived from plants and to an acid furnished by the bee itiiell. The kind and quantity of these acids have not been accurately studied. The I'cmven^ion of the cane sugar into glucose is due to the presenceof these acids. The fact ih^it this change goes on more rapidly in the organism of the bee than in tht )u>ni.'V' ullcr it boa been depoi>ited is presumptive evidtnce of the activity of an ncid In Ihe hcc- On the other hand, certain species of pine and some other plants an' s:iid to fur- □ieh formic acid, and therefore the detection of this acid in honey wnnld not be positive evidence that it was derived from the bee. The whole suloth fermentation and decay. The obserralioD has blelj been made that the bees in the hires, although thej are uii disturbed, apply from tima to time to the walla of the cells the tiny drops of poiiwD (formic acid) that oor oat on the ends of their stings. Soonei or later this remarkable antiaeptic ia incorporated with the honey. He more excited and enraged the beea the greater will be (he quantity of formic acid added to the honey. On thi« lupposition, it is easy to understand why the stingleM honey Iteea of South America collect so little honey. Why should they bother themselvea to collect atorea which would not be preserved 7 Formic acid fails them entirely. Ot eighteen diSerent kinds of North Braiilian honey beea trilh which we are acquainted only three have stinge. These obserrutioni^ nrc of great inieresl, and the phenomena which they describe are worthy ot careful study, I hope that those who are devoted to obaerying (he hnliits ot bees will pay par- ticular attention to this allied application o( formic acid. Although it is gener- ally underatuod that formic acid is found in the pnison bag of beoi, yet all the standard chemical authors are strangely silent on thin point. BoBce and Schoerlemmer, Miller, Maquet, Qruelin, Gorop, Beaanex, and others of minor note never mention the bee in giving the natural occurence of this acid. The German chemist, Wise, however, in a very rare paper in Sddeidm and Forept, Wit, 1848, September, p. 17, disiioctly stales that he \im found (ho active principle of the poison of all hymenoptera to be formic acid. The preservative power of thii acid is said tii lie greater even than that of pheno*. All things considered, therefore, the functiotanisl is able to identify the kind of flower or dowers from which the honey has been derived by Bstudy of the pollen prcsenL In this way a valuable indication of the source of the honey is obtained. In strained honey particles of wax may be regarded as a mechanical impurity, but where it exiats in amall qnautitiea it can not be considered aa objectionable. •JodiaC. B.LXI,UTV. IF^- BBB KEEPERS. ANALYSES OF ilONEY. In the following table are given ■nalj'BCH <■! ii:ii i>Hmple8 of honey purrhat^ in open muket in the city of WsshiDglon: DRBCBIPTIOM OF RAMPU»: No. 1. Choice Oolden Bod honey, price 25 cents per pound, from Wm. Thomp- EOD, Wayne county, S. Y. So:% Choice comb honey, price 25 ceiiin per pound, from (iilliuna & Bez- amer, I^iladelphia. No. 8. Choice extracted honey — strictlj {>iire, 25 ccntK per pound, from McCone 4 Hildreth, New York. No. 4. Pure while clover honey, 30 cents per pound, marked G. B. X. X, PenasylTania. No. 6. Pore extracted honey (ciyetaHiKed), 20 cents per pound, from R, F. Weir, South River, Md. 9 per jHinnd, from E. F. Weir, No. 7. Honey in comb, 30 centa per pound, locality not given. No. 8. ( No brand ), from J. Henpberger, Md., 25 cents per pound. No. 0. Cboiceclovei'honcy,25cenlg per pound, fromChBS-Iarael&Broe., N. Y. No. 10. (No brand), from Cbu. S. Duval, Spent^rviJlc, Md., 20 cenM per BOARD OF AURIOCLTTIRE. -lUBio j in awMsng 'jaddoQ^qssojsug Sapnpag usaj^ ■qsv low Jad ■J91B^ loao jaj BEE KEBPERE. Of tlieae tea boneya onlj one ib certainly genuiae, vii.; No. 3. A Kulution ui it Id the polariscope tuma the plane ot polsriz«: l-e >'ure that it is honey. It is to the interest of the heecuhurist as well as of tin' iliildrtn to secure thin first of »U. Comvrled and enei^elie aitiiin on the pan nf i be bee kecpen' of the country will speedily bring this result about, and Iheu tlir binnii of "American honey" will Ije a token of purily in the uinrki;la of the Bnriii as it i* DOW a aign of adulteration. The unjustly accused and condemned miiy appeal in vain to CatiBr, but I feel that it will not be a useless task to have madi- ilii?( plea before such a tribunal as this is. /. N. OoUoit, of IVatfcru Pbial. Is there any bee kcejier that has bail ;iiiy ex- perience with comb produced artificially and honey put in it? Seeittary Duugherly. Comb foundation is !=uuietinii.'ii made out o! p:\rnltine I have cit>erimeuted with some made with paraffins, but never have bein able to work that made wilh paralline hut slij^btly. Mr. Root tells us 8Uch is Uone Miuie- tiraee, but it won't stand heat, but will lirop down. Afr. iSchalt The Profeiuor's addriss has been iulerotiug to u», itnd I hojie it will be dii)cuwed some before leaving it. This ai lilieial honey is manol'.ieliirol in the east. We don't find much of it furlhor west tliun IVnnsylvaniu. Ii llir Pro- fessor should test honey, he *^ure you give him samples of the righl I.Li'.d. We should send sumplea to him direct from the hive, and not let it pnSM ibrve know. There is a great deal of it manufartured in BolTalo, Xvw York and t-'biea^-o, and even ia IiouUville, and we know something about it in < iiiciiinati. Mr. C'ollim. The Profeiisor mode a statement that the liee could iioi 1i^<' nilli- out this pollen in the hive, and found that after eitracling all this /mm ibe iiive the bees would live. Mr. 3Iuth. Some claim that bees do better without polten. Some feed aogor syrup In winter with success, but not more so than we do wilh honey and pollen- Honey left In the hive induces them to breed, and some think that pnllrii i.s the cause of diarrhoea. It is aol\o with me. I leave all the pollen in, and winter well, A number extract honey and give them nothing but sugar ayrnp Id young bees. The larvs feed with pollen and honey. 438 BOARD OF AGRICULTCRB. Mr» Kennedy. If Mr. Lane, of Boone county, was here he could tell os som^ thing on the subject. He is wintering bees on sugar syrup with all the honey out. I Prof, WUey. Anything else than pure sugar contains albumen, and acta juat the same as pollen. It is only the pure sugar that is pure. .' jjf,., , I would like to know if the Professor can detect this quality from the plant that is in the honey. I /Vq/". Wiley, Often I can. * AFICUI/rURE AS A BU8INXS8. Mr, SckoU. I do not know as I can give you much Information on this topic of bee keeping, compared with other pursuits, as for a living. As far as my infor> mation goes it compares favorably with the ordinary pursuits of life, especially with farming. I have, for twenty-five years, followed the business, in connection with farming. I was asked that question last year by the Governor. He hinted that bee business wss a by-business ; that is, very few men follow it as a business to itself. Before we got through he was- informed that men made it a business and were successful ; but the majority of us here have to deal with this business in con- nection with other business, and most of us have found it to compare favorable. This business has poor seasons as well as other crops, as wheat and corn. Not- i withstanding the drought, we had a reasonably fair crop of wheat, but a poor sea* t son for honey ; yet I say, without boasting, that my honey brought me handsome returns. Secretary Dougherty. What kind of a wheat crop had you, and what kind of bees? Mr, SchoU, I had twenty-two acres of wheat and realized 450 bushels. I had sixty colonies of bees in the spring to begin with. Another point I want yon to bear in mind, the bees did not receive more than one-third of my time from the first of May to the end of July; the balance of my time was on the farm. I would average five days a month the balance of the year. The returns from my bees were fully as well as that of my farm crops, such as wheat, hay and corn! To get this result it must be understood that bees must be well managed, and have them in good hives ready for work to catch the honey-flow when it comes. Take it for the last ten years on an average, bees have paid me a better per cent, than any farm crop. ilfr. Hutchinson. How m»ny colonies of bees would it take to support a family of five persons, depending wholly upon bee keeping for a living and money for the family? Mr. Muth. How many acrra of land would it require to support a family of frfQ persons? It is entirely dependent on the year. I am very sure it compares as favorable as any pursuit ; at the same time, to depend on bee keeping alone and say how many stands would be required for a family, it is impossible, but take it as a pursuit it pays splendidly. We have not got but five or six weeks for a honey season, and the best food for bees is white clover, but if the wind blows from the wrong direction we won't get any honey. A stand of bees will cost yoo five or six dollars aud bring you in a few years more money than a good cow. BEE KEEPBB8. 439 Mr, HuiMMon. I took thirtj pounds to the colony last summer and some -bad •8 high as eighty pounds, yet I should not like to support my family on bee keep- ing alone. The work for bee keeping is of short durationj and so is molasses, but each one pays well for the work put in. SeatUiry Dauffherty, I am not prepared to give anything of an accurate state- ment of profit so far as a special business. There is not so much of a bonanza as our friend thinks. The question is : Shall we keep bees in connection with other things, or seek something else. I have been keeping bees for several years, but have not given my time wholly to it; I have had other things to interrupt. At the same time I have watched closely, and I am satisfied that there is nothing we can give our time to that is more profitable than bee keeping, if we have any other pursuit with it Some years the yield of honey has been enormous. My profits one year was $35 a colony, and had thirty-two colonies. Five or six years ago the price was high and the yield bountiful. Bee keeping pays, and pays well in connection with other employments. Mr, Muth, If we expect bee keeping to support us we may be disappointed sometimes. If we go to work and raise com, wheat and fruit to support us they will sometimes fail, and so it is with bee keeping. Some think it don't pay when we have a failure. The farmer don't get rich in a year, neither does the bee keeper. Mr. Kemtedy, I have been on fifty acres of land, and trying to make a living at several things. - For the past fifteen years I have been raising bees. If we de- pend wholly on bees I think it would be a bad job in this country. I am pleased to have bees with other things. I am engaged in the poultry business also. A man can get a good living on fifty acres of land if he has as many bees as he can at- tend to, as the attention comes at a time when it don't interfere with the poultry business. There is no better way to raise large crops on a small piece of land than to sow it down in Alsike clover. Bees never fail to work on the clover, and cattle like it. I never kept any statistical account, but plod along and live as well as my neighbors who have 200 to 300 acres of land. Mr, BtUL I never bought but three colonies in my life. I have universally wintered my bees well, and have had but little expense in that direction. Mr. Leming, What amount of capital do you have invested in bees? Mr. BtUL The number of colonies I have are worth $1,000 or more. Mr. Davis. My friend says his stock is worth $1,000. Can you tell what the average profit is in ten years, allowing an average of about six dollars to the col- ony? Mr. MiUh. If he gets $5 worth of honey out of a stand, that is big profit. We can not do as well out of com and hogs. Mr. Davis. You say your bees are worth $1,000; if you put the same amount of capital in land, you can not make half as much as you can off the bees. Mr. Cotton. The business is one that we can take on a small piece of ground. There are many pursuits in life that we can use all our efforts in. A man with a small farm well stocked and a few bees here and there, can make a profit. A few years ago I had eighteen colonies, and I made more profit than on my land. Mr. Anderson, More profit can be derived by using these vocations of life. ♦ ••• 410 BOARD OF AQRLCULTURE. adapting them to the bee business, also to the poultry business. I haye attempted something of that kind, knowing that I can divide my time when not with the bees. I am also engaged to some extent in the small fruit buiiness, which fur- nishes blossoms for my bees ; and again, I am in the sorghum business, and acta- ally experimenting with queens and feeding sorghum syrup to my bees. I had one neighbor whg fed 125 gallons to his bees. If I can feed my bees with this I make considerable ; however, some think it won't do. I am in charge of a farm that needs bringing up, and clover, T think, will do it — the Alsike clover is good for this purpose. A man may run his bees in such a. way as to make much money with his other interests. Mr, Kennedy. How do you prepare the sorghum, and do they live on it as -well as sugar syrup? Mrs, Harrison, of Illinois. I live in Peoria, 111., and have three lots with 150 feet front. I am engaged somewhat in bee culture. My idea is that every hive shall pay its rent. I do not want hives to stand all the season without any in- crease. Some seasons we have test for every beginner to transfer bees, but always get some good bee man to be with you in your first attempts at transferring. Convention adjourned until 7 o'clock v. m. EVENINC; SESSION. Convention met at 7 o'clock, with President Scholl in the chair. BEST RACE OF BEES. Mr. Andti'son. Mr. Allen, I believe, on queen rearing, thinks the best cross pos- sible is the cross between the Italian and Holy Land bees, crossing virgin Italian qneens witli the Holy Land drones. 1 have some excellent Italian queens by crossing with the Holy Land bees. Would you advise me to make that cross?* Mr. Mvth. Yc^, make that cross. We like a bee that is gentle and industrious. I have the Cyprean and Holy Land. The Egyptian is a cross that I do not want. I want some that I am not afraid of and look pretty. I like the Italian queen crossed with the Cyproan drone. They are almost as gentle as the Italian. The Italian is very prolific, as much so as any. It is quick motioned and nice indeed. You will always find the black bees getting out first to gather the nectar. The Italians don't go out in unpleasant weather, but when a certain time comes the Italian will make up. I prefer an Italian colony. Prof. Wiley was wrong when he said when the bees are irritated they produced more of the formic acid. Irrita- tion has nothing to do with it. The formic acid comes from the honey sack of the bee and not the sting. President SchoU. Irritate a colony of bees and they will throw out their sting, leaving a drop of poison. Mr. Muth. You can smell the formic acid before they sting. SeereUiry Daugheriy, The Italian is the model for me, and I have ceased hant- ing after other kinds. If others can find anything better I will leave them. I ' - 1 442 BOARD OF AGRIOITLTURS. tried the Cyprean and left them on the spot. I qnery whether the H0I7 Lftnd ii difierent from the Italian. It was difficult to point them out at Cincinnati, and I have quit Bearching for fine bees. COMB FOUKDATION. Secretary Daugherty, So far as my knowledge is concerned there is not much difference. It depends on circumstances and condition of the colony. The Dadant foundation is the nicest in the world, without any exception. I can not say that I am favorable to the Vanduzen, neither am I satisfied with the foundation made on the average rolls. The Dadant foundation is my preference. Mr. MutK The Vanduzen is good enough for anybody. The Dadant is also a good foundation. I use both. Mr, Leming, I have been using the Dadant foundation. I r^ard it the best I have ever tried. I have also used Boot's. The Saulsbury stands up well and don't break down, but when it comes to the color the Saulsbury foundation was not nice, frequently dark. Mr, ScholL Has there been any improvement in fastening the foundation to the frame, so that there is little or no sagging? Secretary Daugherty. No improvement has been made outside of fastening with wire. It is a question, in my mind; when we use wire frame exclusively, a sheet of foundation will hold it perfectly, and is done with just as much ease as fastened to the top bar, and will not fall off*. Mr. SchoU. Did you experiment with the wire lengthwise? Secretary Daugherty, No, sir, I did not Mr. Muth. I would prefer to have them lengthwise. Secretary Daugherty. Mr. Muth would not use wire frames if we were to give them to him. *Mr. Muth. My frame is a beveled one to which I fasten the foundation and frame over a board. We then put another on the board which sticks and makes it solid. If there is a space three-eighths of an inch open it will settle that much, and if it is a Vanduzen foundation it will settle more. I do not see why we should go to the expense of wiring frames, for others are strong enough. Mr, Leming. I take the foundation and fasten it in the frame in the way that Mr. Muth speaks of. It would sometimes bulge a little. My plan never bulges, I take a sheet of foundation and lay it in the frame, and have a thin strip, one- sixteenth of an inch thick, laying on the case, and with little tacks fasten it to the frame. I raise my frame, the foundation bends down and hangs in the center, which gives three-eighths of an inch from the bottom bar. By the time you draw out it will fill to the bottom bar without sagging whatever. Those strips hold it solid and prevent sagging. Mr. Anderson, I have been very muc^ interested in this discussion, and if we could have a little more I think it would set me on the right track. I have visited the apiary of Gully & Davis, to ascertain if they had any trouble on account of not wiring. :r'-^-,'^^i-..f? * ^ \ '■'■ \ BEE KEEPERS. 44S Mt» DavU. If we have any frame that is wired I do not know it. I don't ob- ject to wire if anybody wants it, but I don't want it. I can produce just as good comb as you can with wire. I have helped to extract several thousand frames^ and have the first to break yet in extracting. I never have much trouble with foundation sagging. Sometimes when it is put a little too close to the edge it will double over, and I take my knife and trim it a little. I have tried several plana for fastening foundation in frames. For the last year I lay my foundation down so the sun will strike on the edge, and when the foundation is a little soft I presa it in with my thumb. I can put in several in a minute and not break them. Mr. Cox, I once thought I had no use for wire frames. After I put some in without wire I tried wire, and it gave better satisfaction. Hereafter I shall use wire, it will sag a little if you don't. When putting in comb foundation in gen- eral for working bees I don't want any drones in there. Dr, Minniek. I put a swarm of bees in a new hive and was not very careful^ and the foundation sagged considerable. I consulted my friend Daugherty about it. I had watched it very closely ; there was not a drone hatched out in that col- ony of bees. Those cells were oblong and curled at the bottom, and not running octagonal shape. There will be no drones in that colony where they sag down that way. Mr. BvU. I use a small castor for putting in foundation. I have a board one- half inch thick frame, and run the castor along on the frame a few times and it is hard to pull off. I don't use wire. F. L. Daugherty, There was a time when foundation was sought after as wire frames are to-day, and just as hard to induce people to take hold of them ; they were objecting to foundation then as people are fighting wire frames to-day. Our friend Muth is an exception in handling bees. Not one m^n in a hundred can clean a frame as Mr. Muth does. We are making frames for everybody. In ex- tracting honey there is danger of breaking the frames if there is not something to solidify them. I have tried to handle foundation and shake the bees ofi* with- out damaging the comb. The msgority of practical bee keepers of the land to-day are looking forward to wire frames, yet it is more expensive than common frames* We are all slow to adopt it. I have satisfied myself that the wire frames are su- perior to anything else we can get. Mr. MvXh. I do not want my friend to entertain the idea that I am fighting the wire frame. I can shake the bees off without breaking the comb. Combs without wire are strong enough for me. Mr. Kennedy. The practice of shaking bees off the foundation is worthy of some attention. I would ask if it is right to shake them ofiT in front of the hive. I brush my bees off in the hive with a goose quill, and leave the bees in the hive. If that is not the best plan I want to know something about the shaking business. Mr. Muth, I don't shake the bees dfi* in front of the hive, but I stand behind the hive, take the frame out and give it a gentle shake on top of the hive. If any remain brush them off gently, and clean the frame. If you shake them on a hard board it may hurt them. Mr. SehoU. There is an objection to shaking the bees back into the hive* When yon have forty of fifty pounds of honey in the upper story, I have found it ' ,'i 444 BOARD OP AGRICULTURE. is not good policy to shake them back into the top of the hive. You have to brueh thera four or five times, and this is just what would irritate them. Aft«r you brush, them off once, next time they are hard to brush. I always have my blankets lined with cotton on which to shake mv bees. Mt', Math. I take out the first frame, and brush them off ^nd set it out, then t«ke the next one, and so on until all are out. Once out I put the frames in again. Afj. Davh. The first comb I took out, with a quill I brushed the bees off. Commence at the top, brush the bees off the comb in the upper story down into the lower story, brushing down from one cap to another, until you reach the bottom of the hive. You can get the bees off quicker by brushing than shaking, and have no flying of the bees. They go down into the lower story, and there is no danger of hurting the queen. Mr, Cor. Some don't understand it They get up and shake all the honey oat instead of the bees. We should understand how to shake those foundations before leaving the subject. Mr. Leming. 1 practice shaking off in front of the hive for several reasons; one is this: time is money to me, and I take the quickest way possible. I use my extractor in the rear of the hive, take the lid off and shake a little, and the main bulk of the bees are off. If they don't shake off suflBciently, I use a brash of broom-corn. Mr. Srholl. Is not a broom-corn brush too rough ? Mr. Leminff. I take the fine broom-com. The feathers are too irritating to the bees. Mr. Scholl. I use a brush made out of blue grass with the seed off. I tried feathers, but they did not work satisfactorily. I think broom-corn is too rough. Take blue grass, cut it when just heading out, lay in your honey house until you get time to make it, tie it in a brush as large as your wrist, and let it spread out some. It is soft and not irritating to the bees. It should not be used endwise, as it would then brush out the honey. Mr. Muth. Some have the brush on the side, but I prefer to have it on the end. Mr. Catfermn. A certain lot of foundation I purchased would sag and get out of shape. I think the quality of the wax has something to do with the ill-shape of the comb. Mr. Dauf/herfy: The quality of the wax ha.s something to do with the sagging, but the time of year has more to do. At certain times of the year it can be used without difficulty, while at other times it will hardly hold together at all. BEE PAvSTURE. Mr. Davis. We have been experimenting some in the waj of bee pasture. We have the aluike clover and have good pasture, but it comes along with white clover, and doesn't benefit much. If it came some weeks earlier or later it would benefit greatiy. If I could have something to bridge over from apple bloom to white clover, I could get along well. I can bridge over from white clover to fall, but there is nothing comes in between apple bloom and wliite clover. The wild cherry BEE KGEPERS. 445 and some other kinds of bloom come in, but they don*t amount to much. Last spring we had to feed our beee after apple bh)ora, and also after white clover was gone, owing to the drought. Everything else was shut off about the time of the clover, except the Simpson honey plant. The alsike clover yielded more honey than white clover this year. It failed about the time white clover failed. The Simpson honey plant came in and ran on until frost. We had two acres of itt» cultivated it, and it bloomed right on. During the time we had from three Ux five bushels of bees gathering honey from this plant. Go anywhere in the patch, it was like a swarm of bees. This continued on for six or eight weeks, and our bees bred on. until cold weather. My bees are in the best condition we have had for many years at this time. There is a new clover which blooms on up to white clover. I have forgotten the name of it. We don't have enough of it, and don't know how to get it. I runs on the ground for four feet, and takes root at every joint. It has a flower similar to the white clover, only larger, and brown in color. Mr. Leming. In filling up the gap between apple bloom and white clover, it can be done with raspberries. They are profitable, and make fine honey. Bees work on this and do well. Mr. . Did Mr. Davis try cutting alsike clover the first of June ? Mr. Davis. No; I pastured 'it about four weeks; it came on and bloomed about as well, anyhow. This Simpson honey plant contains much nectar. Of a Dooming a single bloom has a drop of honey ; when the bee lights on that he fills himself ; when it is empty they go to another, and in this way they secrete honey all the day long. They work on them from before it is light until after dark. We expect to have three acres of this plant next year. Mr. Anderson. I have frequently read the statement that it does not pay to raise the Simpson honey plant. I want to know if he is going to enlar^^'c on this plant. Mr. Davis. I am going to enlarge it one acre next spring. My reason for saying they are in better shape is that they bred right up to cold weather. When bees die out in winter with plenty of honey, it is evident they went into winter quarters with old bees. The old bees are the cause of it. Mr, Minnkh. How does the iSimpson honey plant stand the drought? Mr. Davis. We cultivate it, and it blooms right along. Mr. Kennedy. I have noticed it some and am well pleased with it, but I can not favor it quite so much as Alsike clover. 1 want to induce every farmer in my country to sow Alsike clover in order that bees might get plenty of honey and cows get plenty of grass, for making of milk and butter. Mr. Goodspeed, of New York, says his Alsike clover is worth $60 an acre, counting it for seed and hay. If we can sell it for that we can make more money from it than we can in raising wheat, and the bees never go hungry. We should convince the farmers that they can make money out of this clover for stock purposes. I am satisfied you can con- vince him that there is more money in it than red clover. This clover has from three to five tap roots, and not so easy to freeze out as red clover. The bees vi-^it this clover all the time and every flower has the honey extracted from it. The ^ honey bee can not penetrate the red clover on account of the petals. Every flower of the Alsike clover has seed and will yield seven or eight bushels to two or three ' i * ^ » 446 BOARD OP AGRICULTURE. of the red clover. One ton of the Alsike is worth more than four tons of the htm red clover we have. I am aatbfied this Simpson honey plant is a most valaab^ plant. Mr. GvUey, The Alsike clover is good for feed and also for honey. Everj man who owns a farm and has an orchard on it shoald sow this Simpson honey plant in his orchard ; it is a good place for it to grow. It grows under the shade of the apple tree. We have got two acres of it in an old orchard. Mr. Oatterson. 1 have ten acres of Alsike clover. My experience is contrary to that of Brother Davis, though from the same county. I pastured mine early in the spring with sheep. The Alsike clover don't fill out ready for bees until after a portion of the white clover has turned brown ; that clover continued on until frost last fall. The soil was comparatively new, having been cultivated six or eight years perhaps. There was one place in that field on which I could not get any- thing to grow, but Alsike clover grew on this particular portion of the field, and done better there than in any other part of the field. It will grow on ground where red clover will not take hold at all. I never had a better stand of clover than I had with the Alsike. 3fr. Kennedy. It only requires one-half as much seed to the acre as the red clover. I have eight acres sown and only took one-half bushel of seed. In setting out my raspberry patch I put my rows five feet apart and four feet in the row, in between the rows I have planted the Simpson honey plant Mr. On. I have been raising Alsike clover for eight or ten years; it is the best I can get hold of. The bees will leave the white clover and go to the Alsike. If it is sowed on damp ground it will be rank, but on poor soil not so much. Stock will leave red clover and go to it. Mr. Smith. If you had fifty or sixty acres would you sow all in the Alsike, or only apart? Mr. Pope. There is no better pasture than Alsike, or for hay. Mr. MouUen. I agree with the brother on that question. As to pasturing red clover, it often causes us to lose a cow. The Alsike does not produce a gas. It is more like white clover in that respect. Mr. Pope. It won't slobber horses, and I don't think it will hurt cattle. Mr. Cotton. The black locust comes in after apple bloom, and is fine for pro- ducing honey. J. Kennedy. The timber of the black locust is superior for fence posts. Where a farmer wants a line where it is not to be moved, he can better plant a row of wild locust, and nail his wire to those posts. Black locust may be raised as tim- ber, for fire wood, fence posts and honey. Mr. Anderson. My opinion, there is nothing better than wild locust. How- ever, there is one trouble in connection with the cultivation of this tree — if they are cut down they sprout badly. We want them on the line permanently. If you find any danger of sprouting, cut a ditch beside your locust trees and you will not be troubled with anything passing that ditch. At first you will have some sprouts, but in a few years it will stop. Chestnuts have spreading tops, and throw a con- siderable shade, and we can not raise anything there ; but locusts — I can raise any- thing right up to them. BEE KEEPERS. 447 Mr, Pbpt* Boren destroy my locust trees; I can not raise them. Mrs, Harrison. In the early time of Peoria they were bored to such an extent that all were killed. There are a great many locust bloom, as well as dandelion, from which bees extract much honey. ' Mr, Daugherty, I would like to ask Friend Muth if we have foul broods in this State? Mr. Muth. I think not. They have had some in Kentucky, and it may spread some after this. DISEASES OP BEES. Mr. CaUerson, A friend of mine west of Indianapolis said he had only one stand of bees alive. Quite a number of bees in the vicinity of Danyille are dead. There is considerable complaint of bees dying of diarrhoea. The bees seem to be cold and damp, and don't fly out of the hive to die. Mr. Gox. Has there been any remedy for destroying foul brood without burn- ing them up? Mr. Muth. You all know what foul brood looks like. The larvae begins to die after the cells are capped. Foul brood is occasioned by spores and is carried on the legs of bees and spread over the entire hive. When this dead larvae formation appears in the cell, it is a brown, ropy mass; when we find this mass sticking there it is foul brood. The smell is the dead larvse, and smells worse as the dead larvae increases I have observed a nice remedy and good, as far as I know. I had to hive a fine queen and did not wish to kill the bees. The idea struck me to let them fill the brood cells before it was filled with foul brood. I put them in the lower story ; honey came in fast for a couple of weeks and every cell was filled with honey, the brood entirely covered up ^ith honey and capped nicely. I took the new hive and honey in their ten new matted combs and put this foul comb down. The next day my bees were down mainly, and what were not I brushed down. The spores of the foul brood were down, the hive was disinfected and cured, no doubt. I had two last year in the spring about the time of the honey harvest. I put them in the lower story and kept feeding, when at last the bees filled it with honey. The hive got strong, and after all the cells were filled and capped, I, in the same manner as the other, put bees on the new comb and disinfected the bot- tom. Those two hivey are clear of foul brood. If foul brood comes up during the honey season, we can easily get rid of it by using disinfectants. ilfr. Gox. This question of foul brood is one in which we should all be in- terested. I want some light on the subject. FBIDAY— MORNING SESSION. The convention met at 9 o'clock. President Scholl in the chair. On motion of I. N. Cotton, Secretary Heron was made an honorary member. Mr. Heron, in a few words, thanked the Association for honors conferred. Mr. Verne, of Purdue University, read the following essay : 448 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. THE BEE STING. Bees and a few kindred species poBseBS the mobt formidable weapons of defense of any of the hymenopterous insect?. And it is well that they do, for none are surrounded by a greater host of enemies, nor do any have a more tempting treat- ure to guard. In the hive, on the wing, and in the flower, they are subject to the stealthy attacks of man, and bird?, and insects — murderers and robbers of the most cruel type. At all times it must be ready for mortal combat, and to sell its life as dearly as possible. Drilled in this savage warfare, for its very existence, can we wonder thai many a bee culturist, actuated by the kindliest intentions to- ward the bees, should occasionally fall a victim of their vengeance ? Let us take a careful view of the structure and action of the bee sting. ' In the first place, only the females (i. e. workers and the queens), possess stings. The drones have no fighting weapons whatever. Hence, the sting is usually considered a modified ovipositor. But in the queen, which is an especially personage, we find both the sting and an arrangement for laying eggs. The various part« of the sting consist of a brown, horn-like substance called chitine, which in the same b» that of which the segments of the body are made. The whole apparatus is at- tached to the last segment of the body in two places, which serve as fixed points for the levers of motion. All these levers are well supplied with muscles which give the sting its rapid movements. To facilitate the description of the sting, its parte may be divided into three groups, according to their functions: Ist. The pting proper. 2d. The operating machinery. 3d. The poison sac and gland. The sting proper consists of the central shaft and two lancets. The central shaft was formerly called the " shealh," from the supposition that it was a tube and the lancets were held within it. It is now well known, however, that the lan- cets lie in a shallow groove on the under side of the central shaft, and all three fit together so nicely as to look like a solid piece. The central shaft is somewhat conical in form. Its point is not so much a point as a very sharp cutting edge. From the point of*the sting about one-half its length forward is needle-shaped. At this place it suddenly enlarges and becomee cylindrical, forming a chamber which receives the poison from the poison sac. The shaft is hollow for purposes of strength, possibly, as the poison does not enter the wound through it. It is entirely smooth, having no barbs. As before mentioned, the under side of the shaft is grooved. Lying in close contact in this groove, and along its margins, are the lancets. They are long and slender and gracefully curved at their base. The point is very sharp, and about one-fourth their length is armed with strong hooked barbs, nine on each lancet^ pointing forward. These barbs project over the sides of the shaft, and, while they ofifer no resistance to the entrance of the sting into the wound, they take such a t , •^, BEE KEEPERS. ' 449 strong hold on the flesh as to make it generally im^^ible for the bee to extricate its sting when deeply imbedded. The lancets are attached to the shaft by a very simple, yet perfect, arrangement. Along the inner margins of the groove extends a ridge, or gaide-bars, shaped very much like the ordinary railroad iron or T rail. These guide-bars fit into grooves in the lancets of exactly the same shape. By this arrangement the lancets are held firmly to the shaft, and at the same time given considerable freedom of motion longitudinally. The lancets can be protruded beyond the end of the shaft, thus making a deeper wound. The lancets are tubular, and through them the poison is carried into the bottom of the wound. It escapes by oozing from little pores opening under each barb. The liquid enters the lancets from the enlargement of the shaft. This enlargement very much resembles the piston chamber of a force-pump in function. Attached to each barb is a stout membraneoui) flap, or valve, and these work back and forth in the chamber, forcing the liquid down through the tubes into the wound. These valves receive their motion' from the lancets, which in the act of stinging are rapidly thrust back and forth with a dart-like motion. This motion serves the double purpose of forcing the poison down into the wound and of working the entire sting deeper and deeper into the flesh. The machinery for operating the sting consists of three flat piece.<«, so attached to fixed points as to form very perfect Ifevers of motion. Their motion is somewhat complex, and can best be explained from the drawings. The poison sac is very large, comparatively, and is readily seen with the naked eye. When filled it will hold a miniature drop. The gland is situated among the abdominal viscera, and is connected with the sac by a long convoluted tube. The stings of wasps, bumble bees, yellow- jackets and hornets all bear a genera] resemblance to that of the honey bee in structure and action, the striking difierence b^ing in the greater curvature of the shaft and lancets, and in the fewer number of barbs. In these species there are only three barbs on the sting, and these usually very small. This accounts for the fact of the wasp being able to extricate his sting and repeat the process several times. When the bee loses his sting it can never sting again, since there are no organs to produce a second one. The sting of the queen is considerably longer than that of the worker, and does not seem to be so well armed with barbs. The queen is said to be very docile, and can rarely be induced to use her sting, even in defense of her life. Mr. CoUon. I believe the general opinion is that the bee in stinging loses hi« sting. Is that the case? Mr. Verne. The poison gland is generally pulled out, losing the whole sting. Mr. Anderson. You say the -sac contains a minute drop of poison. I would consider a minute drop a poor description. Mr. Verne. I measured one. It was about one-fourth of a rain drop, which we considered a fair sample. Mr. Anderson. Do you know of any use for the sting except as a weapon of defense? Mr. Verne. No, sir, I do not. F. L. Daugherty. Prof. Wiley says the bee use the sting in sending out formic acid. This is added to the honey by the use of the sting. 29 — Agbiculturx. 450 BOAKD OF AGRIGDLTURB. Mr. Ootion. I QQdewtood Prof. Wiley to Bay, wheo the bee become wcited it dropped this formic acid od the honey. Mr. Leming. Prof. Wilej laid that if the honej was aboat to spoil formic acid would preserve the honej. Mr. SchoU. Do I understand that the sting ia in-iert«d by a weaving motion T We used to think it was by a direct thnuL Mr. Veme. It is a little of both. Mr. SchoU. We can be slung sometimea by a bee and forget it in a momeni, and there are times when one may receive a sting that is troublesome, and almost dangerous. I have seen children Btung with been that their life was really in danger. According to this, if that sting is allowed lo work deeper it is that much more poiaonoue. , Mr. Mulh. We learn that the sting consists of two parts, each of which has a purpose, Bod works in from one aide to the other, Bud iheie barbs stick, and from the point of each little barb there is a little poiaoD works iu way io as it goes, and until the poison sac is exhauslcd it adds more poisrm. Thh tells ua that we should try and get that sting out as soon as possible. If yoD get bold of the sting to pull it out, you squeeze the poison in the wound and make it worse. The sting should be rubbed off, not puUedouL Mr. Cot. Stings give greater pain in different purta of the body. Seeretary DaMghtrly. The closer to a vein, the worse the eflect. A bee will sting when it is almost dead, Uying tt on and working until it maketi ao entrance to the hitL Prt^. IVoop, of Purdue Vavxriily. Not only after the K-e is alinnal desd, but I have experienced the fact after the bee had been de»d tucntj-foiir hour*. Mr. AndcTKin. In cold weather they don't sting so bad as in worm vrestheT. The energy of the bee has something to do with iK 1 have been aluog one hundred times in an hour in cold weather, and experienced no trouble, but in warm weather it would give pain. Jlfr. Leming. There is another thing in connection with thia which causes the sting to be more poisonous. A person stung, if he becomes enraged and pulls at the sting, more of the poison is carried in and makes it worse. We should keep Mr. SchoU. Does drawing the sting from the bee cause certain death to the beoT Some deny this. Mr. Verae. I have tried this on one or two. After jiutiiog them in a close cue they were dead the next morning. It is not immeilialc death. The tearing out of a portion of the abdominal li^ue causes death. Mr. Andenon. It is impossible to get anythln); to penetrate the wound made by the sting. I want to know if it is possible to suck the poison out and thus avoid any serious effect. Mr. Papt. A strong decoction of lobelia will take all the poiaon out and you won't feel it. Sardary Datigherii/. One thing will affect one and not aoother. It dependa very much upon the condition of the system as to an antidote. Borne simple ceta- edy will sometimes take it out. ._■*■.•,■• • :•' ft BEE KEEPERS. 451 Mr. . A Bting sear an artery will often cause them to tarn sick. I hay» tried this. The flow of blood carries the poison into the system and prodace* sickness. A distance from the artery does not produce the same effect Mr. Verne, I have not had experience in giving an anti'lote, or in drawing^ the sting from the wound. Mr. Anderson, Do you think the wound would be lax^ enough to cause an an- tidote to enter? Mr, Verne, The liquid in the wound would most likely cause the antidote to be rejected. Mrs. Harrison, of Peora, Illinois, read the following address on "Work for Women :*' WORK FOR WOMEN. BT MBa L. HARBISON, OE FEOBIA, ILL. Women have made great advancement in the way of obtaining lucrative em- ployment during the last quarter of a century. They are now ably represented in the ministry, law and medieine. And lately a petition has been presented to the President of the United States, and favorably received by him, requesting the ap- *" pointment of a woman to fill the gubernatorial chair of Washington Territory. The idea of woman taking part in the government of this nation was no doubt obtained by studying the economy of the bee hive. Here it was learned that females wisely rule, and maintain order, peace and prosperity. During the great rebellion, in the absence of fathers, husbands and brothers, women, no longer the pet and toy, girded on her armor. She grasped not the bay- onet, but held firmly the reins over fractious horses, driving not in luxurious carriages, but seated on loads of grain, reapers and mowers. She followed the des- olation of war with her soothing appliances of lint and bandage. Women who, before this time, had never had a practical idea, put aside frivolous things and « took up coarse knitting and sewing, saying, " for our poor soldiers," knitting stock- ings and making garments by the thousand for the army in the field. They ^: prepared tons of sanitary stores ; they went down to the camps, and on the battle- fields they bound up the wounds of the soldier ; in the hospitals they tenderly nursed ^"^ the sick, cheered the despondent and downhearted, laid their cool hands upon the .; fevered brow of pain, and closed the eyes of- the dying. Names like that of Clara % Barton, Dorothea Din, Mrs. Cordelia Harvey or "Mother Bickerdy)Le" have be- come historicaL - i^ Work was fashionable then, and has not gone out of style. Women found out that there was more happiness to be had in living if they were independent, self* .; . reliant and useful. Many women stood by the smoldering ruins of their home0| i with the cry, " What shall I do ? I can not live upon charity, or put my children into an orphan asylum." Brave woman could not take up the spindle and distaffi as in days of old, but she " sought out many inventions" of which necessity is Qkb 1 Si V 452 ' BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. ucknowledged parent. The price for~ women's work was so low — down among nickels and pennies, like the money in a church contribution -box — that help could not be obtained here. She must seek relief elsewhere, and she timidly knocked at the door of the bread-winners. Her reception was not cordial, but in she came, and took her place at the case in printing offices, at the book-keepers' desk, always ready to take advantage of any opening in the ice floe around her, and finally sail- ing into the pulpit and rostrum. An instance of woman's ability to do mechanical work occurred lately at an organ factory. The men complained to the proprietor that the women had spoiled the instruments. They were silenced by the wily manufacturer, who assured t^em that in their absence he had exchanged their work, and that the instruments they complained of being spoiled by women were made entire by themselves. Women are now on the qui rn« to obtain employment to be performed in the seclusion of their own homes, and in the fresh air and sunshine, which means life to many. She is especially adapted to the rearing of plants, flowers, and small fruits ; she is an adept in rearing the downy chicks, and is now occupying front rank as a producer of honey and wax by the culture of the honey bee. The time is not far distant when she will be arrayed in robes of her own production, by the cultivation of silk worms. It is an old saying that '* He is a benefactor to his race who causes two blades of grass to grow where only one grew before." There is satisfaction in being a producer, adding to the wealth of the country and the world. The production of honey and wax saves to the world a healthful sweet, which would soon have passed away, benefiting no one. The adaptability of woman to and her interest in bee culture is manifest in the presiding officer of this State convention. It is owing in a large degree to her in- defatigable pluck and energy that so many of us are here to-day, many States being represented. She put aside excuses and regrets with a magic wand, and, woman- like, had the last word, but worked early and late to accomplish the desired end. Many women have been and are successful apiarians. Mrs. Tupper's name is familiar to nearly every bee keeper in the land, and the largest honey producer in Illinois in 1882 was a woman. But the road is broad enough for us all to travel therein, brothers and sisters, without jostling each other. And, wishing each of you, individually, the fullest measure of success, and hoping for a cordial coCipera- tion for the good of our fraternity. I extend to each and all of you the right hand of fellowship. On motion, Mrs. Harrison was made an honorary member. Mrs. Noe, President of the State Fair Association, being present, was invited to address the convention, and responded as follows: " I stand before you as a repre- sentative of a society coming to the front as fast as this Bee Keepers' iVssociation. As President of the State Fair Association, many of you know that some seven years ago we began in a small portion of the Exposition building, and for two years it was recognized by our worthy State Board of Agriculture, and had one of its members as superintendent. They have come to the conclosion that women were capable of carrying on that themselves, and year by year they have shown as more confidence, giving us every opportunity to bring the women of the State, in i> BEE KEEPERS. 458 their varied industrieH, to the front, placing them on the same footing with them- selves, and to day the Indiana State Board of Agriculture is the only State Board in the Union that has thus given the women these opportunities, and I feel that all honor should be given to them. This year our department has grown so as to oc- cupy one-half the upper floor, and at the next fair wiU'probably use all the upper floor of the Exposition Hall. I aim to ask an appropriation from the Agricultural Board at their February meeting. A large number of women are employed in various enterprises, and we as^k for a separate appropriation for a display of their business with others. I would like a lady bee keeper of this Association be ap- poin^d to aid in this work, that those who are not here may be informed; that they be invited to begin to make arrangements for an exhibit of this industry that may be worthy of the Association." The following delegates were appointed to attend the National Bee Convention at Detroit, Mich.: C. F. Math, J. Scholl, I. N. Cotton, F. L. Daugherty, Mr. Item- ing and Mrs. E. Stout. C. F. Math, J. Scholl and I. N. Cotton were appointed to attend the Bee Con- gress at New Orleans as delegates. FEEDING BEES. Mr. Barker. There is good in feeding, if done judiciously. Feeding too early stimulates them to brood, and if a cold snap comes it chills the brood. Mr. Davis. We practice feeding our bees in spring. I do not think it is advis- able to feed very early, not before along in March, to excite them to brood raising. About the time it is warm enough for them to fly, then begin and feed regular a little molasses, and you will find your bees increasing very fast. If you commence they breed up fast, and if they get out of honey or molasses they take the young brood out and ruin your colonies. My opinion regarding spring dwindling is, that it is occasioned by old bees, but if your colonies are made up of young bees you won't have so much s[»ring dwindling. When you commence feeding to stimulate brood raising give molasses or honey every day and a little rye meal, and let them run to it. If my colonies have plenty of honey I prefer to feed but little, and that in the last of March, to stimulate the spring brood. Mr. Anderson. How long before apple blossom ? Mr. Davii*. The last of March. If they get short of honey and stores you had better feed now. Mr. SchoU. This question means stimulating feed to increase brood, and not to prevent starving. Where they have an abundance of honey additional feed will not be of any advantage. Mr. Muth. As far as I am concerned I have never yet done the matter justice with stimulating food. A hive is in good condition when they have plenty of honey, capped or uncapped. The hive should also be dry and warm. Mr. Leming, I believe that stimulating food will increase brood faster than sealed honey. If you give your bees a thin syrup it is more like the natural honey from the flowers. You notice whenever the honey comes in the spring they go to 454 BOARD OF AGBICULTURSJ breeding right away, more rapidly than if they had been on sealed honey. Ab to the point of paying, that depends on conditions: If you have a good honey c]x>p coming on it would be well to brood up and have your bees at a proper age when the honey-flow comes. Mrs, Harriaon, of Illinois, I have had some experience in feeding, and my opinion is that it don't do so much good to feed weak ones as strong ones. I ha'ye done more harm feeding than not to feed. Mr. Leming. I have been three years past trying to get the best yield of honey out of bees that can be got. In the spring, if you are going to have a good crop of honey, and if your bees are weak, it don't pay to feed them, but if you will double your weak ones up^ and then keep that colony breeding until clover comes, and you get a good crop of honey, if the honey flow is good. Mr, BulL I have fed at different times. I have also noticed that colonies which had no attention got along just as well as those that were fed, I did not feed last spring and they done well. Mr, SehoU, There are many beginners who want to know something about this matter. At the National Association, which met in the halls of the Legislature in 1872, Mrs. Tucker remarked in that convention as her experience : ''We used to practice spring feeding with stimulating food, but it does more harm than good, and we now depend on e^rly spring flowers for food." I practiced it ten or twelve years ago, and found it did not pay. We want to keep them warm enough, and move all the division boards until the space is full of bees. Let there be as much honey in the hive as is needful; they will not commence breeding until they gather natural pollen. I have fed gallons of diluted honey in the spring, and pick out a few colonies from which I wished to get early colonies with good sac- cess. When the honey season commenced the first of June, the other colonies in the yard were just as strong as those which had been stimulated. Localities may differ. Secretary Daugherty. I am an advocate of spring feeding, but not so extensive as is advocated in some of our books. Either stimulating food or work of some kind is beneficial in the spring. We usually ^ke the thin colonies to feed in the spring. Several years since I doubled up colonies, but it don't pay in the spring. I succeed better feeding colonies with more stores in the hive than with those which had little. The result is much better by feeding in quantity, than to feed littl6 at a time. I don't feed daily, as is recommended by our books. I have tried feeding for special purposes, but always made a failure. Mr. MtUh, It pays to unite colonies in the spring, but not early. If you unite them, most assuredly two weak ones will make one strong one. One good strong hive will produce more honey than two weak ones. Secretary Daugherty, Early spring doubling is when we commence spring feed- ing, before feeding from locust and raspberry. We double back colonies to make good working colonies. Mr. Kennedy. I am satisfied it is a mistake to stimulate the weak ones. ^ / BBS KBBPBB8. 455 AFTEBNOON SESSION. Conyention met at 1:30 o'clock, President Scholl in the chair. Mr. NowUmd, cf Iowa, I am glad to meet so many who are engaged in the same business that I am. We have a county association in our county which is doing well. I think our honey crop was about one- third of a crop. On invitation, Governor Gray appeared before the convention and entertained the meeting a few minutes as follows : Mr, President^ Ladies and OenUemen of this Association: I am here in response to an invitation extended by your committee, and pleased to meet you and thank you for the invitation. I must confess, however, my in- ability to say anything to you in regard to the objects of your association. I know nothing about bees, except from my youth up I have been afraid of them. Neither do I know the best means of increasing the production of honey or variety, but I do know that the hand of Divine Providence has filled the land with flowers and the busy bees, for the production of honey, and can understand how any associa- tion, having for its object the protection of this industry, is a laudable one, indeed. When I speak of protection I allude to one of the growing evils, that is. the adul- teration of almost every article of food, and hope the time will come when we will have laws with severe penalties attached, that we can, at least, prevent adultera- tion of food; that the manufacturer who offers an article for sale, will be com- pelled to brand it in the market just what it is, so the purchaser may know when he is buying a pure article or a substitute. There is little inducement to engage in the production or manufacture of a pure article when, after the production, he finds in the market an impure article so similar to his own that the difference can not be told in many instances, except by chemical analysis. I hope your meeting in Indianapolis will be a pleasant one, individually, and a success so far as your Association is concerned, and that you nlay have many meetings like this conven- tion. I thank you again for the invitation to appear before you, but owing to pressing business engagements I shall have to bid you good day. Mr. ScholL I am glad the Governor has been with us. We are trying to do all the good we can. Adulterations have not been carried on to the extent as repre- sented in the public journals. We are doing all we can towards counteracting influence by placing on the market a pure article. Mr, Cotton. The adulteration takes place from the second class of dealers, and Bot from the bee keeper. Mr. Muth, It is a known fact thronghant, that bee keepers^ produce only pure honey. Adulterations are carried on only by dealers, and especially by Eastern dealers. They damage our business ; we are the ones that produce pure honey. It is sometimes misunderstood by our agricultural papers regarding this adultera- tion. We should beware of Eastern honey, as it is more or less adulterated. ^ 456 BOARD OP AGEICDLTURE. Sfr. A»d>:m H. Was not 111 My. Lewing The fori- p:,rl look 140 iioui) !h of lii>nfy I'rnit dine, hill after that it w.iK not from bniiiwcl a n.ln>il clover: t think iIr'v wc.r '1. T(U. ItHliBIl G'oc. Gray. From the remake just made, I may have been mLsiindereKxxi. I did not intend to infer (hat any farmer or other pcreoD kcqiini^ bees adulterate honey. I think thi» In not done. Thiti adulteration is done by perxons who do not have been. 4 year poor for swarming? of the season wax gooii ; up to the 5lh of July, I one folooy. The honey troji wan gcimi up lo that o good. Our been exlrai'ted a grent deal of honey icy work on red clover well, noLwithBlanding some (■iiii iierlinps cslratt from the red clover belter Ikao some other nice. Wv have nisu eons liinilde fninrlweed which yieliifl aome honey. Mr. Srlii-ll. Mr. I^'iiiinii's idea i:i In place sealed brood in Iho surplus chamber HO as to draw (he tees up liiere to work ; but the majority will nut |ra, the queen would follow DH fast as Ihe bees came out. Jfr. iVuM. I have bien siii-ct-»i[nl in cqnlrollinK swarming; my plan is to in- crease the swarm by the divisiuu board as friend Leminj; ri^laled. Mr. Uiniitij. This iliini; originated with the Quinby hive. ; am satisfied that nwanning can be controlled. Mi: Ma'h.. I have had noKnarnis fAr fourteen yearn, aod you might Ihink I can control swarming. Jlfr. Lemiiiij. Tlierc are certain things which govern Ihe strength of the colony and queen. 1 have been piiiuled Hometimcti how to control swarming when the heea were ready; I have went so fsr as to jerk the lid off and lukca the »atcr caji and sprinkle on the lop lo cool tlie heat down. Mr. Hull. I have been mureessful in swarming. If my bees gel loo strong I give them plenty of room, and have no trouble in (hat ro'jx'ct. Mr. Seh-'II. I>o you jirai'lii* clipping queens ? Mr. Ball. Ko, 1 do not. Mr. Leming. There are natural causes for swarming. Where the hives are in the open sun it will lielp swarming, but if kept eool eventually the heat will paxR out above. I think it can be preventeecausc lean control swarming. I can not control it. When (hey have a difposilion to swarm, it Is called swarming fever. When I find that, I know if I don't have a remedy they are going to go out. It is their nature to swarm, and when Ihey get so far as to produce thjt fever they are going to swarm. The principal cause of swarming ia the lack of room for storing honey and for the queen to lay. When one colony starts, it wilt cauae others. Beea will swarm without the sign of a queen cell, somciimee Mr. FidUm. Some are worse than othera. I would like to know if IhU has beeo the observation of others. Some will swarm three or four limea, when otbete will Bwarm only once. BEE KEEPERS. 457 Mr, ScholL It is not always desirable to prevent swarming. There are now large apiaries, a&d a large per cent, of queens beginning to fail, especially so in the spring of the year, and bees should be made to supersede the old ones at as early period as possible, and you will find, when this is the case, it is not best to try to control swarming. You find, sometimes, hives building cells and preparing to swarm when the honey flow is poor, and unless you allow them to raise a new queen as the old one is failing, you will not get much honey from that colony. Mr, Muth. I keep queens but two years. I think it is best to supersecie, but once in a while a mistake is made. A queen that has laid off a year is fertile no more, and. the colony knows it pretty quick. Mr. Gulley. I do not want to kill any queens. A year ago last fall, when putting our bees up for the winter, I had a queen three years old. I thought I would kill her, but my friend Davis begged me not to. She is now four years old, and has done good work for me. Mr. Davis. Mr. Gulley *8 bees ran down very low. That colony was strong. I helped him take a brood from that colony two years ago, to build up the other colonies. I can corroborate his statement as to the age of his queen. Mr. BulL It you have a young qucenat the right age when the first swarm comes out, let the young queen run in there. She will take care of the queen cells. Mr. Daugherly. I wish to spring before the convention the idea of establishing a Chair of Bee Culture at Purdue University. I have renewed my promise to donate a colony, with other persons, for that University. If we would donate five or six Italian colonies, it would be a step in the right direction. Professor Troops of Purdue University. Purdue University is the State Agri- cultural College of Indiana, and should work with the State Associations as much as possible. The Agricultural Society, Horticultural Society, and Bee Keepers' Association are seriously needed, as well as those other industrial associations of the State, and we must have them there to do eflScient work — to illustrate the various operations going on. In my work this fall, in order to give some appro- priate illustrations, I had to borrow a stand of bees for a short time, while study- ing bee keeping. Next spring we want to start in a small way. I suppose four or five colonies would lie sufficient. Messrs. Cotton, Daugherty, Davis, Gulley and Johnson were appointed to revise the constitution and ask the Legislature for an appropriation to carry on the bee industry. Convention adjourned sine die. INDIANA OANE GROWERS. The third annnal meeting ol the Indiana Cane OroKera wns held in the roomi ot the State Board of Agrictitture, id the city of Indianapolis, JanusT? 21, ISBS, at U o'clocit A. H., with President Dr. A. Famat in the chair. The tables were well filled with ipecimene of tjmp from various parties interested in the cane in- dastry. The question arose as to what was the cause and remodj of the jetl j sub- ■lanee bo frequently apparent in some specimens of ejnip, which elieiled qaite a spirited diecusaiDn. It was decided that it was caused by the iuipurity of therane, either by improper culture or by fallen cane. The remedy was the ure of lime and the settling lank. Mr. Anderson thought it was due to starch, and by the us« of lime it would raise with the scum, and could be removed. AFTEBNOON SESSION. The convention met at 1:30 o'clock, with President Furaas in the chair. The President read his annual address, as follows : PREeiDEirr'H address. Gentlemen : By the blessing of a kind Providence we are again permitted to meet, in this our third annual convention for the promotion of the interest of the Northern cane enterprise. We assemble under peculiar ctrcumstancea. To the labor of advancing aad completing our work we have to contend with unlooked-for and unexpected finan- cial stress. Overproduction of Eugir and symp has had a depressing effect on the market, alike felt by all, and diiiaslrous to many. Thia must sooner or later work its own cure ; I say this in all due deference to those who look for legal remedies. Yet it must be confessed that home protection in a given interest will promote the financial standiog and euccess of that business. The propriety of such protection depends on its cost to all other outside interests. This overproduction is not only felt by us of the Northern United Btaten, but also by the sugar makers of the Sooth, INDIANA CANE QROWBRS. 459 as well as of Europe. In our recent visit among the sugar makers of the lower coast of Louisiana, we took occasion to inquire as to the desirableness of the busi- ness, and was assured that it was indeed very fascinating — that a sugar maker was never known to sell out his plantation ; and th^n our informant facetiously re- marked, " The sheriff always saves him that trouble." We were then assured that not one planter on the coast was doing a paying business, and that many of them were irretrievably ruined. It is therefore obvious that the depression felt in the Korthem cane industry is also shared in by the South, as well as Oermany and France, including the sugar-producing island with which we have commerce. For the benefit of protectionists, I quote from the Sugar Bowl of January 3, 1885: "The population of Kansas, in 1883, was 1,028,729, and her proportional sugar tax would be two and three-quarter millions of dollars, but by growing her own cane she was enabled to save all but the fraction of a million, putting the round two millions into the pockets of her farmers. About 50,000 acres of sorghum was grown for syrup, yielding over four and a half million gallons, or about four gal- lons to each inhabitant of the State. " The prospect for profitable sugar making is so good that a refinery was built last year that cost $125,000, and which gave employment during the busy season to one hundred and sixty men and fifty teams. The company last year grew 1,500 acres of cane, with an average yield of from ten to twelve tons per acre. The price paid for unstripped cane delivered at the factory was $1.75 per ton, and farmers re- gard the price so remunerative that it is expected that the amount furnished may soon be enough, so that the company will go out of the cultivation." This is a favorable showing for Kansas, and yet it now turns out that all the large sugar factories in the State of Kansas have failed to pay the expense of work- ing, to say nothing of dividends on capital invested. At a rough estimate, the whole amount thus invested will not exceed half a million of dollars, while the an- nual saving is estimated at two millions ! It appears that at a recent meeting of the " Hawaiian Commercial and Sugar Company," held at San Francisco, that company, representing ten millions of dol- lars, is also embarrassed. To make some much needed repaics, its President bor- rowed a million dollars, which the stockholders refused to indorse. This, with a sudden drop from $120 a ton to $87 a ton for sugar, is assigned as a reason for the embarrassment. These examples and figures are introduced here to show that the sugar and syrup business is also under a cloud in other places besides with us. Wheat has for some time past been selling at a ruinous figure. The bottom seems to have fallen out of wool, and all of us can weU remember times when pork was sold at a loss. What, then ; shall we strike wheat from the list of farm pro- ducts, abandon sheep and wool, and n&glect our swine? You negative the proj[)o- sition at once. And the same will hold good with reference to our sweetening, which is not only a luxury, but has grown in the estimation of our people to be a positive necessity. And in reference to overproduction of this staple, what other infallible means of knowing how far to go had we, except by actual trial? Pre- vious estimates, founded upon arithmetical calculations, all failed to give the neces- sary warning, and with one common consent we all entered the *' overflow " and w BOARD OF AORtCDLTURB. ■^ must it\iSct. In this trial we bare the surest siinrant«e agHiDHl a. like (n^i-iirreuce. Oar kiught wit wilt lie Uly mir nnn wanlf ibe;i[ier than bv priffuring them from other ban [m, paring tlieni a livitij; pnilil, tii wbieli muM he added Irati.'tpiirtiiliun 7 I be- liev (he question ax lo the eiipabilllies of 'xir >uil in a ^'neral wnj for pmdac- ingsnrgbum i« aa ndmilii'd fact. The next, and what mo«t cuncems us here in tb B latitude, is Fuifieiint length of time in which to mature (he plant, and allow auffi lent time to work it up. S > Far as 1 have been able to calculate on (he matter, our nvcragc work seaaoii R th rt; days. It is nfien much longer, but frcigiiently siiort of (bat length. My observation goes lo show that we luiie more hv not commencing proiiipdy, and hin- deranee by inellicient uiacbinery, than we do (hmngh actual want uf lime. An impor(anl matter with us, then, is to begin our wurk an anon ai> it will do, and b« able lo prosecute i( withuui interrujiiion until cojiipleted. This inipliea the iK>t of mac liiiierj, Lbe most efficient milln, and [right here 1 wieh to say) the more ci>m|>lete extraelioD of the juice, aa well as (he best methods of deferalioQ and evaporation. In jus(itica(ion of pome of the foregoing remarks, 1 wish to quote a much better authority in part of a letter written by Prof. H. Vi, Wiley, publi3be in Germany and in l»uisiaua are (oKering on their last ones. The wirghum sugar maker who baa lost money may console himself with this thought, vik: That hi* cane-sugar brother in Lonieiana and his bee(-Hugar cousin in :>ilesia have not done much bet- ter. But Morgbum syrup has not proved to be a failure when the industry has been (.'ondueied in a small way and by the best methods. It is t riii.' that many who have gone into the syrup business on a lar^ scale have felt most i Amphitheater 74 Space in Exposition Building 7i Resolution, World's Fair 8T State Entomologist 91 French GoTemment 94 Bonded indebtedness 96 Reed, Enos B^ address of 96, 224 Road Paving Material 245 Rush County Agricultural Society, report of 292 494 BOARD OF AQRIOULTIJRB. S.. Pag; Salaries of officers 18 Stalls, insarance on 21 Specialties for State Fair, 1884 S3 Special premiam for display of grasses, etc., from Pulaski county 88 Secretary's annual report SS Smart, Prof. J. H., address of 70 State appropriation 81 Shelby County Agricultural Society, report of 293r-296 Steuben County Agricultural Society, report of 296-297 Steuben county, map of 296-299 St Joseph County Agricultural Society, report of 300 Southeastern Agricultural Society, report of 320 Switserland and Ohio County Agricultural Society» report of 821 Shorthorn Breeders— Proceedings of January meeting, 1885 8S8 The Early Maturity of the Shorthorns as Compared with other Breeds, J. A.Thompson 338 Contagious Diseases of Cattle, Dr. J. Elliott. V. 6 318 Resolution concerning pleuro-pneumonia SfiO Resolution concerning National Cattle Growers Convention . . .380 Treasurer's report 866 Election of officers 855 Programme for next meeting 356 Members of the Association 357 Swine Breeders—Proceedings of January meeting, 1885 408 Relation of Fat Stock Shows to Swine Breeding, T. M. Reyeal ... 4€6 Hog Feeding for Profit and Health, I. N. Barker 409 Characteristics of the Chester White, H. MeCord 411 Hog Cholera, discussion on 412 Programme for next annual meeting 414 Election of officers 415 Treasurer's report. 417 Resolutions on death of Samuel Dragoo 418 Resolutions concerning exportation of Amerloan pork 419 Address of Governor Gray 420 Members of Swine Breeders' Association 422 Treasurer's annual report ' 99 Tippecanoe County Agricultural Society, report of 30O Tipton County Agricultural Society, report of 300 TJ. CrmyTillo Agricultural Society, report of. 323 Value of Birds as Insect Destroyers 248 Vigo County Agricultural Society, report of 801-808 V INDEX. 196 Water Worki contntet 18, 19, 22, 25 Water Saperintendent 20 Woman's Department, oommnnication fVom 25 Wabash Railway station 31 What ean oar Agricultural College do for the farmers of the Statu? 7^ Wiselogel, F. Q^ address of 91,235 Wabash County Agricultural Society, report of 308 Warrick County Agricultural Society, report of 804 Washington County Agricultural Society, report of 30ft Wayne County Agricultural Society, report of 306 Wayne, Henry and Randolph Counties Agricultural Society, report of 323 Wool Growers' Association— proceedings of January meeting, 1885 379 Cotswold Sheep, S. W. Dungan 380 Election of officers 392 Resolution regarding tariff 396 Programme for next meeting 397 Resolution, time of meeting 399 Merino Sheeih— Their origin and adaptation to the wants of the sheep raisersof Indiana, I.N. Cotton - 400 «.. .^